1,757
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Anticipating global and diffuse risks to prevent conflict and governance breakdown: lessons from the EU’s southern neighbourhood

&
Pages 1239-1260 | Received 30 Nov 2020, Accepted 14 May 2021, Published online: 14 Jul 2021

Bibliography

  • Ahmadian, H., and P. Mohseni. “Iran’s Syria Strategy: The Evolution of Deterrence.” International Affairs 95, no. 2 (2019): 341–364.
  • Aliyu, A. A., and L. Amadu. “Urbanization, Cities, and Health: The Challenges to Nigeria – A Review.” Annals of African Medicine 16, no. 4 (2017): 149–158.
  • Bellin, E. “Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring.” Comparative Politics 44, no. 2 (2012): 127–149.
  • Bosley, C. “The ‘New’ Normal: Instability Risk Assessment in an Uncertainty-Based Strategic Environment.” International Studies Review 19, no. 2 (2017): 206–227.
  • Bostrom, N. “Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority.” Global Policy 4, no. 1 (2013): 15–31.
  • Bowlsby, D., et al. “The Future is a Moving Target: Predicting Political Instability.” British Journal of Political Science 50 (2020): 1405–1417.
  • Bormann, N. C., L. E. Cederman, and M. Vogt. “Language, Religion, and Ethnic Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 4 (2017): 744–771.
  • Börzel, T. A., and T. Risse. Effective Governance under Anarchy. Institutions, Legitimacy, and Social Trust in Areas of Limited Statehood. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
  • Braumoeller, B. F. Only the Dead: The Persistence of War in the Modern Age. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019.
  • Bressan, S., H. M. Nygard, and D. Seefeldt. Forecasting and Foresight Methods for Anticipating Governance Breakdown and Violent Conflict. EU-LISTCO Working Paper No. 2, 2019.
  • Bricker, D., and J. Ibbitson. Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline. New York: New Crown, 2019.
  • Brynen, R. “Economic Crisis and Post-Rentier Democratization in the Arab World: The Case of Jordan.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 25, no. 1 (1992): 69–98.
  • Campbell, J. “Home to Over Half the Population, Nigeria’s Cities Continue to Boom.” Council on Foreign Relations Blog (2019). Accessed June 15, 2021. https://www.cfr.org/blog/home-over-half-population-nigerias-cities-continue-boom.
  • Cederman, L. E., and M. Vogt. “Dynamics and Logics of Civil War.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 61, no. 9 (2017): 1992–2016.
  • Cederman, L. E., and N. B. Weidmann. “Predicting Armed Conflict: Time to Adjust Our Expectations?” Science 355 (2017): 474–476.
  • Çelik, S., G. Demirtaş, and M. Isaksson. Corporate Bond Markets in a Time of Unconventional Monetary Policy. OECD Capital Market Series, Paris, 2019. www.oecd.org/corporate/Corporate-Bond-Markets-in-a-Time-of-Unconventional-Monetary-Policy.htm.
  • Chassang, S., and G. Miquel. “Economic Shocks and Civil War.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science 4, no. 3 (2009): 211–228.
  • Collier, P., and A. Hoeffler. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers 56, no. 4 (2004): 563–595.
  • Comfort, L., et al., eds. Designing Resilience: Preparing for Extreme Events. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010.
  • Cooley, A., and D. Nexon. Exit from Hegemony: The Unraveling of the American Global Order. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
  • Council of the European Union. Council Conclusions on Security and Defence. Doc 8910/20, June 16, 2020.
  • Daniel, B., and W. H. Michael. “Water Wars on the Nile: How Water Scarcity and Middle Eastern Influence Are Reshaping Northeast Africa.” Foreign Affairs, August issue, 2018.
  • Day, S. W., and N. Brehony. Global, Regional, and Local Dynamics in the Yemen Crisis. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020.
  • Dorsey, J. “Jordanian Protests: Revisiting the Arab Spring and Setting a Benchmark.” Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, Perspectives Paper 858 (2018): 1–4.
