Bibliography
- Adamon, A. D. Le renouveau démocratique au Bénin: La conférence nationale des forces vives et la période de transition. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1995.
- Agboton, L. F. Louis-Fabien Agboton-Le laquais des coups d’état. Porto-Novo, Benin: Aziza, 1998.
- Akindes, S. “Civil-Military Relations in Benin: Out of the Barracks and Back–Now What?” In The New African Civil-Military Relations, edited by M. Rupiya and G. Moyo, 38–64. Pretoria: APPRI, 2015.
- Akpo, P. Mathieu Kérékou: Mythe et réalité, essai biographique. Cotonou: Le Flamboyant, 2006.
- Albrecht, H. “Does Coup-Proofing Work? Political–Military Relations in Authoritarian Regimes Amid the Arab Uprisings.” Mediterranean Politics 20, no. 1 (2015): 36–54. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2014.932537
- Albrecht, H., and D. Ohl. “Exit, Resistance, Loyalty: Military Behavior during Unrest in Authoritarian Regimes.” Perspectives on Politics 14, no. 01 (2016): 38–52. doi: 10.1017/S1537592715003217
- Allen, C. “‘Goodbye to All That’: The Short and Sad Story of Socialism in Benin.” The Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 8, no. 2 (1992): 63–81. doi: 10.1080/13523279208415147
- Allen, C. “Restructuring an Authoritarian State: ‘Democratic Renewal’ in Benin.” Review of African Political Economy 19, no. 54 (1992): 42–58. doi: 10.1080/03056249208703952
- Banégas, R. La démocratie à pas de caméléon: Transition et imaginaires politiques au Bénin. Paris: Karthala, 2003.
- Barany, Z. “The Role of the Military.” Journal of Democracy 22, no. 4 (2011): 24–35. doi: 10.1353/jod.2011.0069
- Barkey, H. J. “Why Military Regimes Fail: The Perils of Transition.” Armed Forces & Society 16, no. 2 (1990): 169–192. doi: 10.1177/0095327X9001600201
- Belkin, A., and E. Schofer. “Coup Risk, Counterbalancing, and International Conflict.” Security Studies 14, no. 1 (2005): 140–177. doi: 10.1080/09636410591002527
- Bethke, F. S. “The Consequences of ‘Divide-and-Rule’ Politics in Africa South of the Sahara.” Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy 18, no. 3 (2011): 1–13.
- Brancati, D. “Pocketbook Protests: Explaining the Emergence of pro-Democracy Protests Worldwide.” Comparative Political Studies 47, no. 11 (2014): 1503–1530. doi: 10.1177/0010414013512603
- Bratton, M., and N. van de Walle. “Neopatrimonial Regimes and Political Transitions in Africa.” World Politics 46, no. 04 (1994): 453–489. doi: 10.2307/2950715
- Bratton, M., and N. van de Walle. Democratic Experiments in Africa: Regime Transitions in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
- Brooks, R. Political-Military Relations and the Stability of Arab Regimes. London: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Bueno de Mesquita, B., A. Smith, R. M. Siverson, and J. D. Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
- Bunce, V. “Rethinking Recent Democratization: Lessons from the Postcommunist Experience.” World Politics 55, no. 2 (2003): 167–192. doi: 10.1353/wp.2003.0010
- Chenoweth, E., and M. J. Stephan. Why Civil Resistance Works: The Strategic Logic of Nonviolent Conflict. New York: Columbia University Press, 2011.
- Clark, J. F. “Armed Arbiters: When Does the Military Step Into the Electoral Arena?” In Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, edited by A. Schedler, 129–148. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
- De Bruin, E. “Preventing Coups D’État: How Counterbalancing Works.” Journal of Conflict Resolution online first (2017): 1–27.
- Decalo, S. “The Politics of Military Rule in Togo.” Genève-Afrique/Geneva-Africa 12, no. 2 (1973a): 62–96.
- Decalo, S. “Regionalism, Politics, and the Military in Dahomey.” The Journal of Developing Areas 7, no. 3 (1973b): 449–478.
