10,658
Views
21
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The dark side of regionalism: how regional organizations help authoritarian regimes to boost survival

ORCID Icon
Pages 394-413 | Received 28 Oct 2019, Accepted 02 Sep 2020, Published online: 02 Oct 2020

Bibliography

  • Abdo, Geneive. The New Sectarianism: The Arab Uprisings and the Rebirth of the Shi’a-Sunni Divide. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Acharya, Amitav. “Democratisation and the Prospects for Participatory Regionalism in Southeast Asia.” Third World Quarterly 24, no. 2 (2003): 375–390.
  • African Union. “African Union Summit Resolution on Zimbabwe Adopted at the 11th Ordinary Session of the African Union Assembly.” African Unit Summit Resolution on Zimbabwe. Sharm El Sheikh, Egypt: 11th Ordinary Session, 1 July, July 1, 2008.
  • Aljazeera. “Zimbabwe Focus of Regional Summit,” April 13, 2008. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2008/04/2008525123616618856.html.
  • Allison, Roy. “Virtual Regionalism, Regional Structures and Regime Security in Central Asia.” Central Asian Survey 27, no. 2 (2008): 185–202.
  • Ambrosio, Thomas. Authoritarian Backlash: Russian Resistance to Democratization in the Former Soviet Union. Surrey: Ashgate, 2009.
  • Ambrosio, Thomas. “Catching the ‘Shanghai Spirit’: How the Shanghai Cooperation Organization Promotes Authoritarian Norms in Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies 60, no. 8 (2008): 1321–1344.
  • Amnesty International. “‘Justice, Justice’. The July 2009 Protests in Xinjiang, China.” ASA 17/027/2010. London: Amnesty International, 2010.
  • Bach, Daniel. “The Global Politics of Regionalsim: Africa.” In Global Politics of Regionalism. Theory and Practice, edited by Mary Farrell, Björn Hettne, and Luk van Langenhove, 171–186. London and Ann Arbor: Pluto Press, 2005.
  • Bader, Julia. China’s Foreign Relations and the Survival of Autocracies. Oxon, New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Bahrain News Agency. “HM King Hamad Grants HRH Crown Prince Role to Commence Dialogue with All Parties in Bahrain,” February 18, 2011. http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/447586?date=2011-04-9.
  • Bahrain News Agency. “Housing Minister Unveils Plans to Build 50,000 Units in 5 Years,” March 7, 2011. http://bna.bh/portal/en/news/449278?date=2011-09-28.
  • Bahrain News Agency. “Interior Minister Unveils Plans to Recruit 20000 Employees,” March 5, 2011. http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/449075?date=2011-3-20.
  • Bahrain News Agency. “No Compromise on National Security and Safety, HRH Prince Salman Vowed,” March 13, 2011. http://www.bna.bh/portal/en/news/449823.
  • BBC News. “China Leaders Vow Xinjiang Action,” July 9, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8141657.stm.
  • BBC News. “Mugabe Attacks Opposition and UK,” April 18, 2008. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7353929.stm.
  • BBC News. “Timeline: Xinjiang Unrest,” July 10, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8138866.stm.
  • Beetham, David. The Legitimation of Power. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1991.
  • Börzel, Tanja A., and Vera van Hüllen. Governance Transfer by Regional Organizations: Patching Together a Global Script. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Börzel, Tanja A., and Thomas Risse. “Conceptualizaing the Domestic Impact of Europe.” In The Politics of Europeanization, edited by Kevin Featherstone, and Claudio M. Radaelli, 57–82. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
  • Burnell, Peter J. Democracy Assistance: International Co-Operation for Democratization. London: F. Cass, 2000.
  • China Daily. “Xinjiang Riot Hits Regional Anti-Terror Nerve,” July 18, 2009. http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-07/18/content_8445811.htm.
  • Clarke, Micheal. “Ethnic Separtism in the People’s Republic of China. History, Causes and Contemporary Challenges.” European Journal of East Asian Studies 12 (2013): 109–133.
  • CNN News. “Former Xinjiang Teacher Claims Brainwashing and Abuse inside Mass Detention Centers,” May 10, 2019. https://edition.cnn.com/2019/05/09/asia/xinjiang-china-kazakhstan-detention-intl/index.html.
