Disrupting the autocratization sequence: towards democratic resilience

Bibliography

• Abou-Chadi, Tarik, and Michael Wagner. “The Electoral Appeal of Party Strategies in Post-Industrial Societies: When Can the Mainstream Left Succeed?” The Journal of Politics 81, no. 4 (2019): 1405–1419.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akkerman, Tjitske. “Conclusions.” In Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe, edited by Tjitske Akkerman, Sarah L. De Lange, and Matthijs Rooduijn, 268–282. Oxon: Routledge, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Akkerman, Tjitske, and Matthijs Rooduijn. “Pariahs or Partners? Inclusion and Exclusion of Radical Right Parties and the Effects on Their Policy Positions.” Political Studies 63, no. 5 (2015): 1140–1157. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12146.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander, Amy C., and Christian Welzel. “The Myth of Deconsolidation: Rising Liberalism and the Populist Reaction”. Journal of Democracy: online debate forum (2017). https://www.journalofdemocracy.org/online-exchange-democratic-deconsolidation/.
   Google Scholar
• Arendt, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1951.
   Google Scholar
• Berman, Sheri. “Taming Extremist Parties: Lessons from Europe.” Journal of Democracy 19, no. 1 (2008): 5–18. doi:10.1353/jod.2008.0002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bermeo, Nancy. Ordinary People in Extraordinary Times: The Citizenry and the Breakdown of Democracy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Bermeo, Nancy. “Reflections: Can American Democracy Still Be Saved?” The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, no. 1 (2019): 228–233. doi:10.1177/0002716218818083.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernhard, Michael, Timothy Nordstrom, and Christopher Reenock. “Economic Performance, Institutional Intermediation, and Democratic Survival.” The Journal of Politics 63, no. 3 (2001): 775–803. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2691713.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boese, Vanessa A., Amanda B. Edgell, Sebastian Hellmeier, Seraphine F. Maerz, and Staffan I. Lindberg. “How Democracies Prevail: Democratic Resilience as a Two-Stage Process.” Democratization 5 (2021): 1–23.
   Google Scholar
• Capoccia, G. Defending Democracy: Reactions to Extremism in Interwar Europe. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. doi:10.1353/book.3332.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, John. “Did Trump Prove that Governments with Presidents Just Don’t Work?” Washington Post (4 Feb 2021), https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/did-trump-prove-that-governments-with-presidents-just-dont-work/2021/02/04/9e9c69f2-5f3f-11eb-9430-e7c77b5b0297_story.html?fbclid=IwAR0sKpgvNSrxTKNozrljDuvRDhN6TmUZ3FuGo8LJck3wrEUK19Xps5ASXXM.
   Google Scholar
• Carey, John M, and Simon Hix. “The Electoral Sweet Spot: Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems.” American Journal of Political Science 55, no. 2 (2011): 383–397. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00495.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casal Bértoa, Fernando, and José Rama. “The Antiestablishment Challenge.” Journal of Democracy 32, no. 1 (2021): 37–51. doi:10.1353/jod.2021.0014.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavazza, Stefano. “War der Faschismus populistisch? Überlegungen zur Rolle des Populismus in der faschistischen Diktatur in Italien (1922–1943).” Totalitarismus und Demokratie 9, no. 2 (2012): 235–256.
   Google Scholar
• Cleary, Matthew R., and Aykut Öztürk. “When Does Backsliding Lead to Breakdown? Uncertainty and Opposition Strategies in Democracies at Risk.” Perspectives on Politics (2020): 1–17. doi:10.1017/S1537592720003667.
   Google Scholar
• Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, et al. “V-Dem Dataset v10.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Institute (2020). doi:10.23696/vdemds20, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Cornell, A., J. Møller, and S. Skaaning. Democratic Stability in an Age of Crisis: Reassessing the Interwar Period. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Dahl, Robert A. Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1971.
