11,177
Views
11
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research articles

Liberation movements and stalled democratic transitions: reproducing power in Rwanda and South Africa through productive liminality

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 1231-1250 | Received 25 Jul 2017, Accepted 20 Mar 2018, Published online: 26 Apr 2018

Bibliography

  • Abrahams, Caryn. “Twenty Years of Social Cohesion and Nation-Building in South Africa.” Journal of Southern African Studies 42, no. 1 (2016): 95–107. doi: 10.1080/03057070.2016.1126455
  • African National Congress (ANC). “Reflections on the Balance of Forces.” 2015. http://www.anc.org.za/docs/discus/2015/balancer.pdf.
  • African National Congress (ANC). “Strategy and Tactics of the African National Congress – Draft 50th National Conference Discussion Document.” 1997. http://www.anc.org.za/content/strategy-and-tactics-african-national-congress-draft-50th-national-conference-discussion.
  • African National Congress (ANC). “The Second Transition?” 2012. http://www.anc.org.za/docs/discus/2012/transition.pdf.
  • Ansoms, An. “Rwanda’s Post-Genocide Economic Reconstruction. The Mismatch Between Elite Ambitions and Rural Realities.” In Remaking Rwanda. State Building and Human Rights after Mass Violence, edited by Scott Straus and L. Waldorf, 240–251. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.
  • Ansoms, An, Esther Marijnen, Giuseppe Cioffo, and Jude Murison. “Statistics Versus Livelihoods: Questioning Rwanda’s Pathway Out of Poverty.” Review of African Political Economy 44, no. 151 (2017): 47–65. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2016.1214119
  • Bayart, Jean-François, and Stephen Ellis. “Africa in the World: A History of Extraversion.” African Affairs 99, no. 395 (2000): 217–267. doi: 10.1093/afraf/99.395.217
  • Bellin, Eva. “Contingent Democrats: Industrialists, Labor, and Democratization in Late-Developing Countries.” World Politics 52, no. 2 (2000): 175–205. doi: 10.1017/S0043887100002598
  • Beresford, Alexander. “Power, Patronage, and Gatekeeper Politics in South Africa.” African Affairs 114, no. 455 (2015): 226–248. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adu083
  • Beresford, Alexander. South Africa’s Political Crisis: Unfinished Liberation and Fractured Class Struggles. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2016.
  • Berry, Marie E. “When ‘Bright Futures’ Fade: Paradoxes of Women’s Empowerment in Rwanda.” Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 41, no. 1 (2015): 1–27. doi: 10.1086/681899
  • Bogaards, Matthijs. “How to Classify Hybrid Regimes? Defective Democracy and Electoral Authoritarianism.” Democratization 16, no. 2 (2009): 399–423. doi: 10.1080/13510340902777800
  • Bond, Patrick. “South African Social Policy ‘Tokenism’ as Austerity Grips.” Africanus: Journal of Development Studies 46, no. 1 (2016): 32–51. doi: 10.25159/0304-615X/1513
  • Carnes, Matthew, and Isabela Mares. “Explaining the ‘Return of the State’ in Middle-Income Countries: Employment Vulnerability, Income, and Preferences for Social Protection in Latin America.” Politics & Society 43, no. 4 (2015): 525–550. doi: 10.1177/0032329215602893
  • Chabal, Patrick, and Jean Pascal Daloz. Africa Works: Disorder as Political Instrument. Woodbridge: James Currey, 1999.
  • Chakravarty, Anuradha. Investing in Authoritarian Rule: Punishment and Patronage in Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts for Genocide Crimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Cheeseman, Nic. Democracy in Africa: Successes, Failures, and the Struggle for Political Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Chemouni, Ben. “The Politics of State Effectiveness in Burundi and Rwanda: Ruling Elite Legitimacy and the Imperative of State Performance.” PhD Thesis, The London School of Economics and Political Science, 2016.
  • Cook, Linda J. The Soviet Social Contract and Why it Failed: Welfare Policy and Workers’ Politics From Brezhnev to Yeltsin. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1993.
  • Diamond, Larry. “The Democratic Rollback: The Resurgence of the Predatory State.” Foreign Affairs 87, no. 2 (2008): 36–48.
  • Dorman, Sara Rich. “Post-Liberation Politics in Africa: Examining the Political Legacy of Struggle.” Third World Quarterly 27, no. 6 (2006): 1085–1101. doi: 10.1080/01436590600842365
  • Ekeh, Peter P. “Colonialism and the Two Publics in Africa: A Theoretical Statement.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 17, no. 1 (1975): 91–112. doi: 10.1017/S0010417500007659
  • Everatt, David. “Non-Racialism in South Africa: Status and Prospects.” Politikon 39, no. 1 (2012): 5–28. doi: 10.1080/02589346.2012.656910
  • Ferguson, James. Give a Man a Fish: Reflections on the New Politics of Distribution. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015.
