Advanced search
Publication Cover
European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire Latest Articles
Submit an article Journal homepage
377
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

The ‘New Woman’ of Weimar Germany in the imaginations of young Iranian intellectuals

Sheragim JenabzadehMossavar-Rahmani Center for Iran and Persian Gulf Studies, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USACorrespondence[email protected]
ORCID Iconhttps://orcid.org/0009-0003-9429-2445View further author information
ORCID Icon
Received 03 Oct 2022, Accepted 28 Jan 2024, Published online: 25 Mar 2024

Bibliography

Primary sources

  • Farhad, A. “Zan Dar Jame‘eh: Zanan-e Tork – Hoshyar Bashid, Bedeqqat Bekhanid, Afsaneh Nist.” [Women in society: Turkish women – Be alert, Read Carefully, It is not a myth.] Nameh-ye Farangestan, 1, May 1, 1924, 12–17.
  • Joint Statement by Hope of Iran. “Ma Cheh Mikhavahim?!” [What Do We Want?!] Nameh-ye Farangestan, 1, May 1, 1924, 1–3.
  • Kazemi, M. M. “Cha‘i-ye Sa‘at-e Panj.” [Five o’clock tea.] Nameh-ye Farangestan 1, May 1, 1924, 36–41.
  • Kazemi, M. M. “Nehzat Bar Zed-e Hadian-e Bi Savad Nehzat-e Haqiqi-ye Iran Ast.” [Movement against uneducated leaders is the true movement of Iran.] Nameh-ye Farangestan 2, June 1, 1924, 49–55.
  • Kazemi, M. M. Ruzegar va Andisheh-ha, 1350. Tehran: Ibn Sina, 1971/72.
  • Kazemi, M. M. “Siyasat-e Este‘mari-ye Mamalek-e Urupa Dar ‘Asr-e Hazer.” [The colonial politics of Europe in the current era.] Nameh-ye Farangestan, nos 9–10, January/February 1925, 459–470.
  • Kazemi, P. “Rah-e Nejat: Se‘adat-e Zan Se‘adat-e Mamlekat Ast.” [The path to rescue: the welfare of women leads to the welfare of the country.] Nameh-ye Farangestan 2, June 1, 1924, 59–64.
  • Kazemzadeh, H. “Zan va Zanashuy.” [Woman and marriage.] Iranshahr, no.11 and 12, Year 2, August 1924, 722–740.
  • Mehrdad, H. “Jahan-e Zanan: Zan va ‘Efat.” [Women’s world: woman and honour.] Iranshahr no. 1 and 2, Year 3, December 1923, 87–91.
  • Moqaddam, H. “Irani Bazi: Shukhi Dar Chahar Manzareh.” [Playing an Iranian: a joke in four scenes.] Nameh-ye Farangestan 3, July 1, 1924, 146–152.
  • Nafisi, H. “Nesvan Navazi: Part I.” [Feminism: Part I.] Nameh-ye Farangestan 6, October 1, 1924, 284–290.
  • Nafisi, H. “Nesvan Navazi: Part II.” [Feminism: Part II.] Nameh-ye Farangestan 9–10, January/February, 1925, 439–445.
  • Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, RZ 207, R 78177: Reich Migration Office (Reichswanderungsamt) to the German Foreign Office. “Zeitschrift ‘Senjä Alman wä Shärq – Die Deutsche Industrie und der Osten’”. Berlin, June 25, 1923.

