REFERENCES
- Mustafa M G. Biochemical basis of ozone toxicity. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 9: 245–265.
- Challen P J R, Hickish D E, Bedford J. An investigation of some health hazards in an inert-gas tungsten arc welding shop. Br J Ind Med 1958; 15: 276–282.
- Kleinfield M, Giel C, Takershaw I R. Health hazards associated with inert-gas shield metal arc welding. Arch Ind Health 1957; 5: 27–31.
- Sandstrom T. Respiratory effects of air pollutants: experimental studies in humans. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 976–995.
- Devlin R B. Identification of subpopulations that are sensitive to ozone exposure: use of end points currently available and potential use of laboratory-based end points under development. Environ Health Perspect Supplements 1993; 101: 225–230.
- Chitano P, Hosselet J J, Mapp C E, Fabbri L M. Effect of oxidant air pollutants on the respiratory system: insights from experimental animal research. Eur Respir J 1995; 8: 1357–1371.
- Heyder J, Takenaka S. Long-term canine exposure studies with ambient air pollutants. Eur Respir J 1996; 9: 571–584.
- McDonnell W F, Horstman D H, Hazucha M J, et al. Pulmonary effects of ozone exposure during exercise: dose response characteristics. J Appl Physiol 1983; 54: 1345–1352.
- Lippmann M. Health effects of ozone—a critical review. JAPCA 1989; 39: 672–695.
- Koren H S, Devlin R B, Graham D E, et al. Ozone-induced inflammation in the lower airways of human subjects. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 39: 407–415.
- Schelegle E S, Siefkin A D, McDonald R J. Time course of ozone-induced neutrophilia in normal humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 1353–1358.
- Jakab G J, Spannhake E W, Canning B J, Kleeberger S R, Gilmour M I. The effects of ozone on immune function. Environ Health Perspect 1995; 103: 77–89.
- Golden J A, Nadel J A, Boushey H A. Bronchial hyperirritability in healthy subjects after exposure to ozone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1978; 118:87–294.
- Janssen L J, O'Bryne P M, Daniel E E. Mechanism underlying ozone-induced in vitro hyperresponsiveness in canine bronchi. Am J Physiol 1996; 61: L55–L72.
- Kehrl H R, Vincent L M, Kowalsky R J. Ozone exposure increases human respiratory epithelial permeability in humans. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 1124–1128.
- Crapo J D, Barry B E, Foscue H A, Shelburne J. Structural and biochemical changes in rat lungs occurring during exposure to lethal and adaptive doses of oxygen. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 122: 123–143.
- Barry B B, Miller F J, Crapo J D. Effects of inhalation of 0.12 and 0.25 parts per million ozone on the proximal alveolar region of juvenile and adult rats. Lab Invest 1985; 53: 692–704.
- Specktor D M, Lippmann M, Lioy P J et al. Effects of ambient ozone on respiratory function in active normal children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 137: 313–320.
- Frischer T M, Kuehr J, Pullwitt A et al. Ambient ozone causes upper airways inflammation in children. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 961–964.
- Pryor W A. Ozone in all its reactive splendor. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 122: 483–486.
- Hatch G E. Comparative biochemistry of airway lining fluid. In: Schlesinger RB, ed. Comparative Biology of the Lung. 1992: 617–632.
- Pryor W A, Squadruto G L, Friedman H. The cascade mechanism to explain ozone toxicity: the role of lipid ozonation products. Free Radic Med Biol; 19: 935–941.
- Pryor W A. Mechanisms of radical formation from reactions of ozone with target molecules in the lung. Free Radic Biol Med 1994; 17: 451–465.
- Barnes P J. Reactive oxygen species and airway inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 1990; 9: 235–243.
- Pryor W A, Church D F. The reactions of ozone with unsaturated fatty acids: aldehydes and hydrogen peroxide as mediators of ozone toxicity. In: Davies KJA, ed. Oxidative Damage and Repair: Chemical, Biological, and Medical Aspects. New York: Pergamon Press, 1991.