  • Douglas, C. “A Storm Without Rain: Yemen, Water, Climate Change and Conflict.” Center for Climate and Security, Briefer 40 (2016): 1–8.
  • Einsidel, S. “Civil War Trends and the Changing Nature of Armed Conflict.” United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, Occasional Paper 10 (2017): 1–10.
  • Fazal, T. M., and P. Poast. “War is Not Over.” Foreign Affairs, October 15, 2019.
  • Fearon, J. D. “Economic Development, Insurgency, and Civil War.” In Institutions and Economic Performance, edited by E. Helpman, 292–328. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007.
  • Fearon, J. D., and D. D. Laitin. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” The American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75–90.
  • Fiott, D. Stress Tests: An Insight Into Crisis Scenarios, Simulations and Exercises’, Briefs. Paris: European Institute for Security Studies, 2019.
  • Forsberg, E. “Transnational Dimensions of Civil Wars: Clustering, Contagion, and Connectedness.” In What Do We Know About Civil Wars?, edited by T. David Mason and S. McLaughlin Mitchell, 75–90. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
  • Gladwell, M. The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York: Little, Brown, 2000.
  • Goldstein, J. S. Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide. New York: Dutton, 2011.
  • Goldstone, J. “Pathways to State Failure.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 25 (2008): 285–296.
  • Grimm, S., and G. Schneider. “Predicting Tipping Points: Current Research and the Way Forward.” German Development Institute, Discussion Paper, 8/2011.
  • Gurr, T. D. Why Men Rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
  • Haimes, Y. Y. “On the Complex Definition of Risk: A Systems-Based Approach.” Risk Analysis 29, no. 12 (2009): 1647–1654.
  • Hathaway, T. “Facing Gibe 3 Dam: Indigenous Communities of Ethiopia’s Lower Omo Valley.” International Rivers (2009): 1–10. http://archive.nowater-nolife.org/watersheds/omo/hydroReports/2009_IR_Gibe3_Communities.pdf.
  • Hassan, M. Determinants of Civic Engagement and Political Participation: A Case Study in Yemen. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 2014.
  • Hegre, H., et al. “ViEWS: A Political Violence Early-Warning System.” Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 2 (2019): 155–174.
  • Hegre, H., et al. “Introduction: Forecasting in Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 54, no. 2 (2017): 113–124.
  • High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. “Shared Vision, Common Action: A Stronger Europe.” https://eeas.europa.eu/archives/docs/top_stories/pdf/eugs_review_web.pdf.
  • Hodbod, J., et al. “Social-Ecological Change in the Omo-Turkana Basin: A Synthesis of Current Developments.” Ambio 48 (2019): 1099–1115.
  • Jasper, S. Russian Cyber Operations: Coding the Boundaries of Conflict. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 2020.
  • Jones, K. E., et al. “Global Trends in Emerging Infectious Diseases.” Nature 451, no. 7181 (2008): 990–993.
  • Juncos, A. E. “Resilience as the New EU Foreign Policy Paradigm: A Pragmatist Urn?” European Security 26, no. 1 (2017): 1–18.
  • Koenig. “The EU’s Strategic Compass for Security and Defence: Just Another Paper?” Hertie School Jacques Delors Centre, Policy Paper, 2020.
  • Köprülü, N. “Jordan Since the Uprisings: Between Change and Stability.” Middle East Policy 21, no. 2 (2014): 111–126.
  • Koubi, V. “Climate Change and Conflict.” Annual Review of Political Science 22, no. 1 (2019): 343–360.
  • Kuru, A. T. Islam, Authoritarianism, and Underdevelopment: A Global and Historical Comparison. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Lackner, H. Yemen in Crisis: The Road to War. London: Verso, 2019.
  • Lamphear, J. The Scattering Time: Turkana Responses to Colonial Rule. Oxford, New York: Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, 1992.
  • Lavenex, S., and F. Schimmelfennig. “EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?” Democratization 18, no. 4 (2011): 885–909.
  • Lawson, G. Anatomies of Revolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  • Letendre, K., et al. “Does Infectious Disease Cause Global Variation in the Frequency of Intrastate Armed Conflict and Civil War?” Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 85, no. 3 (2010): 669–683.
