References
- Chibnall , M. 1990 . `Women in Orderic Vitalis' . Haskins Society Journal , 2 : 121
- Power , E. 1976 . “ `The Position of Women' ” . In The Legacy of the Middle Ages Edited by: Cramp , C. G. and Jacob , E. F. 410 – 33 . Oxford
- Power , E. 1975 . Medieval Women Edited by: Postan , M. Cambridge cf. her other articles
- Huneycutt , L. 1994 . “ `Female Succession and the Language of Power in the Writings of Twelfth-Century Churchmen' ” . In Medieval Queenship Edited by: Parsons , J. Carmi . 189 – 201 . Stroud
- Weiss , J. 1993 . “ `The Power and Weakness of Women in Anglo-Norman Romance' ” . In Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500 Edited by: Meale , C. M. 7 – 23 . Cambridge Weiss, however, argues that Romance literature reflects a decline in the social and economic position of women in England following the Norman Conquest. This view stems from an out-dated view epitomised by
- Stenton's , D. M. 1957 . The English Woman in History London convincingly dismissed by Pauline Stafford (see `Women and the Norman Conquest', 221-49)
- Stafford , P. “ `The Portrayal of Royal Women in England, Mid-Tenth to Mid-Twelfth Centuries' ” . In Medieval Queenship Edited by: Parsons . 143 – 67 .
- Stafford . “ `Emma: The Powers of the Queen' ” . 14
- Duby . “ `Women and Power' ” . 78
- Dixon , S. 1992 . “ `Conclusion--The Enduring Theme: Domineering Dowagers and Scheming Concubines' ” . In Stereotypes of Women in Power: Historical Perspectives and Revisionist Views Edited by: Garlick , B. 210 – 11 . London
- Nelson . “ `Women at the Court of Charlemagne' ” . 49 – 50 .
- Huneycutt . “ `Female Succession and the Language of Power' ” . 191
- Lodge , R.A. , ed. 1970 . “ Etienne de Fougeres, Le Livre des Manieres ” . In Textes Litteraires Francais Geneva verses 302-8, pp. 100-1. The countess of Hereford mentioned could either be Cecily, countess of Hereford, the daughter of Sibyl de Neufmarche and Roger, earl of Hereford (married three times, to Roger, earl of Hereford (d. 1155), William de Poitou (d. 1162) and Walter de Mayenne (d. 1190/1): Complete Peerage, VI, 455-7); or possibly Margaret de Bohun, the daughter and eventual co-heiress of Miles, earl of Hereford, who married Humphrey de Bohun (ibid. pp. 457-8 and note e)
- Clover , H. and Gibson , M. , eds. 1979 . The Letters of Lanfranc Archbishop of Canterbury Vol. no. 50 , 160 – 3 . Oxford For Eva Crispin see ibid., no. 20, 100-3
- Dronke , P. 1984 . Women Writers of the Middle Ages: A Critical Study of Texts from Perpetua (203) to Marguerite Porete 84 – 106 . Cambridge Les oeuvres poetiques, no. 199. For a discussion of personal poetry by women, see
- Tatlock , J. S. P. 1933 . `Muriel: The Earliest English Poetess' . Publications of the Modern Language Association of America , 48 : 317 – 21 . who points our that none survives from Northern France or England (see esp. p. 97). This conflicts with J. S. P. Tatlock who thought that Muriel was in fact a nun at Wilton in Wiltshire, based on an early eleventh-century entry in Herman of Laon's De Miraculis that some monks on a fund-raising trip to England were shown the grave of Muriel versificatrix:
- Eadmer . Historia Novorum 29 – 30 .
- Eadmer . Historia Novorum 183
- Southern . Saint Anselm 260 – 2 .
- Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot, no. 194, pp. 265-6
- Bynum , Walker . Holy Feast and Holy Fast 3
- Wulfric of Haselbury, chapter 41.
- Wulfric of Haselbury, introduction, p. 39, chapters 43, 27, 104 respectively.
- Chibnall . “ `Women in Orderic Vitalis' ” . 105 – 21 .
- Power . 1975 . Medieval Women Edited by: Postan . 9
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , IV 140
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , III 136 – 9 .
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , III 342 – 3 .
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , III 194 – 7 .
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , IV 210 – 15 .
- Richard of Devizes, p. 25
- They were brothers-in-law. Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, pp. 72, 73, lines 974-83
- Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle, pp. 78-9, lines 1064-71
- Gransden . Historical Writing 237 – 8 .