  • Collins, Kathleen. “Economic and Security Regionalism among Patrimonial Authoritarian Regimes: The Case of Central Asia.” Europe-Asia Studies 61, no. 2 (2009): 249–281.
  • Cooley, Alexander, and John Heathershaw. Dictators Without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2017.
  • Debre, Maria Josepha, and Lee Morgenbesser. “Out of the Shadows: Autocratic Regimes, Election Observation and Legitimation.” Contemporary Politics 23, no. 3 (2017): 328–347.
  • Dukalskis, Alexander, and Johannes Gerschewski. “What Autocracies Say (and What Citizens Hear): Proposing Four Mechanisms of Autocratic Legitimation.” Contemporary Politics 23, no. 3 (March 16, 2017): 251–268.
  • Escribà-Folch, Abel. “Repression, Political Threats, and Survival under Autocracy.” International Political Science Review 34, no. 5 (2013): 543–560.
  • Fawn, Rick. International Organizations and Internal Conditionality: Making Norms Matter. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • France24. “How the Bahraini Monarchy Crushed the Country’s Arab Spring,” June 9, 2016. https://observers.france24.com/en/20160906-bahrain-monarchy-arab-spring-repression-revolution.
  • Gandhi, Jennifer, and Ellen Lust-Okar. “Elections Under Authoritarianism.” Annual Review of Political Science 12, no. 1 (2009): 403–422.
  • Gandhi, Jennifer, and Adam Przeworski. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats.” Comparative Politics 11 (2007): 1279–1301.
  • Gerring, John. Case Study Research: Principles and Practices. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Gerschewski, Johannes. “The Three Pillars of Stability: Legitimation, Repression, and Co-Optation in Autocratic Regimes.” Democratization 20, no. 1 (2013): 13–38.
  • Gulf News (United Arab Emirates). “GCC Condemns Iran’s Interference In Affairs of Its Member States,” June 16, 2011. https://advance.lexis.com/api/permalink/c297af7d-2ee1-4dcb-a9b9-1ac1e42d3ef7/?context=1516831.
  • Herbst, J. “Crafting Regional Cooperation in Africa.” In Crafting Cooperation: Regional Institutions in Comparative Perspective, edited by Amitav Acharya, and Alastair I. Johnston, 129–180. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • Hodzi, Obert, Leon Hartwell, and Nicola de Jager. “‘Unconditional Aid’: Assessing the Impact of China’s Development Assistance to Zimbabwe.” South African Journal of International Affairs 19, no. 1 (2012): 79–103.
  • Hooghe, Liesbet, Tobias Lenz, and Gary Marks. A Theory of International Organization. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Hooghe, Liesbet, and Gary Marks. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus.” British Journal of Political Science 39, no. 1 (2009): 1–23.
  • HRIC. “Counter-Terrorism and Human Rights: The Impact of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.” Human Rights in China Whitepaper, 2011.
  • Hüllen, Vera van. “Just Leave Us Alone: The Arab League and Human Rights.” In Governance Transfer by Regional Organizations. Patching Together a Global Script, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, and Vera van Hüllen, 125–140. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Human Rights Watch. “China: Detainees ‘Disappeared’ After Xinjiang Protests. Chinese Government Should Account for Every Detainee,” October 21, 2009. https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/21/china-detainees-disappeared-after-xinjiang-protests.
  • Human Rights Watch. “China: Xinjiang Trials Deny Justice. Proceedings Failed Minimum Fair Trial Standards,” October 15, 2009. https://www.hrw.org/news/2009/10/15/china-xinjiang-trials-deny-justice.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Popular Protest in North Africa and the Middle East (VIII): Bahrain’s Rocky Road to Reform.” Middle East/North Africa Report No. 111. Manama/Washington/Brussels: International Crisis Group, July 28, 2011.
  • International Crisis Group. “Negotiating Zimbabwe’s Transition.” Africa Briefing No. 51. Pretoria/ Brussles: International Crisis Group, May 21, 2008.
  • Jetschke, Anja. “Why Create a Regional Human Rights Regime? The ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission for Human Rights.” In Governance Transfer by Regional Organizations. Patching Together a Global Script, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, and Vera van Hüllen, 107–124. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.
  • Johnston, Alastair I. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments.” International Studies Quarterly 45, no. 4 (2001): 487–515.