- Pryor W A, Church D F. Aldehydes, hydrogen peroxide, and organic radicals as mediators of ozone toxicity. Free Radic Res Comm 1991; 11: 41–46.
- Heffner J E, Repine J E. Pulmonary strategies of antioxidant defense. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 531–554.
- Sies H, Cadenas E. Oxidative stress: damage to intact cells and organs. Phil Trans R Soc Lond 1985; B311: 617–631.
- Pryor W A Prier D G, Church D F. Detection of free radicals from low temperature ozone-olefin reactions by ESR spin trapping: evidence that the radicals precursor is a trioxide. J Am Chem Soc 1983; 105: 2883–2888.
- Pryor W A, Gu J, Church D F. Trapping free radicals formed in the reaction of ozone with simple olefins using 2, 6-di-tert-butyl-4-cresol (BHT). J Org Chem 1985; 50: 185–189.
- Kennedy C H, Hatch G E, Slade R, Mason R P. Application of the EPR spin-trapping technique to the detection of radicals produced in vivo during inhalation exposure of rats to ozone. Toxicol Appl Pharm 1992; 114: 41–46.
- Pryor W A. Can vitamin E protect humans against the pathological effects of ozone in smog? Am J Clin Nutr 1991; 53: 702–722.
- Pryor W A, Wang K, Bermudez E. Cholesterol ozonation products as biomarkers for ozone exposure in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1992; 188: 618–623.
- Kurzner S I, Garg M, Bautista D B, Sargent C W, Bowman C M, Keens T G. Growth failure in bronchopulmonary dysplasia: elevated metabolic rates and pulmonary mechanics. J Pediatr 1988; 112: 73–80.
- Freeman B A, Mudd J B. Reaction of ozone with sulphydryls of human erythrocytes. Arch Biochem Biophys 1981; 208: 212–220.
- Pryor W A, Uppu R M. A kinetic model for the competitive reactions of ozone with amino acid residues in proteins in reverse micelles. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 3120–3126.
- Delucia A J, Mustafa M G, Hussain M Z, Cross C E. Ozone interacts with the rodent lung. III Oxidation of reduced gluathione and formation of mixed disulphides between protein and non-protein sulfhydryls. J Clin Invest 1975; 55: 794–802.
- Pryor W A, Giamalva D H, Church D F. Kinetics of ozonation. 2. Amino acids and model compounds in water and comparisons to rates in non-polar solvents. J Am Chem Soc 1984; 106: 7094–7100.
- Giamalva D H, Church D F, Pryor W A. A comparison of the rates of ozonation of biological antioxidants and oleate and linoleate esters. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1985; 133: 773–779.
- O'Neill C A, van der Vliet A, Hu M et al. Oxidation of biological molecules by ozone: the effect of pH. J Lab Clin Med 1993; 122: 497–505.
- Banerjee S K, Mudd J B. Reaction of ozone with glycophorin in solution and in lipid vesicles. Arch Biochem Biophys 1992; 295: 84–89.
- Glaze W H. Reaction products of ozone: a review. Environ Health Perspect 1986; 69: 151–157.
- Pryor W A. How far does ozone penetrate into the pulmonary air/tissue boundary before it reacts? Free Radic Biol Med 1992; 12: 83–88.
- Hatch G E, Slade R, Harris L et al. Ozone dose and effect in humans and rats: a comparison using oxygen-18 labeling and bronchoalveolar lavage. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 676–683.
- Langford S D, Bidani A, Postlethwait E M. Ozone-reactive absorption by pulmonary epithelial lining fluid constituents. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 132: 122–130.
- Hatch G E. Comparative biochemistry of airway lining fluid. In: Schlesinger RB, ed. Comparative Biology of the Normal Lung. 1994: 617–632.
- Slade R, Crissman K, Norwood J, Hatch G E. Comparison of antioxidant substances in bronchoalveolar lavage cells and fluid from humans, guinea pigs, and rats. Exp Lung Res 1993; 19: 469–484.