Secondary sources

  • Abrahamian, E. Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1982.
  • Agai, B., U. Ryad, and M. Sajid, eds. Muslims in Interwar Europe: A Transcultural Historical Perspective. Leiden: Brill, 2015.
  • Alizadeh, N. “Ibrat, Hasrat, or Tahdid: Turkish Modernity in the Eyes of Iranian Nationalist Modernists in the Qajar-Pahlavi Interregnum.” Turkish Studies 22, no. 4 (2021): 558–586. doi:10.1080/14683849.2020.1788943.
  • Amin, C. M. The Making of the Modern Iranian Woman: Gender, State Policy, and Popular Culture, 1865–1946. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2002.
  • Amin, C. M. “Globalizing Iranian Feminism, 1910–1950.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 4, no. 1 (2008): 6–30. doi:10.2979/MEW.2008.4.1.6.
  • Ansari, A. M. The Politics of Nationalism in Modern Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Anzali, A. “From Ethnic Nationalism to Cosmopolitan Mysticism: The Life and Works of Hossein Kazemzadeh Iranshahr (1884–1962).” Iranian Studies 55, no. 1 (2022): 61–112. doi:10.1080/00210862.2020.1869533.
  • Ardakani-Mahbubi, H. Tarikh-e taḥavvol-e Daneshgah-e Tehran. Tehran: Daneshgah-e Tehran, 1971.
  • Arjomand, K. “Die Buch- und Kunstdruckerei Kaviani und die iranischen Intellektuellen in Berlin um die Zeit des Ersten Weltkriges.” In Fremde Erfahrungen: Asiaten und Afrikaner in Deutschland, Österreich und in der Schweiz bis 1945, edited by G. Höpp, 169–183. Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1996.
  • Atabaki, T., and E. J. Zürcher, eds. Men of Order: Authoritarian Modernization under Ataturk and Reza Shah. London: I.B. Tauris, 2017.
  • Attwood, L. Creating the New Soviet Woman: Women’s Magazines as Engineers of Female Identity, 1922–53. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1999.
  • Behnam, J. Berlini-ha: Andishmandan-e Irani dar Berlin, 1915–1930. Tehran: Farzan Ruz, 2000.
  • Berman, M. All that Is Solid Melts into Air: The Experience of Modernity. New York: Penguin Books, 1988.
  • Biçer-Deveci, E. Die osmanisch-türkische Frauenbewegung im Kontext internationaler Frauenorganisationen. Gottingen: V & R Unipress, 2017.
  • Boak, H. Women in the Weimar Republic. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2013.
  • Boroujerdi, M. “‘The West’ in the Eyes of the Iranian Intellectuals of the Interwar Years (1919–1939).” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 26, no. 3 (2006): 391–401. doi:10.1215/1089201x-2006-021.
  • Bridenthal, R., and C. Koonz. “Beyond Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Weimar Women in Politics and Work.” In When Biology Became Destiny: Women in Weimar and Nazi Germany, edited by R. Bridenthal, A. Grossmann, and M. Kaplan, 33–65. New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984.
  • Cronin, S., ed. The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah 1921–1941. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
  • Cronin, S. Soldiers, Shahs and Subalterns in Iran: Opposition, Protest and Revolt, 1921–1941. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010.
  • Disko, S. The Devil’s Wheels: Men and Motorcycling in the Weimar Republic. New York: Berghahn Books, 2016.
  • Elling, R. C. “Urbanizing the Iranian Public: Text, Tehran and 1922.” Middle Eastern Studies 55, no. 3 (2019): 301–318. doi:10.1080/00263206.2018.1540414.
  • Ellis, H. “‘These Heroic Days’: Marxist Internationalism, Masculinity, and Young British Scientists, 1930s–40s.” In Transnational Histories of Youth in the Twentieth Century, edited by R. I. Jobs and D. M. Pomfret, 70–91. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Fischer, F. Griff Nach Der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik Des Kaiserlichen Deutschland, 1914/18 [Auf Grund der 3. Aufl. vollständig neu bearb.] Sonderausg. Düsseldorf: Droste, 1967.
  • Follman, S. Wenn Frauen sich entblössen …: Mode als Ausdrucksmittel der Frau der zwanziger Jahre. Marburg: Jonas, 2010.
  • Foucault, M., and J. Miskowiec. “Of Other Spaces.” Diacritics 16, no. 1 (1986): 22–27. doi:10.2307/464648.
  • Frevert, U. Women in German History: From Bourgeois Emancipation to Sexual Liberation. Oxford: Berg, 1989.
