Ethnopolitical demography and democracy in sub-Saharan Africa

Bibliography

• Acemoglu, Daron, and James A. Robinson. Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat, and Romain Wacziarg. “Fractionalization.” Journal of Economic Growth 8, no. 2 (2003): 155–194. doi: 10.1023/A:1024471506938
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriola, Leonardo R. Multiethnic Coalitions in Africa: Business Financing of Opposition Election Campaigns. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Baker, Andy. “Race, Paternalism, and Foreign Aid: Evidence from U.S. Public Opinion.” American Political Science Review 109, no. 1 (2015): 93–109. doi: 10.1017/S0003055414000549
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barro, Robert J. “Determinants of Democracy.” Journal of Political Economy 107, no. 6 (1999): S158–S183. doi: 10.1086/250107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bates, Robert H. “Ethnic Competition and Modernization in Contemporary Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 6, no. 4 (1974): 457–484.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birnir, Johanna Kristin. Ethnicity and Electoral Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Boix, Carles, Michael Miller, and Sebastian Rosato. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 12 (2013): 1523–1554. doi: 10.1177/0010414012463905
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boix, Carles, and Susan C. Stokes. “Endogenous Democratization.” World Politics 55, no. 4 (2003): 517–549. doi: 10.1353/wp.2003.0019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997a.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael, and Nicolas van de Walle. Political Regimes and Regime Transitions in Africa, 1910–1994. [Computer file]. ICPSR version. East Lansing, MI: Michigan State University [producer], 1996. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 1997b.
   Google Scholar
• Cederman, Lars-Erik, Andreas Wimmer, and Brian Min. “Why Do Ethnic Groups Rebel? New Data and Analysis.” World Politics 62, no. 1 (2010): 87–119. doi: 10.1017/S0043887109990219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chandra, Kanchan. “Ethnic Parties and Democratic Stability.” Perspectives on Politics 3, no. 2 (2005): 235–252. doi: 10.1017/S1537592705050188
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, Kanchan, ed. Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Chandra, Kanchan, and Cilanne Boulet. “Ethnic Diversity and Democratic Stability.” Documento presentado en la Reunión de la Asociación de Ciencia Política de Estados Unidos (2003).
   Google Scholar
• Cheibub, José Antonio, Jennifer Gandhi, and James Raymond Vreeland. “Democracy and Dictatorship Revisited.” Public Choice 143, no. 1–2 (2010): 67–101. doi: 10.1007/s11127-009-9491-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56, no. 4 (2004): 563–595. doi: 10.1093/oep/gpf064
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dahl, Robert. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Daly, Sarah Zukerman. “State Strategies in Multi-Ethnic Territories: Explaining Variation in the Former Soviet Union and Eastern Bloc.” British Journal of Political Science 44, no. 2 (2014): 381–408. doi: 10.1017/S0007123412000701
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Decalo, Samuel. “Benin: First of the New Democracies.” In Political Reform in Francophone Africa, edited by John F. Clark and David E. Gardiner, 43–61. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. “Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (1997): 1203–1250. doi: 10.1162/003355300555466
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eifert, Benn, Edward Miguel, and Daniel N. Posner. “Political Competition and Ethnic Identification in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 54, no. 2 (2010): 494–510. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00443.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elischer, Sebastian. Political Parties in Africa: Ethnicity and Party Formation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Europa Regional Surveys of the World. Africa South of the Sahara 2013. 42nd ed. London: Routledge-Taylor and Francis, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D. “Ethnic Structure and Cultural Diversity by Country.” Journal of Economic Growth 8, no. 2 (2003a): 195–222. doi: 10.1023/A:1024419522867
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003b): 75–90. doi: 10.1017/S0003055403000534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferree, Karen E. “The Social Origins of Electoral Volatility in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science 40, no. 4 (2010): 759–779. doi: 10.1017/S0007123410000244
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferree, Karen. “How Fluid is Fluid? The Mutability of Ethnic Identities and Electoral Volatility in Africa.” In Constructivist Theories of Ethnic Politics, edited by Kanchan Chandra, 312–340. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Fish, Steven M., and Robin S. Brooks. “Does Diversity Hurt Democracy?.” Journal of Democracy 15, no. 1 (2004): 154–166. doi: 10.1353/jod.2004.0009
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franck, Raphaël, and Ilia Rainer. “Does the Leader's Ethnicity Matter? Ethnic Favoritism, Education, and Health in Sub-Saharan Africa.” American Political Science Review 106, no. 2 (2012): 294–325. doi: 10.1017/S0003055412000172
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedom House. Freedom in the World 2012: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Geertz, Clifford. The Religion of Java. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.
   Google Scholar
• Gurr, Ted Robert. Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1993.