- Howden , Roger of . 1868-71 . Chronica Rogeri de Hoveden , Rolls Series, 51 Edited by: Stubbs , W. 4 vols, II , 55 London Gervase of Canterbury, The Historical Works of Gervase of Canterbury: The Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II., and Richard I., by
- Gervase . 1879-80 . the Monk of Canterbury , Rolls Series, 73 Edited by: Stubbs , W. 2 vols , I 62 246 London
- Newburgh , William of . 1884-5 . “ `Historia Rerum Anglicarum' ” . In Chronicles of the Reigns of Stephen, Henry II and Richard I, 4 vols , Rolls Series, 82 Edited by: Howlett , R. vols I-II , 179 London
- `Captusque est comes cum conjuge, virilis animae femina': William of Newburgh, `Historia Rerum Anglicarum', p. 246
- Gransden . Historical Writing 264
- d'Anisy , Lechaude . 1899 . Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, 918-1206 Edited by: Round , J. H. 228 London For example she gave lands to St Evroult: Bibliotheque Nationale, MS. Latin 11055 (Cartulary of St Evroult), ff. 33v-35r (thirteenth century); Public Record Office, 31/8/140B, pt. 1 (Cartulaire de la Basse-Normandie), 300, copy of c. 1835 by
- Victoria History of the Counties of England: Leicester , II 23 She confirmed lands to Nuneaton Priory which her daughter Hawise entered
- Stenton , F. M. , ed. 1920 . Documents Illustrative of the Social and Economic History of the Danelaw London no. 322) and gave a charter respecting tithes in the church of Netheravon
- Jones , W. Rich and McCray , W. Dunn , eds. 1891 . Charters and Documents Illustrating the History of the Cathedral, City and Diocese of Salisbury , Rolls Series, 97 London no. 62. For her role as a witness and grantor to St Mary's Evreux, Fontaine, and St Mary's de Sainte Barbe, St Andre-en-Gouffern, see Calendar of Documents Preserved in France, nos 306, 139, 199, 211. For her seal, see a description in Documents Illustrative of the Social and Economic History of the Danelaw, no. 322, and Sir Christopher Hatton's Book of Seals: To Which is Appended a Select List of the Works of
- Loyd , L. C. and Stenton , D. M. , eds. 1950 . Frank Merry Stenton , Vol. 15 , Northamptonshire Record Society . no. 5
- Goulbourn , E. Meyrick and Symonds , H. , eds. 1878 . The Life, Letters and Sermons of Bishop Herbert de Losinga 2 vols , Oxford & London I, letters 25, 28
- LoPrete , K. 1990 . `The Anglo-Norman Card of Adela of Blois' . Albion , 22 : 572 – 89 . gives an account of the political policies that Adela enacted. However, Adela operated within the sphere of family politics, she actively defended the interests of her husband' s family and her sons, and she co-operated closely with her brother Henry I
- Southern , R. W. 1990 . Saint Anselm: A Portrait in a Landscape 91 – 118 . Cambridge These are a decisive break with previous traditions in personal prayer, and marked a significant step in the development of the Anselmian revolution in the composition of texts for personal devotion:
- Eadmer . 1884 . Historia Novorum in Anglia , Rolls Series, 81 Edited by: Rule , M. 164 – 5 . London LoPrete sees this as Anselm's initiative, `Adela of Blois', p. 581;
- Southern . Saint Anselm 300 however, emphasizes Adela's role in effecting the meeting at Laigle between Henry and Anselm which resolved the dispute
- Eadmer . Historia Novorum 27 – 9 .
- Vaughn , S. N. 1981 . The Abbey of Bec and the Anglo-Norman State 1034-1136 Woodbridge
- Brown , cf. S. A. and Herren , M. W. 1993 . `The Adelae Comitissae of Baudri of Bourgeuil and the Bayeux Tapestry' . Anglo-Norman Studies , 16 : 55 – 73 . Les oeuvres poetiques, pp. 103-4;
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , II 310 16
- Chronicle of John of Worcester , III 204 – 5 .
- Florence of Worcester, p. 152
- Stafford . “ `Portrayal of Royal Women' ” . 161
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , VI 538 – 41 .