- Decalo, S. Coups and Army Rule in Africa: Studies in Military Style. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1990.
- Decalo, S. “Benin: First of New Democracies.” In Political Reforms in Francophone Africa, edited by J. F. Clark and D. E. Gardinier, 43–60. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1997.
- Decalo, S. Civil-Military Relations in Africa. Gainsville, FL: Florida Academic Press, 1998.
- Decalo, S., and M. C. Houngnikpo. Historical Dictionary of Benin. Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press, 2013.
- Dickovick, J. T. “Legacies of Leftism: Ideology, Ethnicity and Democracy in Benin, Ghana and Mali.” Third World Quarterly 29, no. 6 (2008): 1119–1137. doi: 10.1080/01436590802201089
- Dossou, R. “L’expérience béninoise de la conférence nationale.” In Les démocraties nouvelles ou rétablies, 205–224. Cotonou, Bénin: Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie, 2000.
- Ellis, S. “Rumour and Power in Togo.” Africa 63, no. 4 (1993): 462–476. doi: 10.2307/1161002
- Enloe, C. H. Ethnic Soldiers: State Security in Divided Societies. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 1980.
- Finer, S. E. The Man on Horseback: Military Intervention Into Politics. Harmondsworth, UK: Penguin, 1975.
- Fondation Friechrich Saumann. Les actes de la conférence nationale. Cotonou: ONEPI, 1990.
- Geddes, B. “What Do We Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2, no. 1 (1999): 115–144. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115
- Geddes, B. “How Autocrats Defend Themselves Against Armed Rivals.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Toronto, September 3–6, 2009.
- Geddes, B., E. Frantz, and J. G. Wright. “Military Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 17 (2014): 147–162. doi: 10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418
- Harkness, K. A. “The Ethnic Army and the State: Explaining Coup Traps and the Difficulties of Democratization in Africa.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 60, no. 4 (2016): 587–616. doi: 10.1177/0022002714545332
- Heilbrunn, J. R. “Social Origins of National Conferences in Benin and Togo.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 31, no. 02 (1993): 277–299. doi: 10.1017/S0022278X00011939
- Heilbrunn, J. R. “Togo: The National Conference and Stalled Reform.” In Political Reform in Francophone Africa, edited by A. F. Clark and D. E. Gardinier, 225–245. Boulder, Co: Westview Press, 1997.
- Horowitz, D. L. Ethnic Groups in Conflict. Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1985.
- Houngnikpo, M. C. “The Military and Democratization in Africa: A Comparative Study of Benin and Togo.” Journal of Political and Military Sociology 28, no. 2 (2000): 210–219.
- Huntington, S. P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, Mass: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1957.
- Karl, T. L. “Dilemmas of Democratization in Latin America.” Comparative Politics 23, no. 1 (1990): 1–21. doi: 10.2307/422302
- Kim, I. “Intra-Military Divisions and Democratization in South Korea.” Armed Forces & Society 39, no. 4 (2013): 695–710. doi: 10.1177/0095327X12454533
- Lawrence, A. “Triggering Nationalist Violence: Competition and Conflict in Uprisings Against Colonial Rule.” International Security 35, no. 2 (2010): 88–122. doi: 10.1162/ISEC_a_00019
- Lee, T. “Military Cohesion and Regime Maintenance: Explaining the Role of the Military in 1989 China and 1998 Indonesia.” Armed Forces & Society 32, no. 1 (2005): 80–104. doi: 10.1177/0095327X05277906
- Lee, T. “The Armed Forces and Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Explaining the Role of the Military in 1986 Philippines and 1998 Indonesia.” Comparative Political Studies 42, no. 5 (2009): 640–669. doi: 10.1177/0010414008328640
- Lee, T. Defect or Defend: Military Responses to Popular Protests in Authoritarian Asia. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015.
- Lemarchand, R. “Dahomey: Coup within a Coup.” Africa Report 13 (1968): 46–54.