  • Kacowicz, Arie M., and Galia Press-Barnathan. “Regional Security Governance.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Regionalism, edited by Tanja A. Börzel, and Thomas Risse, 297–322. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Katzman, Kenneth. “Bahrain: Reform, Security, and U.S. Policy.” CRS Report Prepared for Members and Committees of Congress, 95–1013, April 13. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, April 13, 2017.
  • Kelley, Judith G. “D-Minus Elections: The Politics and Norms of International Election Observation.” International Organization 63, no. 4 (2009): 765.
  • Keohane, Robert O. After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World Political Economy. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.
  • Kneuer, Marianne, Thomas Demmelhuber, Raphael Peresson, and Tobias Zumbrägel. “Playing the Regional Card: Why and How Authoritarian Gravity Centres Exploit Regional Organisations.” Third World Quarterly 40, no. 3 (2018): 451–470.
  • Kono, Daniel Yuichi, and Gabriella R Montinola. “The Uses and Abuses of Foreign Aid: Development Aid and Military Spending.” Political Research Quarterly 66, no. 3 (2013): 615–629.
  • Krastev, Ivan. “European Disintegration? A Fraying Union.” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 4 (2012): 1–16.
  • Lankina, Tomila, Alexander Libman, and Anastassia Obydenkova. “Authoritarian and Democratic Diffusion in Post-Communist Regions.” Comparative Political Studies 49, no. 12 (2016): 1599–1629.
  • Lankina, Tomila V, and Lullit Getachew. “A Geographic Incremental Theory of Democratization: Territory, Aid, and Democracy in Postcommunist Regions.” World Politics 58, no. 4 (2006): 536–582.
  • Lankina, Tomila V, Alexander Libman, and Anastassia Obydenkova. “Appropriation and Subversion: Precommunist Literacy, Communist Party Saturation, and Postcommunist Democratic Outcomes.” World Politics 68, no. 2 (2016): 229–274.
  • Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes after the Cold War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
  • Libman, Alexander, and Anastassia V Obydenkova. “Informal Governance and Participation in Non-Democratic International Organizations.” Review of International Organizations 8, no. 2 (2013): 221–243.
  • Libman, Alexander, and Anastassia V Obydenkova. “Regional International Organizations as a Strategy of Autocracy: The Eurasian Economic Union and Russian Foreign Policy.” International Affairs 94, no. 5 (2018): 1037–1058.
  • Libman, Alexander, and Anastassia V Obydenkova. “Understanding Authoritarian Regionalism.” Journal of Democracy 29, no. 4 (2018): 151–165.
  • Louër, Laurence. “Bahrain’s National Dialogue and the Ever-Deepening Sectarian Divide.” Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, June 29, 2011. http://carnegieendowment.org/sada/?fa=44882.
  • Mail&Guardian. “Botswana Denies Plot to Unseat Mugabe,” December 18, 2008. https://mg.co.za/article/2008-12-16-botswana-denies-plot-to-unseat-mugabe.
  • Nathan, Laurie. Community of Insecurity: SADC’s Struggle for Peace and Security in Southern Africa. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
  • NBC News. “Chinese Muslims Target of Propaganda Effort,” July 15, 2009. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/31927269/ns/world_news-asia_pacific/t/chinese-muslims-target-propaganda-effort/#.WjgybVSdVbU.
  • New York Times. “Rumbles on the Rim of China’s Empire,” July 11, 2009. https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/12/weekinreview/12wong.html.
  • News24. “Mbeki Slams Tsvangirai.” News24, November 28, 2008. https://www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/News/Mbeki-slams-Tsvangirai-20081128-2.
  • Obydenkova, Anastassia V. “Democratization at the Grassroots: The European Union’s External Impact.” Democratization 19, no. 2 (April 1, 2012): 230–257.
  • Obydenkova, Anastassia V, and Alexander Libman. Authoritarian Regionalism in the World of International Organizations: Global Perspective and the Eurasian Enigma. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Peksen, Dursun, and A. Cooper Drury. “Coercive or Corrosive: The Negative Impact of Economic Sanctions on Democracy.” International Interactions 36, no. 3 (2010): 240–264.
  • Pepinsky, Thomas. “The Institutional Turn in Comparative Authoritarianism.” British Journal of Political Science 44, no. 3 (2014): 631–653.