  • Ferree, Karen E. Framing the Race in South Africa: The Political Origins of Racial Census Elections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Forrat, Natalia. “The Authoritarian Welfare State: A Marginalized Concept.” Comparative Historical Social Science Working Paper Series, 2012.
  • Gaynor, Niamh. Decentralisation, Conflict and Peacebuilding in Rwanda. Technical Report. Dublin: Dublin City University, 2013.
  • Goodfellow, Tom. “Rwanda’s Political Settlement and the Urban Transition: Expropriation, Construction and Taxation in Kigali.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 8, no. 2 (2014): 311–329. doi: 10.1080/17531055.2014.891714
  • Gready, Paul. “‘You’re Either with Us or Against Us’: Civil Society and Policy Making in Post-Genocide Rwanda.” African Affairs 109, no. 437 (2010): 637–657. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adq038
  • Gumede, William Mervin. Thabo Mbeki and the Battle for the Soul of the ANC. Johannesburg: Zebra, 2007.
  • Himbara, David. “Testimony to Congress on Developments in Rwanda.” House Committee on Foreign Affairs, May 20, 2015.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW). “‘All Thieves Must Be Killed’: Extrajudicial Executions in Western Rwanda.” 2017.
  • Human Rights Watch (HRW). “Why Not Call This Place a Prison?” Unlawful Detention and Ill-Treatment in Rwanda’s Gikondo Transit Center. Report: 978-1-6231-32729, 2015.
  • Huntington, Samuel P. “Democracy’s Third Wave.” Journal of Democracy 2, no. 2 (1991): 12–34. doi: 10.1353/jod.1991.0016
  • Ingelaere, Bert. Inside Rwanda’s Gacaca Courts: Seeking Justice After Genocide. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2016.
  • Ingelaere, Bert. The Ruler’s Drum and the People’s Shout: Accountability and Representation on Rwanda’s Hills. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.
  • Kagame, Paul. Speech, Kwibohora 21, July 4, 2015. Accessed December 22, 2016. http://www.paulkagame.com/index.php/speeches/national-events/1551-ijambo-rya-perezida-kagame-ku-isabukuru-ya-21-yo-kwibohora.
  • Kagame, Paul. “Transcript of Remarks by President Kagame at Parliament following the arrest of Lt. General Karenzi Karake.” Address, Rwanda, Kigali, June 25, 2015. Accessed December 22, 2016. http://www.paulkagame.com/index.php/speeches/1542-we-have-the-power-of-resilience-president-paul-kagame.
  • Kristeva, Julia. Powers of Horror. Columbia and Princeton: University Presses of California, 1982.
  • Levitsky, Steven R., and Lucan A. Way. “Beyond Patronage: Violent Struggle, Ruling Party Cohesion, and Authoritarian Durability.” Perspectives on Politics 10, no. 04 (2012): 869–889. doi: 10.1017/S1537592712002861
  • Levitsky, Steven R., and Lucan A. Way. “The Myth of Democratic Recession.” Journal of Democracy 26, no. 1 (2015): 45–58. doi: 10.1353/jod.2015.0007
  • Lynch, Gabrielle. “Democracy in Trouble: The Election Syndrome and the Return of Guided Democracies.” The Constitution 15, no. 1 (2015): 1–22.
  • Mangcu, Xolela. To the Brink: The State of Democracy in South Africa. Scottsville: University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2008.
  • Mann, Laura, and Marie Berry. “Understanding the Political Motivations That Shape Rwanda’s Emergent Developmental State.” New Political Economy 21, no. 1 (2016): 119–144. doi: 10.1080/13563467.2015.1041484
  • Mkandawire, Thandika. “Neopatrimonialism and the Political Economy of Economic Performance in Africa: Critical Reflections.” World Politics 67, no. 3 (2015): 563–612. doi: 10.1017/S004388711500009X
  • Nathan, Andrew J. “Authoritarian Resilience.” Journal of Democracy 14, no. 1 (2003): 6–17. doi: 10.1353/jod.2003.0019
  • Nattrass, Nicoli, and Jeremy Seekings. “Trade Unions, the State and ‘Casino Capitalism’ in South Africa’s Clothing Industry.” Review of African Political Economy 43, no. 147 (2016): 89–106. doi: 10.1080/03056244.2015.1085379
  • Ndletyana, Mcebisi, Pholoana Oupa Mkhalemele, and Ralph Mathekga. Patronage Politics Divides Us: A Study of Poverty, Patronage and Inequality in South Africa. Research Report. Mapungubwe Institute for Strategic Reflection, 2013. http://us-cdn.creamermedia.co.za/assets/articles/attachments/46945_poverty_patronage_executive_summary_smaller.pdf.