   Google Scholar
• Dahlberg, Stefan, Jonas Linde, and Sören Holmberg. “Democratic Discontent in Old and New Democracies: Assessing the Importance of Democratic Input and Governmental Output.” Political Studies 63 (2015): 18–37. doi:10.1111/1467-9248.12170.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vries, Catherine E., and Sara B. Hobolt. Political Entrepreneurs: The Rise of Challenger Parties in Europe. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Donovan, Todd. “Authoritarian Attitudes and Support for Radical Right Populists.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 29, no. 4 (2019): 448–464. doi:10.1080/17457289.2019.1666270.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Downs, William M. “How Effective Is the Cordon Sanitaire? Lessons from Efforts to Contain the Far Right in Belgium, France, Denmark and Norway.” Journal für Konflikt- und Gewaltforschung 4, no. 1 (2002): 32–51.
   Google Scholar
• Downs, William M. “Pariahs in Their Midst: Belgian and Norwegian Parties React to Extremist Threats.” West European Politics 24, no. 3 (2001): 23–42. doi:10.1080/01402380108425451.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drutman, Lee, Joe Goldman, and Larry Diamond. “Democracy Maybe. Attitudes on Authoritarianism in America.” Democracy Fund (June 2020). https://www.voterstudygroup.org/publication/democracy-maybe.
   Google Scholar
• Easton, David. “A Re-assessment of the Concept of Political Support.” British Journal of Political Science 5, no. 4 (1975): 435–457. doi:10.1017/S0007123400008309.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel, Steven E., and Junghyun Lim. “The Supply and Demand Model of Civic Education: Evidence from a Field Experiment in the Democratic Republic of Congo.” Democratization (2020): 1–22.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foa, Roberto Stefan, Andrew Klassen, Micheal Slade, Alex Rand, and Rosie Collins. “The Global Satisfaction with Democracy Report 2020.” Cambridge: Centre for the Future of Democracy, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Gidron, Noam, and Peter A. Hall. “The Politics of Social Status: Economic and Cultural Roots of the Populist Right.” British Journal of Sociology 68, no. S1 (2017): S57–S84. doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham, Matthew H., and Milan W. Svolik. “Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States.” American Political Science Review 114, no. 2 (2020): 392–409. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000052.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grahn, Sandra, Anna Lührmann, and Lisa Gastaldi. “Resources for Democratic Politicians and Political Parties.” In Defending Democracy against Illiberal Challengers: A Resource Guide, edited by Anna Lührmann, Lisa Gastaldi, Dominik Hirndorf, and Staffan I. Lindberg, 45–53. Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute/University of Gothenburg, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, Guy, Dorothy Kronick, Matthew Levendusky, and Marc Meredith. “The Majoritarian Threat to Liberal Democracy.” Journal of Experimental Political Science (2021): 1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Haggard, Stephan, and Robert R. Kaufman. Dictators and Democrats: Masses, Elites, and Regime Change. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Hainmueller, Jens, and Daniel J. Hopkins. “Public Attitudes Toward Immigration.” Annual Review of Political Science 17, no. 1 (2014): 225–249. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-102512-194818.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinisch, Reinhard. “Success in Opposition-Failure in Government: Explaining the Performance of Right-Wing Populist Parties in Public Office.” West European Politics 26, no. 3 (2003): 91–130. doi:10.1080/01402380312331280608.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinze, Anna-Sophie. “Strategies of Mainstream Parties Towards Their Right-Wing Populist Challengers: Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland in Comparison.” West European Politics 41, no. 2 (2018): 287–309. doi:10.1080/01402382.2017.1389440.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hyde, Susan D. “Democracy’s Backsliding in the International Environment.” Science 369, no. 6508 (2020): 1192–1196. doi:10.1126/science.abb2434.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, Ronald, Christian Haerpfer, Alejandro Moreno, Christian Welzel, Kseniya Kizilova, Jaime Diez-Medrano, Lagos Marta, et al., eds. “World Values Survey: All Rounds – Country-Pooled Datafile.” ([dataset]; accessed March 3, 2021). http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSDocumentationWVL.jsp, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Laebens, Melisa, and Anna Lührmann. “What Halts Democratic Erosion? The Changing Role of Accountability.” Democratization 5 (2021): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Leininger, Julia, Anna Lührmann, and Rachel Sigman. “The Relevance of Social Policies for Democracy.” Discussion Papers 7/2019, German Development Institute (DIE) (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Daniel Ziblatt. How Democracies Die. New York: Broadway Books, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, Juan. The Breakdown of Democratic Regimes: Crisis, Breakdown & Reequilibration. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Linz, Juan. “The Perils of Presidentialism.” Journal of Democracy 1, no. 1 (1990): 51–69. muse.jhu.edu/article/225694.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linz, Juan, and Alfred Stepan. Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: Southern Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Lührmann, Anna, Nils Düpont, Masaaki Higashijima, Yaman Berker Kavasoglu, Kyle L. Marquardt, Michael Bernhard, Holger Döring, et al. “Varieties of Party Identity and Organization (V–Party) Dataset V1.” Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project, https://www.v-dem.net/en/data/data/v-party-dataset/?edit_off=true, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lührmann, Anna, Lisa Gastaldi, Dominik Hirndorf, and Staffan I. Lindberg, eds. Defending Democracy against Illiberal Challengers: A Resource Guide. Gothenburg: Varieties of Democracy Institute/University of Gothenburg, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lührmann, Anna, and Staffan I Lindberg. “A Third Wave of Autocratization Is Here: What Is New about It?” Democratization 26, no. 7 (2019): 1095–1113. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1582029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lührmann, Anna, Kyle L Marquardt, and Valeriya Mechkova. “Constraining Governments: New Indices of Vertical, Horizontal, and Diagonal Accountability.” American Political Science Review 114, no. 3 (2020): 811–820. doi:10.1017/S0003055420000222.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lührmann, Anna, Juraj Medzihorsky, and Staffan I. Lindberg. “Walking the Talk: How to Identify Anti-Pluralist Parties.” V-Dem Working Paper (2021).
   Google Scholar
• Mair, Peter. Ruling the Void: The Hollowing-Out of Western Democracy. London: Verso, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Malka, Ariel, Yphtach Lelkes, Bert N. Bakker, and Eliyahu Spivack. “Who Is Open to Authoritarian Governance within Western Democracies?” Perspectives on Politics, First View (2020): 1–20. doi:10.1017/S1537592720002091
   Google Scholar
• McCoy, Jennifer, and Murat Somer. “Toward a Theory of Pernicious Polarization and How It Harms Democracies: Comparative Evidence and Possible Remedies.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 681, no. 1 (2019): 234–271. doi:10.1177%2F0002716218818782.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medzihorsky, Juraj, Anna Lührmann, and Staffan Lindberg. “Autocratization by Elections: Arena or Trigger of Democratic Decline?” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association (APSA) (2019).
   Google Scholar
• Meléndez, Carlos, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. “Negative Partisanship Towards the Populist Radical Right and Democratic Resilience in Western Europe.” Democratization 5 (2021): 1–21.
   Google Scholar
• Minkenberg, Michael. “The Radical Right in Public Office: Agenda-Setting and Policy Effects.” West European Politics 24, no. 4 (2001): 1–21. doi:10.1080/01402380108425462.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudde, Cas, and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser. “Exclusionary vs. Inclusionary Populism: Comparing Contemporary Europe and Latin America.” Government and Opposition 48, no. 2 (2013): 147–174. doi:10.1017/gov.2012.11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Jan-Werner. “Militant Democracy.” In The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, edited by Michel Rosenfeld, and András Sajó. Oxford University Press, 2012. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199578610.013.0062.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, Jan-Werner. “Protecting Popular Self-Government from the People? New Normative Perspectives on Militant Democracy.” Annual Review of Political Science 19 (2016): 249–265. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-043014-124054.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, Jan-Werner. What Is Populism? Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa. Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019. doi:10.1017/9781108595841.
   Google Scholar
• Pardos-Prado, Sergi, Bram Lancee, and Iñaki Sagarzazu. “Immigration and Electoral Change in Mainstream Political Space.” Political Behavior 36, no. 4 (2014): 847–875. doi:10.1007/s11109-013-9248-y.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pemstein, Daniel, Kyle L. Marquardt, Eitan Tzelgov, Yi-ting Wang, Juraj Medzihorsky, Joshua Krusell, Farhad Miri, and Johannes von Römer. “The V-Dem Measurement Model: Latent Variable Analysis for Cross-National and Cross-Temporal Expert-Coded Data”. V-Dem Working Paper 21. 5th edition. (2020). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2704787.
   Google Scholar
• Petrarca, Constanza Sanhueza, Heiko Giebler, and Bernhard Weßels. “Support for Insider Parties: The Role of Political Trust in a Longitudinal-Comparative Perspective.” Party Politics (2020). doi:10.1177/1354068820976920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper, Karl. Open Society and Its Enemies. London: Routledge, 1945/2003.