  • Ganeva, M. Women in Weimar Fashion: Discourses and Displays in German Culture, 1918–1933. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2008.
  • Ghahari, K. Nationalismus und Modernismus in Iran in der Periode zwischen dem Zerfall der Qāǧaren-Dynastie und der Machtfestigung Reżā Schah: Eine Untersuchung über die intellektuellen Kreise um die Zeitschriften Kāweh, Īrānšahr und Āyandeh. Berlin: Schwarz, 2001.
  • Ghanoonparvar, M. R. “Persian Plays and the Iranian Theatre.” In Colors of Enchantment: Theatre, Dance, Music, and the Visual Arts of the Middle East, edited by S. Zuhur, 79–100. Cairo: The American University in Cairo Press, 2001.
  • Gheissari, A. Iranian Intellectuals in the Twentieth Century. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1997.
  • Gingeras, R. Sorrowful Shores: Violence, Ethnicity, and the End of the Ottoman Empire 1912–1923. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Goebel, M. Anti-Imperial Metropolis: Interwar Paris and the Seeds of Third World Nationalism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Gorsuch, A. E. “The Dance Class or the Working Class: The Soviet Modern Girl.” In The Modern Girl around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization, edited by A. E. Weinbaum, L. M. Thomas, P. Ramamurthy, U. G. Poiger, M. Y. Dong, and T. E. Barlow, 174–193. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2008.
  • Graf, R. Die Zukunft der Weimarer Republik: Krisen und Zukunftsaneignungen in Deutschland 1918–1933. Munich: Oldenbourg, 2008.
  • Graf, R. “Anticipating the Future in the Present: ‘New Women’ and Other Beings of the Future in Weimar Germany.” Central European History 42, no. 4 (2009): 647–673. doi:10.1017/S0008938909991026.
  • Grossmann, A. Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920–1950. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995.
  • Grossmann, A. “Girlkultur or Thoroughly Rationalized Female: A New Woman in Weimar Germany?” In Women in Culture and Politics: A Century of Change, edited by J. Friedlander, B. W. Cook, A. Kessler-Harris, and C. Smith-Rosenberg, 62–80. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1986.
  • Handelman-Baavur, L. Creating the Modern Iranian Woman: Popular Culture between Two Revolutions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Höpp, G. Arabische und islamische Periodika in Berlin und Brandenburg 1915–1945: Geschichtlicher Abriss und Bibliographie. Berlin: Arabische Buch, 1994.
  • Höpp, G., and B. Reinwald, eds. Fremdeinsätze: Afrikaner und Asiaten in europäischen Kriegen, 1914–1945. Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 2000.
  • Ihrig, S. Atatürk in the Nazi Imagination. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014.
  • Jenkins, J. “Fritz Fischer’s ‘Programme for Revolution’: Implications for a Global History of Germany in the First World War.” Journal of Contemporary History 48, no. 2 (2013): 397–417. doi:10.1177/0022009412472713.
  • Jenkins, J. L. “Jihad or National Uprising? Germany’s ‘Programme for Revolution’ in the Middle East.” In Bid for World Power? New Research on the Outbreak of the First World War, edited by A. Gestrich and H. P. von Strandmann, 357–376. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Jenkins, J., H. Liebau, and L. Schmid. “Transnationalism and Insurrection: Independence Committees, Anti-Colonial Networks, and Germany’s Global War.” Journal of Global History 15, no. 1 (2020): 61–79. doi:10.1017/S1740022819000330.
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. “The Politics of Reproduction: Maternalism and Women’s Hygiene in Iran, 1896–1941.” International Journal of Middle East Studies 38, no. 1 (2006): 1–29. doi:10.1017/S002074380641223X.
  • Kashani-Sabet, F. Conceiving Citizens: Women and the Politics of Motherhood in Iran. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Katouzian, H. State and Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis. London: I. B. Tauris, 2000.
  • Kazemi, M. M. Tehran-e Makhuf [Terrible Tehran.] Tehran: Ibn Sina, 1961/62.
  • Kessler-Harris, A. Out to Work: A History of Wage-Earning Women in the United States. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982.