   Google Scholar
• Habyarimana, James, Macartan Humphreys, Daniel N. Posner, and Jeremy W. Weinstein. Coethnicity: Diversity and Dilemmas of Collective Action. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Hadenius, Axel. Democracy and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Hardgrave, Robert L. “India: Dilemmas of Diversity.” Journal of Democracy 4, no. 4 (1993): 71–85. doi: 10.1353/jod.1993.0052
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, Donald. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985.
   Google Scholar
• Houle, Christian. “Inequality and Democracy: Why Inequality Harms Consolidation but Does Not Affect Democratization.” World Politics 61, no. 4 (2009): 589–622. doi: 10.1017/S0043887109990074
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• King, Gary, James Honaker, Anne Joseph, and Kenneth Scheve. “Analyzing Incomplete Political Science Data: An Alternative Algorithm for Multiple Imputation.” American Political Science Review 95, no. 1 (2001): 49–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koter, Dominika. “King Makers: Local Leaders and Ethnic Politics in Africa.” World Politics 65, no. 2 (2013): 187–232. doi: 10.1017/S004388711300004X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and Robert Vishny. “The Quality of Government.” Journal of Law, Economics and Organization 15, no. 1 (1999): 222–279. doi: 10.1093/jleo/15.1.222
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lijphart, Arend. Democracy in Plural Societies: A comparative Exploration. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
   Google Scholar
• Lindberg, Staffan I. Democracy and Elections in Africa. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Lynch, Gabrielle. I Say to You. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Marshall, Monty G., and Keith Jaggers. Polity IV Project: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800–2009. Fairfax, VA: George Mason University, Center for Systemic Peace, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, Eric S. “Beyond Racial Census: The Political Salience of Ethnolinguistic Cleavages in South Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 4 (2007): 435–56. doi: 10.1177/0010414006294420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mill, John Stuart. Considerations on Representative Government. New York: Liberal Arts Press, 1958 (1859).
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, Donald R., John Paden, and Robert C. Mitchell. Black Africa: A Comparative Handbook. 2nd ed. New York: Paragon House, 1989.
   Google Scholar
• Mozaffar, Shaheen. “The Institutional Logic of Ethnic Politics: A Prolegomenon.” In Ethnic Conflict and Democratization in Africa, edited by Harvey Glickman, 33–69. Atlanta: African Studies Association Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Mozaffar, Shaheen, and James R. Scarritt. “ Constructivism, Rationalism and the Construction of a Data Set on Ethnopolitical Groups and Cleavage Patterns in Africa.” American Political Science Association annual meeting, Boston, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• North, Douglass. Understanding the Process of Economic Change. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Osella, Filippo, and Caroline Osella. Social Mobility in Kerala: Modernity and Identity in Conflict. London: Pluto Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Pitcher, M Anne. Party Politics and Economic Reform in Africa's Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Posner, Daniel N. “Measuring Ethnic Fractionalization in Africa.” American Journal of Political Science 48, no. 4 (2004): 849–863. doi: 10.1111/j.0092-5853.2004.00105.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, Daniel N. Institutions and Ethnic Politics in Africa. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Powell, Bingham G. Contemporary Democracies: Participation, Stability, and Violence. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, Adam, and Fernando Limongi. “Modernization: Theories and Facts.” World Politics 49, no. 2 (1997): 155–83. doi: 10.1353/wp.1997.0004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabushka, Alvin, and Kenneth A. Shepsle. Politics in Plural Societies. Columbus: Charles E. Merrill Publishing Co., 1972.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly, Benjamin. “Democracy, Ethnic Fragmentation, and Internal Conflict: Confused Theories, Faulty Data, and the ‘Crucial Case’ of Papua New Guinea.” International Security 25, no. 3 (2000/01): 162–185. doi: 10.1162/016228800560552
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds, Andrew. Electoral Systems and Democratization in Southern Africa. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Roessler, Phillip. “The Enemy Within: Personal Rule, Coups, and Civil War in Africa.” World Politics 63, no. 2 (2011): 300–46. doi: 10.1017/S0043887111000049
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Royston, Patrick. “Multiple Imputation of Missing Values.” Stata Journal 9, no. 3 (2009): 466–477.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scarritt, James R., and Shaheen Mozaffar. “The Specification of Ethnic Cleavages and Ethnopolitical Groups for the Analysis of Democratic Competition in Contemporary Africa.” Nationalism and Ethnic Politics 5, no. 1 (1999): 82–117. doi: 10.1080/13537119908428555
   Google Scholar
• Vail, Leroy, ed. The Creation of Tribalism in Southern Africa. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991.
   Google Scholar
• Weingast, Barry R. “The Political Foundations of Democracy and the Rule of Law.” The American Political Science Review 91, no. 2 (1997): 245–263. doi: 10.2307/2952354
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. World Development Indicators. New York: World Bank, 2012.
   Google Scholar