  • Lewis, A., and M. Rueschemeyer. Security, Clans and Tribes: Unstable Governance in Somaliland, Yemen and the Gulf of Aden. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Libicki, M. “Correlations between Cyberspace Attacks and Kinetic Attacks.” 12th International Conference on Cyber Conflict, NATO CCDCOE Publications, 2020.
  • Linke, A. M., et al. “The Consequences of Relocating in Response to Drought: Human Mobility and Conflict in Contemporary Kenya.” Environnemental Research Letters 13 (2018): 094014.
  • Lowrance, W. W. Of Acceptable Risk: Science and the Determination of Safety. Los Altos, CA: Kaufmann, 1976.
  • Lynch, M. The New Arab Wars: Uprisings and Anarchy in the Middle East. New York: Public Affairs, 2016.
  • Magen, A., and L. Morlino. International Actors, Democratization, and the Rule of Law: Anchoring Democracy? London and New York: Routledge, 2009.
  • Mach, K. J., et al. “Climate as a Risk Factor for Armed Conflict.” Nature 571 (2019): 193–197.
  • McKinsey Global Institute. Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation, 2017.
  • Metzl, J. Hacking Darwin: Genetic Engineering and the Future of Humanity. Napervile, IL: Sourcebooks, 2019.
  • Mixed Migration Centre. Regional Mixed Migration Prospects 2030, 2018.
  • Moran, A., et al. The Intersection of Global Fragility and Climate Risks. Fragility and Conflict Technical and Research Services (FACTRS). Washington, DC: USAID, 2018.
  • Nathan, A. “China at the Tipping Point? Foreseeing the Unforeseeable.” Journal of Democracy 24, no. 1 (2003): 20–25.
  • Nel, P., and M. Righarts. “Natural Disasters and the Risk of Violent Civil Conflict.” International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 1 (2008): 159–185.
  • Nuttall, M. “Tipping Points and the Human World: Living with Change and Thinking about the Future.” Ambio 41, no. 1 (2012): 96–105.
  • Ord, T. The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity. New York: Hachette, 2020.
  • Perry, W. J., and T. Z. Collina. The Button: The New Nuclear Arms Race and Presidential Power from Truman to Trump. New York, NY: BenBella Books, 2020.
  • Peterson, S. “Epidemic Disease and National Security.” Security Studies 12, no. 2 (2002): 43–81.
  • Pettersson, T., and K. Eck. “Organized Violence 1989–2017.” Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 4 (2018): 535–547.
  • Pescaroli, G., and D. Alexander. Risk Analysis 38, no. 11 (2018): 2245–2257.
  • Pierson, P. “Big, Slow-Moving, and … Invisible.” In Comparative Historical Analysis in the Social Sciences, edited by James Mahoney, and Dietrich Rueschemeyer, 177–207. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
  • Pinker, S. The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. New York: Viking, 2011.
  • Podder, S. “Mainstreaming the Non-State in Bottom up State-Building: Linkages Between Rebel Governance and Post-Conflict Legitimacy.” Conflict, Security and Development 14, no. 2 (2014): 213–243.
  • Polyakova, A. Weapons of the Weak: Russia and AI-Driven Asymmetric Warfare. Washington, DC: Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies Initiative, Brookings Institution, 2018.
  • Raible, C. C., et al. “Tambora 1815 as a Test Case for High Impact Volcanic Eruptions: Earth System Effects.” Climate Change 7, no. 4 (2016): 569–589.
  • Richmond, A. H. “Reactive Migration: Sociological Perspectives on Refugee Movements.” Journal of Refugee Studies 6, no. 1 (1993): 7–24.
  • Rodríguez, L. M. Jordan: Constant, but Fragile, Stability. IEMed Mediterranean Yearbook, 2019. https://www.iemed.org/observatori/arees-danalisi/arxius-adjunts/anuari/med.2019/Jordan_Stability_Fragile_Politics_Luis_Melian_Rodriguez_IEMed_MedYearbook2019.pdf.