  • Khan, R. “Entanglements of Translation: Psychology, Pedagogy, and Youth Reform in German and Urdu.” Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa, and the Middle East 40, no. 2 (2020): 295–308. doi:10.1215/1089201X-8524226.
  • Khasto, R. “Nasl-e Avval Rowshanfekran-e Irani va Moderniteh-ye Siyasi.” Olum-e Siyasi 4, no. 6 (2007): 67–102.
  • Khasto, R. “Nasl-e Dovvom-e Rowshanfekran-e Irani: Aghaz-e Gerayesh-e Ideolojik va Naf-ye Moderniteh-ye Siyasi.” Olum-e Siyasi 6, no. 8 (2009): 129–153.
  • Koonz, C. Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family, and Nazi Politics. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1987.
  • Kundrus, B. “Gender Wars: The First World War and the Construction of Gender Relations in the Weimar Republic.” In Home/Front: The Military, War, and Gender in Twentieth-Century Germany, edited by K. Hagemann and S. Schüler-Springorum, 159–179. Oxford: Berg, 2002.
  • Levy, K. Deutsch-chinesische Beziehungen. Berlin: Lit, 2011.
  • Makki, H. Tarikh-e Bist Saleh-ye Iran. Tehran: Entesharat-e Elmi, 1999.
  • Marashi, A. Nationalizing Iran: Culture, Power, and the State, 1870–1940. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 2008.
  • Martin, V. “Mudarris, Republicanism and the Rise to Power of Riza Khan, Sardar-i Sipah.” In The Making of Modern Iran: State and Society under Riza Shah 1921–1941, edited by S. Cronin, 65–77. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003.
  • Matin-Asgari, A. Both Eastern and Western: An Intellectual History of Iranian Modernity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
  • Matin-Asgari, A. “The Berlin Circle: Iranian Nationalism Meets German Countermodernity.” In Rethinking Iranian Nationalism and Modernity, edited by K. S. Aghaie and A. Marashi, 49–65. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014.
  • Mehraji, M. A.-D. “Saif Azad: Az Peyk-e Sefarat-e Alman ta Ruznameh-Gari.” Jahan Ketab, no. 1 (Year 20), 9–13.
  • Mirabedini, H. “Moshfeq-e Kazemi, Sayyed Mortaza.” Encyclopaedia Iranica. Accessed May 19, 2023. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/moshfeq-kazemi
  • Mirsepassi, A. Intellectual Discourse and the Politics of Modernization: Negotiating Modernity in Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Moghissi, H. Populism and Feminism in Iran. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996.
  • Motadel, D. “The Making of Muslim Communities in Western Europe, 1914–1939.” In Transnational Islam in Interwar Europe: Muslim Activists and Thinkers, edited by G. Nordbruch and U. Ryad, 13–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Najmabadi, A. Women with Moustaches and Men without Beards: Gender and Sexual Anxieties of Iranian Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005.
  • “Nakhostin-ha: Dr. Ahmad Farhad, Profesor-e Fizik, Medisin, va Radioloji.” Ravabet-e Omum: Daneshgah-e Elm, Pezeshk, va Khadamat-e Behdasht Darmani-ye Tehran, December 27, 2014. https://pr.tums.ac.ir
  • Nolan, M. Visions of Modernity: American Business and the Modernization of Germany. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
  • Nolan, M. The Transatlantic Century: Europe and America, 1890–2010. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Oesterheld, J. “Zum Spektrum der Indischen Präsenz in Deutschland von Beginn bis Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts.” In Fremde Erfahrungen: Asiaten und Afrikaner in Deutschland, Österreich und in der Schweiz bis 1945, edited by G. Höpp, 331–346. Berlin: Das Arabische Buch, 1996.
  • Özoglu, H. From Caliphate to Secular State: Power Struggle in the Early Turkish Republic. Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2011.
  • Paidar, P. Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-Century Iran. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
  • Petersen, V. R. Women and Modernity in Weimar Germany: Reality and Its Representation in Popular Fiction. New York: Berghahn Books, 2001.
  • Petro, P. Joyless Streets: Women and Melodramatic Representation in Weimar Germany. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989.
  • Peukert, D. J. K. The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993.