  • Pepinsky, Thomas B, and Stefanie Walter. “Introduction to the Debate Section: Understanding Contemporary Challenges to the Global Order.” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 7 (2020): 1074–1076.
  • Pevehouse, Jon C. Democracy from Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, José Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World, 1950-1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
  • Reuters. “Kazakh Deports Uighur to China, Rights Groups Cry Foul.” Thomson Reuters News Agency, June 7, 2011. http://news.trust.org//item/?map=kazakh-deports-uighur-to-china-rights-groups-cry-foul.
  • Risse, Thomas, and Nelli Babayan. “Democracy Promotion and the Challenges of Illiberal Regional Powers: Introduction to the Special Issue.” Democratization 22, no. 3 (2015): 381–399.
  • Russo, Alessandra, and Edward Stoddard. “Why Do Authoritarian Leaders Do Regionalism? Ontological Security and Eurasian Regional Cooperation.” The International Spectator I 53, no. 3 (2018): 20–37.
  • SADC. “Communiqué of the 2008 First Extra-Ordinary SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government.” Lusaka, Zambia, April 13, 2013.
  • SADC. “Communiqué of the Extraordinary Summit of the SADC Organ.” Sandton, South Africa, August 17, 2008.
  • SADC. “SADC Election Observation Mission (SEOM) Preliminary Statement.” Harare, Zimbabwe, 2008.
  • Schedler, Andreas. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2006.
  • SCO. “Convention of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization against Terrorism.” Yekaterinburg, Russia, June 16, 2009.
  • Shambaugh, David L. China Goes Global: The Partial Power. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Soderbaum, Fredrik. The Political Economy of Regionalism. The Case of Southern Africa. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004.
  • Soest, Christian von. “Democracy Prevention: The International Collaboration of Authoritarian Regimes.” European Journal of Political Research 54, no. 4 (2015): 623–638.
  • Stoddard, Edward. “Authoritarian Regimes in Democratic Regional Organisations? Exploring Regional Dimensions of Authoritarianism in an Increasingly Democratic West Africa.” Journal of Contemporary African Studies 35, no. 4 (2017): 469–486.
  • Svolik, Milan W. “Power Sharing and Leadership Dynamic in Authoritarian Regimes.” American Journal of Political Science 53, no. 3 (2009): 477–494.
  • Svolik, Milan W. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Tansey, Oisín. The International Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
  • Tolstrup, Jakob. “Black Knights and Elections in Authoritarian Regimes: Why and How Russia Supports Authoritarian Incumbents in Post-Soviet States.” European Journal of Political Research 54, no. 4 (2015): 673–690.
  • Tolstrup, Jakob. Russia vs. the EU: The Competition for Influence in Post-Soviet States. Boulder: FirstForumPress, 2014.
  • Ulfelder, Jay. “Natural-Resource Wealth and the Survival of Autocracy.” Comparative Political Studies 40, no. 8 (August 30, 2007): 995–1018.
  • United Nations. “Security Council 5933rd Meeting.” New York, July 11, 2008.
  • US Department of State. “Kazakhstan 2012 Human Rights Report.” Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012 of the United States Congress. Washington, DC: US Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, 2012.
  • Vanderhill, Rachel. Promoting Authoritarianism Abroad. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2013.
  • Washington Post. “GCC Pledges $20 Billion in Aid for Oman, Bahrain,” March 10, 2011. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2011/03/10/AR2011031003629.html.
  • Weitz, Richard. “China’s Growing Clout in the SCO: Peace Mission 2010.” China Brief 10, no. 20 (October 2010): 7–10.
  • Whitehead, Laurence. The International Dimensions of Democratization: Europe and the Americas. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Yom, Sean L. “Authoritarian Monarchies as an Epistemic Community.” Taiwan Journal of Democracy 10, no. 1 (2014): 43–62.
  • Yom, Sean L. “Collaboration and Community Amongst the Arab Monarchies.” In Transnational Diffusion and Cooperation in the Middle East, edited by Marc Lynch, 33–37. POMEPS Studies 21. Washington, DC: Institute for Middle East Studies, George Washington University, 2016.
  • Zimbabwe Situation. “Transcript - Mugabe’s Inauguration Speech,” 2013. https://www.zimbabwesituation.com/news/transcript-mugabes-inauguration-speech-22-august-2013/.