- Peden D B, Robert H, Brown M E. Uric acid is a major antioxidant in human nasal airway secretions. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1990; 87: 7638–7642.
- Postlethwait E M, Langford S D, Bidani A. Determinants of inhaled ozone absorption in isolated rat lungs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 125: 77–89.
- Mudway IS, Kelly F J. Modeling the interactions of ozone with pulmonary epithelial lining fluid antioxidants. Toxicol Appl Pharm 1998 (in press).
- Merrill W, O'Hearn E, Rankin J, Naegel G, Matthay R A, Reynolds H Y. Kinetic analysis of respiratory tract proteins recovered during a sequential lavage protocol. Am Rev Resp Dis 1982; 126: 617–620.
- Reynolds H Y. Bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 250–263.
- Gerrity T R, Weaver R A, Berntsen J, House D E. Extrathoracic and intrathoracic removal of ozone in tidal breathing of humans. J Appl Physiol 1988; 65: 393–400.
- Housley D G, Mudway I, Kelly F J, Eccles R, Richards R J. Depletion of urate in human nasal lavage following in vitro ozone exposure. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1995; 27: 1153–1159.
- Mudway IS, Housley D, Eccles R et al. Differential depletion of human respiratory tract antioxidants in response to ozone challenge. Free Radic Res 1996; 25: 499–513 (abst).
- Peden D B, Hohman R, Brown M E et al. Uric add is a major antioxidant in human nasal airway secretions. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1990; 87: 7638–7642.
- Wasil M, Halliwell B, Hutchison D C S, Baum H. The antioxidant action of human extracellular fluids. Biochem J 1987; 243: 219–223.
- Cross C E, Halliwell B. Evaluation of biomolecular damage by ozone. Meth Enzymol 1994; 234: 252–256.
- Bascom R, Bromberg P A, Costa D A et al. Health effects of outdoor air pollution. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 3–50.
- Devlin R B, McDonnell W F, Mann R, Becker S, House D E, Schreinemachers D, Koren H S. Exposure of humans to ambient levels of ozone for 6.6 hours causes cellular and biochemical changes in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4: 72–81.
- McDonnell W F. Intersubject variability in human acute ozone responsiveness. Pharmacogenetics 1991; 1: 110–113.
- McDonnell W F, Horstman D H, Salaam S A, House D E. Reproducibility of individual responses to ozone exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 6–40.
- Bolin R W, Martin T R, Albert R K. Lung endothelial and epithelial permeability after platelet-activating factor. J Appl Physiol 1987; 63: 1770–1775.
- Devlin R B, McDonnell W F, Mann R et al. Exposure of humans to ambient levels of ozone for 6.6 hours causes cellular and biochemical changes in the lung. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1991; 4: 72–81.
- Aris R M, Christian D, Hearne P Q, Finkbeiner W E, Balmes J R. Ozone-induced airway inflammation in human subjects as determined by airway lavage and biopsy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 148: 1363–1372.
- Folinsbee L J, McDonnell W F. Pulmonary function and symptom responses after a 6.6 hour exposure to 0.12 ppm ozone with moderate exercise. JAPCA 1988; 38: 28–35.
- McDonnell W F, Chapman R S, Leigh. Respiratory responses of vigorously exercising children to 0.12 ppm ozone exposure. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 132: 875–879.
- Koren H S, Hatch G E, Graham D E. Nasal lavage as a tool in assessing acute inflammation in response to inhaled pollutants. Toxicology 1990; 60: 15–25.
- Reynolds H Y. Bronchoalveolar lavage. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 135: 250–263.
- Steerenberg P A, Fischer P H, Gmelig Mayling F et al. Nasal lavage as tool for health effect assessment of photochemical air pollution. Human Exp Toxicol 1996; 15: 111–119.
- Harkema J R, Plopper C G, Hyde D M, St. George J A, Wilson D W, Dungworth D L. Response of the macaque nasal epithelium to ambient levels of ozone: a morphologic and morphometric study of the transitional and respiratory epithelium. Am J Pathol 1987; 128: 29–44.