  • Paret, Marcel. “Contested ANC Hegemony in the Urban Townships: Evidence from the 2014 South African Election.” African Affairs 115, no. 460 (2016): 419–442. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adw025
  • Pithouse, Richard. “A Politics of the Poor Shack Dwellers’ Struggles in Durban.” Journal of Asian and African Studies 43, no. 1 (2008): 63–94. doi: 10.1177/0021909607085588
  • Purdeková, Andrea. Making Ubumwe: Power, State and Camps in Rwanda’s Unity-Building Project. Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.
  • Republic of Rwanda (GoR). The Fourth Integrated Household Living Conditions Survey (EICV4): Main Indicators Report. Kigali, Rwanda: National Institute of Statistics, 2014.
  • Reyntjens, Filip, ed. L’Afrique Des Grands Lacs. Annexe 2, Institutions Au Rwanda. Belgique: Centre d’étude de la région des grands lacs d’Afrique, 2013.
  • Reyntjens, Filip. Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Reyntjens, Filip. “Rwanda, Ten Years On: From Genocide to Dictatorship.” African Affairs 103, no. 411 (2004): 177–210. doi: 10.1093/afraf/adh045
  • Rimlinger, G. V. “Social Policy Under German Facism.” In Stagnation and Renewal in Social Policy, edited by Matrin Rein, Gøsta Esping-Andersen, and Lee Rainwater, 59–77. London: ME Sharpe, 1987.
  • Rostow, Walt W. “The Stages of Economic Growth.” The Economic History Review 12, no. 1 (1959): 1–16. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0289.1959.tb01829.x
  • Rwandan Patriotic Front. Party Documents, 2017. http://rpfinkotanyi.rw/index.php?id=319, 10/2017.
  • Sagner, Andreas, and Raymond Z. Mtati. “Politics of Pension Sharing in Urban South Africa.” Ageing and Society 19, no. 4 (1999): 393–416. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X99007424
  • Schedler, Andreas. “The Menu of Manipulation.” Journal of Democracy 13, no. 2 (2002): 36–50. doi: 10.1353/jod.2002.0031
  • Seekings, Jeremy, and Nicoli Nattrass. Policy, Politics and Poverty in South Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2015.
  • Shambaugh, David L. China’s Communist Party: Atrophy and Adaptation. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008.
  • Sommers, Marc. Stuck: Rwandan Youth and the Struggle for Adulthood. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2012.
  • Stats SA. 2017. “Quarterly Labour Force Survey – QLFS Q4:2016.” http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/Media_release_QLFS_Q4_2016.pdf.
  • Steinberg, Jonny. 2013. “Grants Encourage Liberation, not Dependence.” Business Day, August 23. http://www.pressreader.com/southafrica/businessday/20130823/28191306576542.
  • Straus, Scott, and Lars Waldorf, eds. Remaking Rwanda: State Building and Human Rights After Mass Violence. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2011.
  • Suttner, Raymond. “Revisiting National Democratic Revolution (NDR): The ‘National Question’.” History Workshop, University of the Witwatersrand 8·(2011).
  • Thomassen, Bjørn. “The Uses and Meanings of Liminality.” International Political Anthropology 2, no. 1 (2009): 5–27.
  • Thomson, Susan. Whispering Truth to Power: Everyday Resistance to Reconciliation in Post-Genocide Rwanda. Madison: University of Wisconsin Pres, 2013.
  • Turner, Victor. The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1967.
  • Tyler, Imogen. Revolting Subjects: Social Abjection and Resistance in Neoliberal Britain. London: Zed Books, 2013.
  • UNDP. “About South Africa.” 2017. http://www.za.undp.org/content/south_africa/en/home/countryinfo.html.
  • Vally, Natasha Thandiwe. “Insecurity in South African Social Security: An Examination of Social Grant Deductions, Cancellations, and Waiting.” Journal of Southern African Studies 42, no. 5 (2016): 965–982. doi: 10.1080/03057070.2016.1223748
  • Wacquant, Loïc. “Crafting the Neoliberal State: Workfare, Prisonfare, and Social Insecurity.” Sociological Forum 25 (2010): 197–220. Wiley Online Library. doi: 10.1111/j.1573-7861.2010.01173.x
  • Wigell, Mikael. “Mapping ‘Hybrid Regimes’: Regime Types and Concepts in Comparative Politics.” Democratization 15, no. 2 (2008): 230–250. doi: 10.1080/13510340701846319
  • World Bank. “Rwanda Overview.” World Bank. Accessed December 16, 2016. http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/rwanda/overview#3 and Net official development assistance and official aid received, 2014. http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.ODA.ALLD.CD?locations=RW.