- Levitsky, S., and L. Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
- Luckham, R. “The Military, Militarization and Democratization in Africa: A Survey of Literature and Issues.” African Studies Review 37, no. 2 (1994): 13–75. doi: 10.2307/524766
- Mahoney, J. “Strategies of Causal Assessment in Comparative Historical Analysis.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by J. Mahoney and D. Rueschemeyer, 337–372. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
- Makara, M. “Coup-Proofing, Military Defection, and the Arab Spring.” Democracy and Security 9, no. 4 (2013): 334–359. doi: 10.1080/17419166.2013.802983
- Marks, G. “Rational Sources of Chaos in Democratic Transition.” American Behavioral Scientist 35, no. 4-5 (1992): 397–421. doi: 10.1177/000276429203500405
- McLauchlin, T. “Loyalty Strategies and Military Defection in Rebellion.” Comparative Politics 42, no. 3 (2010): 333–350. doi: 10.5129/001041510X12911363509792
- North, D. C., and B. R. Weingast. “Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England.” The Journal of Economic History 49, no. 04 (1989): 803–832. doi: 10.1017/S0022050700009451
- Noudjenoume, P. La démocratie au Bénin, 1988–1993: Bilans et perspectives. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1999.
- O’Donnell, G., and P. Schmitter. Transitions From Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: The John Hopkins University Press, 1986.
- Omitoogun, W., and K. Onigo-Itite. “The National Conference as a Model for Democratic Consolidation: Benin and Nigeria.” In Africa Occasional Paper, 40. Ibadan, Nigeria: French Institute for Research (IFRA), 1996.
- Pearlman, W. “Precluding Nonviolence, Propelling Violence: The Effect of Internal Fragmentation on Movement Protest.” Studies in Comparative International Development 47, no. 1 (2012): 23–46. doi: 10.1007/s12116-012-9099-2
- Persson, T., and G. E. Tabellini. Macroeconomic Policy, Credibility and Politics. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1990.
- Quinlivan, J. T. “Coup-Proofing: Its Practice and Consequences in the Middle East.” International Security 24, no. 2 (1999): 131–165. doi: 10.1162/016228899560202
- Roessler, P. “The Enemy Within: Personal Rule, Coups, and Civil War in Africa.” World Politics 63, no. 2 (2011): 300–346. doi: 10.1017/S0043887111000049
- Seely, J. C. Transitions to Democracy in Comparative Perspectives: The National Conferences of Togo and Bénin. Saint Louis, MO: Washington University, 2001.
- Seely, J. C. “The Legacies of Transition Governments: Post-Transition Dynamics in Benin and Togo.” Democratization 12, no. 3 (2005): 357–377. doi: 10.1080/13510340500126772
- Singh, N. Seizing Power: The Strategic Logic of Military Coups. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2014.
- Snyder, R. “Explaining Transitions From Neopatrimonial Dictatorships.” Comparative Politics 24, no. 4 (1992): 379–399. doi: 10.2307/422151
- Tète, T. Démocratisation à la togolaise. Paris: L’Harmattan, 1998.
- Thiriot, C. Démocratisation Et Démilitarisation Du Pouvoir: Étude Comparative À Partir Du Burkina Faso, Congo, Ghana, Mali Et Togo. Bordeaux: University Montesquieu-Bordeaux IV, 1999.
- Toulabor, C. M. Le Togo sous Éyadéma. Paris: Karthala, 1986.
- Toulabor, C. M. “La ‘bataille finale’ du général Eyadéma au Togo.” Monde Diplomatique 1993 (March 1 st 1993): 18–20.
- Toulabor, C. M. “Togo: Les forces armées togolaises et le dispositif sécuritaire de contrôle (1&2).” CEAN & Sciences-Po 7, no. 10 (2005): 2005.
- Uvin, P. “Ethnicity and Power in Burundi and Rwanda: Different Paths to Mass Violence.” Comparative Politics 31, no. 3 (1999): 253–271. doi: 10.2307/422339
- van de Walle, N. “Tipping Games: When Do Opposition Parties Coalesce?” In Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition, edited by A. Schedler, 77–94. London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.