  • Pomfret, D. M. “‘Colonial Circulations’: Vietnamese Youth, Travel, and Empire, 1919–40.” In Transnational Histories of Youth in the Twentieth Century, edited by R. I. Jobs and D. M. Pomfret, 115–143. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Ramazani, R. K. The Foreign Policy of Iran: A Developing Nation in World Affairs, 1500–1941. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1966.
  • Rowe, D. “Desiring Berlin: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Germany.” In Visions of the ‘Neue Frau’: Women and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany, edited by M. Meskimmon and S. West, 143–164. Aldershot: Scolar Press, 1995.
  • Schayegh, C. Who Is Knowledgeable Is Strong: Science, Class, and the Formation of Modern Iranian Society, 1900–1950. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009.
  • Stebbins, H. L. British Imperialism in Qajar Iran: Consuls, Agents and Influence in the Middle East. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 2016.
  • Sutton, K. The Masculine Woman in Weimar Germany. New York: Berghahn Books, 2011.
  • Talajooy, S. “A History of Iranian Drama (1850–1941).” In Literature of the Early Twentieth Century: From the Constitutional Period to Reza Shah, edited by A.-A. Seyed-Gohrab, 353–410. London: I.B. Tauris, 2015.
  • Tavakoli-Targhi, M. “Negaran-e zan-e Farang.” Nimeye Digar 2 , no. 3 (1997): 3–71.
  • Tavakoli-Targhi, M. Refashioning Iran: Orientalism, Occidentalism, and Historiography. Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001.
  • Tavakoli-Targhi, M. “Inventing Modernity, Borrowing Modernity.” Iran Nameh 20, nos 2–3 (2002): 195–235.
  • Ter-Matevosyan, V. Turkey, Kemalism, and the Soviet Union. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019.
  • Theilhaber, A. Friedrich Rosen: Orientalist Scholarship and International Politics. Munich: De Gruyter Oldenbourg, 2020.
  • von Ankum, K. “Gendered Urban Spaces in Irmgard Keun’s Das Kunstseidene Mädchen.” In Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, edited by K. von Ankum, 162–184. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
  • von Ankum, K. “Introduction.” In Women in the Metropolis: Gender and Modernity in Weimar Culture, edited by K. von Ankum, 1–11. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997.
  • Weinbaum, A. E., L. M. Thomas, P. Ramamurthy, U. G. Poiger, M. Y. Dong, and T. E. Barlow, eds. The Modern Girl around the World: Consumption, Modernity, and Globalization. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
  • Weitz, E. D. Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Weimar Centennial Edition. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2018.
  • Werner, C., and B. Devos, eds. Culture and Cultural Politics under Reza Shah: The Pahlavi State, New Bourgeoisie and the Creation of a Modern Society in Iran. London: Routledge, 2014.
  • Wipplinger, J. O. The Jazz Republic: Music, Race, and American Culture in Weimar Germany. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2017.
  • Yaghoobi, C. Temporary Marriage in Iran: Gender and Body Politics in Modern Iranian Film and Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Yü-Dembski, D. “Chinesische Intellektuelle in Deutschland, 1922–1941.” In China, Nähe und Ferne: Deutsch-chinesische Beziehungen in Geschichte und Gegenwart, edited by B. Gransow and M. Leutner, 239–263. Frankfurt am Main: P. Lang, 1989.
  • Zahedi, D. “Barresi-ye Ahdaf-e Anjoman-e Iran Javan dar Rastay-ye Eslahat-e Farhangi va Ejtema‘i-ye Avakher-e Qajarieh va Naqsh-e An dar Shekl Giri-ye Namayeshnameh-ye Ja‘far Khan az Farang Amadeh Neveshteh-ye Hassan Moqaddam.” Theatre 85 (2021): 113–133. https://magiran.com/p2350673.
  • Zürrer, W. Persien zwischen England und Russland 1918–1925: Grossmachteinflüsse und nationaler Wiederaufstieg am Beispiel des Iran. Bern: P. Lang, 1978.

Related research

People also read lists articles that other readers of this article have read.

Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine.

Cited by lists all citing articles based on Crossref citations.
Articles with the Crossref icon will open in a new tab.