- Abrahams , P. , ed. 1926 . Les oeuvres poetiques de Baudri de Bourgeuil (1046-1130) 196 – 231 . Paris
- Gransden , A. 1974 . Historical Writing in England c. 550 to c. 1307 103 – 4 . London and note 108;
- Lauer , P. 1913 . “ `La poeme de Baudri de Bourgeuil addresse a Adele, fille de Guillame le Conquerant et la date de la tapisserie de Bayeux' ” . In Melanges d'histoire offerts a M. Charles Bemont par ses amis et ses eleves a l'occasion de la vingt-cinquieme annee de son enseignement a l'ecole pratique des hautes etudes 43 – 58 . Paris Historians have debated the significance of his descriptions of what may well have been the Bayeux Tapestry which suggests that it was at her palace in 1102-7, the date of a possible visit by Baudri; Lauer argued that there are overwhelming similarities between the description of the Bayeux tapestry and the actual tapestry described in Baudri's poem. Scholars have passed over the rich visual imagery which describes other hangings, mosaics and paintings in her hall and bed chamber
- Wilmart , A. 1932 . Auteurs spirituels et textes devotes du Moyen Age latin, Etudes de histoire litteraire 111 – 12 . 163 Paris Southern, Saint Anselm,
- Eadmer . 1962 . The Life of St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury Edited by: Southern , R. W. Vol. III , 65 – 6 . Oxford
- Giles , J. A. , ed. 1847 . Petri Blesensis Bathoniensis Archidiaconi Opera Omnia 4 vols , Oxford repr. Migne, Patrologia Latina, 207 (1904), Epistles nos 54 & 55. He congratulated her for becoming the bride of Christ
- Morey , A. and Brooke , C. N. L. , eds. 1967 . The Letters and Charters of Gilbert Foliot 266 – 7 . Cambridge no. 195,
- Douie , D. L. and Farmer , D. H. , eds. 1985 . Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis 2 vols , Oxford
- Gransden . Historical Writing 313
- Bynum , Walker . Holy Feast and Holy Fast , 3 this was linked to the devotion to the eucharist and the image of Christ's Last Supper
- Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis, p. 136
- Magna Vita Sancti Hugonis, p. 134.
- Jaegar , C. Stephen . 1985 . The Origins of Courtliness 15 255 Philadelphia Jaegar's main contention is that romance literature created the chivalric values of the feudal nobility. One significant problem which is not resolved in his treatment of the subject is that of the composition of the court
- Matarasso , P. , ed. 1993 . The Cistercian WorM: Monastic Writings of the Twelfth Century 235 – 72 . London Wulfric of Haselbury, by John, Abbot of Ford, ed. M. Bell (Somerset Record Society, 47, 1933), pp. 38-9. A translation can be found in, which is, unfortunately, heavily abridged. The anchoress Christina of Wareham recalled a story which concerned the cure of her mother Richeldis. Odolina of Crewkerne related how her grandmother had been cured of illness whilst on her way to Haslebury. Wulfric of Haselbury, pp. 39-40
- Mayr-Harting . “ `Functions of a Twelfth-Century Shrine' ” . 197 St Hugh was canonised within twenty years of his death, and the canonisation process involved sworn testimony from witnesses to the alleged miracles that occurred both during his life and afterwards; eighteen of those who testified to miracle cures were women. There is a gender-related imbalance in the ratio of female and male witnesses to miracle cures, a phenomenon that applies to other twelfth-century saints; see
- Farmer , D. H. 1987 . “ `The Cult and Canonization of St Hugh,' ” . In St Hugh of Lincoln: Lectures delivered at Oxford and Lincoln to celebrate the Eighth Centenary of St Hugh's Consecration as Bishop of Lincoln Edited by: Mayr-Harting , H. 75 – 87 . Oxford Adam of Eynsham drew on local sources who included women. Women's testimony and their role as sources of information on the saint is therefore one way in which they could influence the shape and content of the text. St Hugh as a saint fits with the model proposed by Weinstein and Bell who argue that in the twelfth century the individual most likely to be canonised was a skilled administrator who `dedicated himself to his flock', exactly the image of St Hugh: Saints and Society, p. 221.
- Huneycutt , L. “ `Female Succession and the Language of Power in the Writings of Twelfth-Century Churchmen' ” . In Medieval Queenship Edited by: Parsons . 189 – 201 .
- Stafford , P. “ `The Portrayal of Royal Women in England, Mid-Tenth to Mid-Twelfth Centuries' ” . In Medieval Queenship Edited by: Parsons . 143 – 67 .
