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Original Articles

In Search of the Networked Nation: Transforming Technology, Society and Nature in the Netherlands during the Twentieth Century 1

Pages 59-78 | Published online: 02 Jul 2010

References

  • This research was subsidised by the Netherlands' National Research Council and the Eindhoven University of Technology. It is part of the research programme Technology in the Netherlands in the Twentieth Century, organised by the Foundation for the History of Technology ( ). A previous version was published in Dutch in the Tijdschrifi voor Sociale Geschiedenes, 3, 2001. www.histech.nl (www.histech.nl)
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  • 1974 . Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century 349 New York
  • A study for the spatial level of Europe is under preparation. Erik van der Vleuten & Arne Kaijser, 'Networking Europe. A theme plan', , 2001. www.histech.nl/tensions (www.histech.nl/tensions)
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  • This topic is only beginning to be explored in technology studies. Erik van der Vleuten, Titude des conséquences sociétales des macro-systèmes techniques: une approche pluraliste', Flux. Cahiers scientifiques internationaux rseaux et territoires, 43 (2001), pp. 42-57.
  • Paul Edwards made this point for the history of computing in 'Y2K: Millennial reflections on computers as infrastructure', History and Technology (1998), pp. 7-29 on p. 15.
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  • This connection lacks for instance in general systems theory, adapted by for the study of technology in Günter Ropohl, Eine Systemtheorie der Technik: Zur Grundlegung der allgemeinen Technologie, München, 1979.
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  • Kaijser , Arne . 1998 . “ Technological systems in the natural world: water and windmills in the Netherlands' ” . In Technological Systemic Changes and Economic Theories Edited by: Odhnoff , Jan and Svedin , Uno . Stockholm For a plea to study loosely coupled LIB see
  • Knippenberg & De Pater, De eenwording, Ch. 3; Johan Schot et al, eds, Techniek in Nederland in de tunntigste eeuw. Vol. V, Zutphen, 2002.
  • Thomas Hughes, Networks of Power. Electrification of Western Society 1880-1930, Baltimore, 1983. I call Hughes' 'universal systems' for 'district systems' to emphasise the spatial aspect.
  • Schot , Johan , eds. 2000 . Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw Vol. II , 113 – 267 . 157 Zutphen Geert Verbong, ed., 'Energie', in
  • Kaijser , Arne . 1997 . Trans-border integration of electricity and gas in the Nordic countries, 1915-1992' . Polhem , 15 : 4 – 43 .
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  • Theoretically, Hughes' notion of 'technological style' could grasp this phenomenon. However, Hughes applied it to investigate variations in pace of expansion and material shape, taking for granted the linearity of the expansion process. See Hughes, Networks of Power, Ch. 1.
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  • 1998 . A Symmetrical History of Central and Decentral Electricity Supply until 1970 Aarhus With regard to economic performance, for instance, large systems obtained economies of scale, a higher load factor, and a better 'economic mix'. Yet small-scale systems could shut down their engines at night and run on accumulators (local systems); choose between wind, diesel, peat or steam power according to fuel prices; combine heat and power production (municipal district systems); and, simply, did not have to invest in very expensive power grids, making up perhaps half of the total investment costs. Erik van der Vleuten, Electrifying Denmark
  • Vleuten , Erik van der . 1999 . Constructing centralized electricity supply in Denmark and the Netherlands: an actor group perspective . Centaurus , 41 : 3 – 36 . For the following see
  • Kaijser , Arne . 1999 . “ 'Striking bonanza: the establishment of a natural gas regime in the Netherlands' ” . In The Governance of Large Technical Systems Edited by: Coutard , Olivier . 38 – 57 . London/New York
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  • Disco , Cornells and Vleuten , Erik van der . 2002 . "The politics of wet system building: Balancing interests in Dutch water management from the Middle Ages to the present' . Knowledge, Technology, & Policy , 14 : 21 – 40 .