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, Adam. Sustainable Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
   Google Scholar
• Przeworski, Adam, Michael E. Alvarez, Jose Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi. Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Material Well-being in the World, 1950–1990. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Rovira Kaltwasser, Cristóbal. “Populism and the Question of How to Respond to it.” In The Oxford Handbook of Populism, edited by Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, Paul Taggart, Paulina Ochoa Espejo, and Pierre Ostiguy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198803560.013.21.
   Google Scholar
• Ruck, Damian J, Luke J Matthews, Thanos Kyritsis, Quentin D Atkinson, and R. Alexander Bentley. “The Cultural Foundations of Modern Democracies.” Nature Human Behaviour 4, no. 3 (2020): 265–269. doi:10.1038/s41562-019-0769-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, Hermann, Sara B. Hobolt, Wouter Van der Brug, and Sebastian Adrian Popa. “European Parliament Election Study 2019, Voter Study”. GESIS Data Archive, Cologne. (2020). https://doi.org/10.4232/1.13473.
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder, Wolfgang, and Bernhard Weßels. Smarte Spalter. Bonn: Dietz Verlag J.H.W. Nachf, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Somer, Murat, Jennifer McCoy, and Russell Evan Luke, IV. “Pernicious Polarization, Autocratization and Opposition Strategies.” Democratization 5 (2021): 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Spoon, Jae-Jae, and Heike Klüver. “Responding to Far Right Challengers: Does Accommodation Pay Off?” Journal of European Public Policy 27, no. 2 (2020): 273–291. doi:10.1080/13501763.2019.1701530.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staton, Jeffrey, Christopher Reenock, and Jordan Holsinger. Can Courts be Bulwarks of Democracy? Judges and the Politics of Prudence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, forthcoming.
   Google Scholar
• Stepan, Alfred, and Cindy Skach. “Constitutional Frameworks and Democratic Consolidation: Parliamentarianism versus Presidentialism.” World Politics 46, no. 1 (1993): 1–22. doi:10.2307/2950664.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svolik, Milan. “Authoritarian Reversals and Democratic Consolidation.” American Political Science Review 102, no. 2 (2008): 153–168. doi:10.1017/S0003055408080143.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svolik, Milan W. “When Polarization Trumps Civic Virtue: Partisan Conflict and the Subversion of Democracy by Incumbents.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 15, no. 1 (2020): 3–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urbanska, Karolin, and Serge Guimond. “Swaying to the Extreme: Group Relative Deprivation Predicts Voting for an Extreme Right Party in the French Presidential Election.” International Review of Social Psychology 31 (2018): 1–12. doi:10.5334/irsp.201.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Hauwaert, Steven M., and Stijn Van Kessel. “Beyond Protest and Discontent: A Cross-National Analysis of the Effect of Populist Attitudes and Issue Positions on Populist Party Support.” European Journal of Political Research 57, no. 1 (2018): 68–92. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Spanje, Joost. “Contagious Parties: Anti-immigration Parties and their Impact on other Parties’ Immigration Stances in Contemporary Western Europe.” In The Populist Radical Right: A Reader, edited by Cas Mudde, 474–492. Oxon: Routledge, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Waldner, David, and Ellen Lust. “Unwelcome Change: Coming to Terms with Democratic Backsliding.” Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018): 93–113. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-114628.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welzel, Christian. “Democratic Horizons: What Value Change Reveals about the Future of Democracy.” Democratization (2021): 1–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wuttke, Alexander, Konstantin Gavras, and Harald Schoen. “Have Europeans Grown Tired of Democracy? New Evidence from Eighteen Consolidated Democracies, 1981–2018.” British Journal of Political Science (2020): 1–13. doi:10.1017/S0007123420000149.
   Google Scholar
• Ziblatt, Daniel. Conservative Parties and the Birth of Democracy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. doi:10.1017/9781139030335.
   Google Scholar
• Zick, Andreas, Beate Küpper, and Wilhelm Berghan. “Verlorene Mitte – Feindselige Zustände. Rechtsextreme Einstellungen in Deutschland 2018/19.” Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung. Bonn: Dietz, 2019.
   Google Scholar