  • Rudd, K. “Beware the Guns of August – in Asia: How to Keep U.S-China Tensions From Sparking to War.” Foreign Affairs, August 3, 2020.
  • Russell, S. Human Compatible: AI and the Problem of Control. New York City: Viking, 2019.
  • Ryan, C. R. Jordan and the Arab Uprisings: Regime Survival and Politics Beyond the State. New York: Columbia University Press, 2018.
  • Salehyan, I. “Climate Change and Conflict: Making Sense of Disparate Findings.” Political Geography 43, no. 1 (2014): 1–5.
  • Salehyan, I., and K. S. Gleditsch. “Refugees and the Spread of Civil War.” International Organization 60, no. 2 (2006): 335–366.
  • Scheffer, M., et al. “Early-Warning Signals for Critical Transitions.” Nature 461, no. 7260 (2009): 53–59.
  • Schelling, T. C. “Dynamic Models of Segregation.” Journal of Mathematical Sociology 1, no. 2 (1971): 143–186.
  • Smith, P. T. “Cyberattacks as Casus Belli: A Sovereignty-Based Account.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 35, no. 2 (2018): 222–241.
  • Spaaij, R. F. J. Understanding Lone Wolf Terrorism: Global Patterns, Motivations and Prevention. Dordrecht: Springer, 2012.
  • Straus, S. “Triggers of Mass Atrocities.” Politics and Governance 3, no. 3 (2015): 5–15.
  • Tsagourias, N. “Non-State Actors, Ungoverned Spaces and International Responsibility for Cyber Acts.” Journal of Conflict & Security Law 21, no. 3 (2016): 455–474.
  • USAID. Sustainable Urbanization for Global Progress and Security, 2017. https://www.usaid.gov/urban.
  • US Congress. Global Fragility Act, 2020. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2116.
  • US Department of Homeland Security. Natural Disasters, 2018. https://www.dhs.gov/natural-disasters.
  • Valášek, T. How Artificial Intelligence Could Disrupt Alliances, 2017. https://carnegieeurope.eu/strategiceurope/72966.
  • Van Hüllen, V. “ Negotiating Democracy with Authoritarian Regimes. EU Democracy Promotion in North Africa.” Democratization 26, no. 5 (2019): 869–888.
  • Väyrynen, R. The Waning of Major War: Theories and Debates. New York: Routledge, 2006.
  • Walter, B. F. “The New New Civil Wars.” Annual Review of Political Science 20 (2017): 469–486.
  • Weinstein, J. Inside Rebellion: The Politics of Insurgent Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
  • White House. The National Security Implications of a Changing Climate, 2015.
  • Wimmer, A., and N. G. Schiller. “Methodological Nationalism and Beyond: Nation-State Building, Migration and the Social Sciences.” Global Networks 2, no. 4 (2002): 301–334.
  • World Bank. Nigeria: Overview, October 13, 2019.
  • World Bank. Strategy for Fragility, Conflict and Violence 2020–2025, 2020.
  • Worth, R. F. A Rage for Order: The Middle East in Turmoil, from Tahrir Square to ISIS. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2016.
  • Wucker, M. The Gray Rhino: How to Recognize and Act on the Obvious Dangers We Ignore. New York City, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 2016.
  • Youngs, R. “The European Union and Democracy Promotion in the Mediterranean: A New or Disingenuous Strategy?” Democratization 9, no. 1 (2002): 40–62.
  • Zaidi, Z. “Beyond the Sendai Indicators: Application of a Cascading Risk Lens for the Improvement of Loss Data Indicators for Slow-Onset Hazards and Small-Scale Disasters.” International Journal of Disaster Risk Management 30 (2018): 306–314.
  • Zala, B. “How the Next Nuclear Arms Race Will be Different from the Last One.” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 75, no. 1 (2019): 36–43.
  • Zenn, J. “Boko Haram’s Conquest for the Caliphate: How Al Qaeda Helped Islamic State Acquire Territory.” Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 43, no. 2 (2020): 89–122.