  • Gras, Les macro-systèmes techniques.
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  • Mayntz , Renate . 1993 . 'Grosse technische Systeme und ihre gesellschaftstheoretische Bedeutung' . Kölner Zeitschrift für Sociologie und Socialpsychologie , 45 : 97 – 108 .
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  • Jan Bieleman, ed., 'Landbouw', in Johan Schot et al., eds, Techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw. Volume HI, Zutphen, 2000, pp. 11-233; A.R van Otterloo, ed., 'Voeding', Ibid, pp. 235-373.
  • A.H. van Otterloo, 'Voeding in verandering', in Van Otterloo, ed., 'Voeding', pp. 237-47 on p. 239.
  • Otterloo , A.H. van . “ 'Nieuwe producten, schakels en regimes 1890-1920' ” . In 'Voeding' Edited by: Otterloo , Van . 249 – 61 . Trelude op de constimptiemaatschappij in voor- en tegenspoed 1920-1960', Ibid., 263-79; and A.H. van Otterloo & B. Sluyter, 'Naar variatie en gemak 1960-1990', Ibid., pp. 281-95.
  • A.H. van Otterloo, 'Ingredienten, toevoegingen en transformatie: hiel en onhell', in Van Otterloo, ed., 'Voeding', pp. 297-309.
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  • Bieleman , J. “ Dodemverbetering en waterbeheersing' ” . In 'Landbouw' Edited by: Bieleman . 27 – 45 . 44 'Van ruilverka velen naar landinrichten', Ibid., pp. 47-63.
  • RR. Priester, 'Het melkveehouderijbedriji', in Bieleman, ed., 'Landbouw', pp. 99-125 on 113.
  • Van Otterloo . “ Trelude op de constimptiemaatschappij' ” . 264
  • Priester, 'Het melkveehouderijbedrijf, pp. 112 14
  • Ernst Homburg, ed., 'demie', in Schot et al., eds, Techniek in Nederland in de Iwintigste eeuw Vol. II, pp. 271-407.
  • Ernst Homburg, Aat van Schelm & Piet Vincken, Industrialisatie en industriecomplexen', in Homburg, ed., 'Chemie', pp. 377-401.
  • Houwaart , E.S. 1996 . Medische techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuio. Beschrijving van het onderzoeksprogramma 'medische techniek' in het kader van het onderzoeksproject 'Geschiedenis van de techniek in Nederland in de twintigste eeuw' 4 Eindhoven
  • Keijser , Wouter . 2001 . E-mailen. Zorg loopt achter . Arts & Auto , 6 : 34 – 35 .
  • Castells . The Rise of the Network Society 477
  • Kaijser, Technological systems in the natural world'. Disco and Van der Vleuten, The politics of wet system building'.
  • Jakobsson , Eva . Canton 1995 . “ 'industrialized rivers. The development of Swedish hydropower' ” . In Nordic Energy Systems. Historical Perspectives and Current Issues Edited by: Kaijser , Arne and Hedin , Marika . Canton , 55 – 74 . MA
  • van de Ven, ed., Man-made Lowlands.
  • Belt , Henk van den . 2000 . 'Nature management in the systemic society: the case of the Netherlands' . Paper for the workshop: The Rise of the Systemic Society. Large Technical Systems and their Societal Effects in the 'Netherlands in the 20fh Century . June 16 2000 , Eindhoven . The following draws on
  • Ministry of Agriculture . 1990 . Nature Management and Fisheries, Nature Policy Plan of the Netherlands The Hague
  • Ministry of Agriculture . 2000 . Nature Management and Fisheries, Natuur voor mensen. Mensen voor natuur. Nota natuur, bos en landschap in de 21e eeuio 22 The Hague
  • Ibid., p. 25.
  • Bennett , Graham . 1998 . Maastricht II + 5 . The Pan-European Ecological Network. Special Issue of European Nature , 1 : 9 – 11 .
  • 1997 . Council of Europe, The EMERALD Network--a Network of Areas of Special Conservation Interest for Europe Strasbourg
  • European Commission . Natura 2000 , Luxembourg : Managing our Heritage .
  • Council of Europe, Information document on the Pan-European Ecological Network', www.nature.coe.int/english/main/econets/peen/docpeen.htm (www.nature.coe.int/english/main/econets/peen/docpeen.htm)
  • Linsen , Lex . 2000 . Meer open overleg kan uitkomst natuurbeleid verbeteren . Ethiek & Beleid , 0012 : 6 – 15 .
  • The Netherlands Ministry on Housing . 2001 . Spatial Planning, and the Environment, Ruimte maken, ruimte delen, Vijfde nota rumttelijke ordening 87 The Hague Ch. 3
  • Ministry of Agriculture . Nature Management and Fisheries, Natuur voor mensen 9
  • Ibid., p. 22.
  • Bennett . “ 'Maastricht II + 5' ” . 11

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