- Nelson , J. L. 1991 . “ `Gender and Genre in Women Historians of the Early Middle Ages' ” . In L'historiographie medievale en Europe 150 – 63 . 150 Paris Isabel of Conches rode out to war `armed as a knight',
- Chibnall , M. , ed. 1969-80 . “ Orderic Vitalis ” . In Historia Ecclesiastica 6 vols , IV 212 – 14 . Oxford
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , V 178
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , III 180 – 1 . A bad wife is one who is `foolish and nagging' and who gives bad counsel, as in the example of Emma the wife of Richard of La Ferte-Frenel who encouraged him to rebel:
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , IV 218 – 19 . A bad wife can be conveniently blamed for poor policies
- Orderic Vitalis . Historia Ecclesiastica , VI 212 – 13 . Orderic states that `both parents feelings were roused by the suffering and maiming of their offspring [and they were] in great distress'
- Potter , K. R. , ed. 1955 . Historia Novella by William of Malmesbury 67 – 8 . London
- Wogan-Browne , J. 1993 . “ `"Clerc u Lai, Muine u Dame": Women and Anglo-Norman Hagiography in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries' ” . In Women and Literature in Britain, 1150-1500 Edited by: Meale , C. M. 61 – 85 . 64 – 5 . Cambridge
- 1991 . `Saints' Lives and the Female Reader' . Forum for Modern Language Studies , 27 : 314 – 32 . see also by the same,
- Bynum , Walker . Holy Feast and Holy Fast 85
- Schulenburg , Tibbetts . “ `Saints' Lives as a Source' ” . 287
- Hasledine , J. 1994 . `Understanding the Language of Amicitia: The Friendship Circle of Peter of Celle (c. 1115-1183)' . Journal of Medieval History , 20 : 237 – 60 . This is an area which would repay further investigation with specific reference to women. The role and meaning of spiritual friendship was articulated by Aelred of Rievaulx in his De spirtuali amicitia (mid-twelfth-century). The relationship between male and female religious and the forms their discussion took could be examined, as could the contexts of male and female spirituality and the definition of the spiritual relationship between men and women religious, given the wider changes in monasticism and theology in the twelfth century. Adam of Perseigne, for example, wrote letters to Agnes, a nun at Fontevrault, and Baudri of Bourgeuil wrote poems for women, possibly nuns, in the early twelfth century; see Baudri of Bourgeuil, Les oeuvres poetiques, letters to: Cecilia, the daughter of William the Conqueror, abbess of Caen, p. 255; Muriel, pp. 256-7; the Lady Emma, p. 259; Beatrice p. 260; Constance, pp. 261-2; P. McGuire, Friendship and the Community. The Monastic Experience 350-1250, Cistercian Studies, Kalamazoo, 1988. stresses the importance of such relationships, but does not address the role of women
- Historia Ecclesiastica , IV ( 263 ) 114 The wives of the earls of Chester and Leicester were involved in the capture of Lincoln castle, for which see below; Aubree, the wife of Ralph d'Ivry built an `almost impenetrable castle'
- Thompson , K. 1994 . `Orderic Vitalis and Robert of Belleme' . Journal of Medieval History , 20 : 133 – 41 .
- Cornog , W.H. 1937 . `The Poems of Robert Partes' . Speculum , 12 : 215 – 50 . A full edition of Partes' poetry is provided in, The obituaries occur at pp. 240-3, from BL MS. Egerton 2951
- Darlington , R. R. and McGurk , P. , eds. 1995 . The Chronicle of John Worcester 3 vols , 392 – 5 . Oxford III
- Gransden . Historical Writing , 144 – 8 . For a discussion of the image of Queen Margaret, see
- Huneycutt , L. 1989 . `The Idea of a Perfect Princess: The Life of Saint Margaret in the Reign of Matilda II, 1100-1118' . Anglo-Norman Studies , 12 : 81 – 97 . Her meaning as a saint:
- Folz , R. 1992 . Les saintes reines de Moyen Age 94 Brussels who notes that her husband King Malcolm is portrayed as a crude warrior. See Orderic Vitalis, Historia Ecclesiastica, IV, 270-5, where she is praised for her piety and her preparations for death
- Appleby , J. A. , ed. 1963 . The Chronicle of Richard of Devizes of the Time of King Richard the First 10 31 London
- Gransden . Historical Writing 237
- Legge , M. D. 1963 . Anglo-Norman Literature and its Background 75 Oxford gave the date of composition as 1170-5
- Johnstone , R. C. , ed. 1981 . Jordan Fantosme's Chronicle xvi Oxford
- Legge . Anglo-Norman Literature 75
- Gransden . Historical Writing 236
- Paris , Matthew . 1866-9 . Historia Anglorum , Rolls Series, 44 Edited by: Madden , F. 3 vols , 381 London I,
- Luard , H. R. , ed. 1872-83 . “ `Comitissa veto superba nimis, annulem habens in digito cum gemma pretioissima, in amnen prope fluentum prae indignatione projecit, nolens hostibus de sua captione tantum habere proventum.' ” . In This story also appears in his earlier but lengthier Chronica Majora , Rolls Series, 57 7 vols , II 290 London the phrase prae indignatione is a later addition to his text
- Stubbs , W. , ed. 1872-3 . Memoriale Fratris Walteride Coventria , Rolls Series, 58 2 vols , 11 237 – 8 . London
- Farrer , W. 1923-5 . Honors and Knights Fees 3 vols , 56 London III,
- Hills , C. 1948 . Medieval Lincoln 199 Cambridge
- Illingworth , W. , ed. 1812-18 . Record Commission 2 vols , I 309 London Rotuli Hundredorum temp. Hen. III. and Edw. I. in Turr' Lond. et in Curia Receptae Wes. asservati,
- Meyer , P. , ed. 1975 . “ Histoire de la Guillaime le Marechal ” . In English Historical Documents, Volume III: 1189-1327 88 – 9 . London ed. H. Rothwell,