Subnational authority and political alignment in African states

Bibliography

• Arriola, Leonardo R. “Patronage and Political Stability in Africa.” Comparative Political Studies 42, no. 10 (2009): 1339–1362. doi:10.1177/0010414009332126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriola, Leonardo R. Multi-Ethnic Coalitions in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Arriola, Leonardo R., Jed Devaro, and Anne Meng. “Democratic Subversion: Elite Cooptation and Opposition Fragmentation.” American Political Science Review 115, no. 4 (2021): 1358–1372.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriola, Leonardo R., and Martha C. Johnson. “Ethnic Politics and Women's Empowerment in Africa: Ministerial Appointments to Executive Cabinets.” American Journal of Political Science 58 (2014): 495–510.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arriola, Leonardo R., Lise Rakner, and Nicholas Van de Walle. Democratic Backsliding in Africa. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Berenschot, Ward, and Edward Aspinall. “How Clientelism Varies: Comparing Patronage Democracies.” Democratization 27, no. 1 (2020): 1–19. doi:10.1080/13510347.2019.1645129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertelli, Anthony M., Mai Hassan, Dan Honig, Daniel Rogger, and Martin J. Williams. “An Agenda for the Study of Public Administration in Developing Countries.” Governance 33 (2020): 735–748. doi:10.1111/gove.12520
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bierschenk, Thomas, and Jean-Pierre Olivier De Sardan. “Local Powers and a Distant State in Rural Central African Republic.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 35, no. 3 (1997): 441–468. doi:10.1017/S0022278X97002504
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blaydes, Lisa. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Bleck, Jaimie, and Nicholas Van de Walle. Electoral Politics in Africa Since 1990: Continuity in Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Boone, Catherine. Political Topographies of the African State: Territorial Authority and Institutional Choice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Bratton, Michael. “Citizen Perceptions of Local Government Responsiveness in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Development 40, no. 3 (2012): 516–527. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.07.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownlee, Jason. Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce, Alastair Smith, Randolph M. Siverson, and James D. Morrow. The Logic of Political Survival. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Carboni, Andrea, and Clionadh Raleigh. “Regime Cycles and Political Change in African Autocracies.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 59, no. 4 (2021): 415–437. doi:10.1017/S0022278X21000240
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carter, Brett L., and Mai Hassan. “Regional Governance in Divided Societies: Evidence from the Republic of Congo and Kenya.” The Journal of Politics 83, no. 1 (2021): 40–57. doi:10.1086/708915
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cederman, Lars-Erik, Simon Hug, Andreas Schädel, and Julian Wucherpfennig. “Territorial Autonomy in the Shadow of Conflict: Too Little, Too Late?” American Political Science Review 109, no. 2 (2015): 354–370. doi:10.1017/S0003055415000118
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheeseman, Nic, Gabrielle Lynch, and Justin Willis. The Moral Economy of Elections in Africa: Democracy, Voting and Virtue. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Choi, Hyun Jin, and Clionadh Raleigh. “The Geography of Regime Support and Political Violence.” Democratization 28, no. 6 (2021): 1095–1114. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.1901688
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, Paul, and Dominic Rohner. “Democracy, Development, and Conflict.” Journal of the European Economic Association 6 (2008): 531–540. doi:10.1162/JEEA.2008.6.2-3.531
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corra, Mamadi, and David Willer. “The Gatekeeper.” Sociological Theory 20, no. 2 (2002): 180–207. doi:10.1111/1467-9558.00158
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daloz, Jean-Pascal. “Political Elites in Sub-Saharan Africa.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites, edited by Heinrich Best, and John Higley, 241–253. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• De Bruin, Erica. “Preventing Coups D’état.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62, no. 7 (2018): 1433–1458. doi:10.1177/0022002717692652
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Waal, Alex. The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Erk, Jan. “Iron Houses in the Tropical Heat: Decentralization Reforms in Africa and Their Consequences.” Regional & Federal Studies 25, no. 5 (2015): 409–420. doi:10.1080/13597566.2015.1114921
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon, James D., and David D. Laitin. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil war.” American Political Science Review 97, no. 1 (2003): 75–90. doi:10.1017/S0003055403000534
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, Barbara. “What do we Know About Democratization After Twenty Years?” Annual Review of Political Science 2, no. 1 (1999): 115–144. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.115
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geddes, Barbara, Joseph George Wright, Joseph Wright, and Erica Frantz. How Dictatorships Work: Power, Personalization, and Collapse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Gel’man, Vladimir, and Sergei Ryzhenkov. “Local Regimes, Sub-National Governance and the ‘Power Vertical’ in Contemporary Russia.” Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 3 (2011): 449–465. doi:10.1080/09668136.2011.557538
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibson, Edward L. Boundary Control: Subnational Authoritarianism in Federal Democracies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Giraudy, Agustina. Democrats and Autocrats: Pathways of Subnational Undemocratic Regime Continuity Within Democratic Countries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• el-Gizouli, Magdi. “The Fall of al-Bashir: Mapping Contestation Forces in Sudan.” Arab Reform Initiative, 12 April (2019). https://www.arab-reform.net/publication/the-fall-of-al-bashir-mapping-contestation-forces-in-sudan/.
   Google Scholar
• Gorlizki, Yoram, and Oleg Khlevniuk. Substate Dictatorship: Networks, Loyalty, and Institutional Change in the Soviet Union. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Grundholm, Alexander T. “Taking it Personal? Investigating Regime Personalization as an Autocratic Survival Strategy.” Democratization 27, no. 5 (2020): 797–815. doi:10.1080/13510347.2020.1737677
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haass, Felix, and Martin Ottmann. “Rebels, Revenue and Redistribution: The Political Geography of Post-Conflict Power-Sharing in Africa.” British Journal of Political Science 51, no. 3 (2021): 981–1001. doi:10.1017/S0007123419000474
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagmann, Tobias. “Fast Politics, Slow Justice: Ethiopia’s Somali Region two Years After Abdi Iley” Conflict Research Programme Briefing Paper (2020). https://copese.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Hagmann-Two-years-after-Iley-final.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, Mai. “The Strategic Shuffle: Ethnic Geography, the Internal Security Apparatus, and Elections in Kenya.” American Journal of Political Science 61 (2017): 382–395. doi:10.1111/ajps.12279
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan, Mai. Regime Threats and State Solutions: Bureaucratic Loyalty and Embeddedness in Kenya. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Hassan, Mai, Daniele Mattingly, and Elizabeth R. Nugent. “Political Control.” Annual Review of Political Science 25, no. 1 (2022): 155–174. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051120-013321
   Google Scholar
• Herbst, Jeffrey. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Heyl, Charlotte, and Mariana Llanos. “Contested, Violated but Persistent: Presidential Term Limits in Latin America and sub-Saharan Africa.” Democratization 29, no. 1 (2022): 1–17. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.1997991
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hicken, Allen, and Noah L. Nathan. “Clientelism's red Herrings: Dead Ends and new Directions in the Study of Nonprogrammatic Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science 23 (2020): 277–294. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050718-032657
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iddawela, Yohan, Neil Lee, and Andrés Rodríguez-Pose. “Quality of Subnational Government and Regional Development in Africa.” The Journal of Development Studies 57, no. 8 (2021): 1282–1302. doi:10.1080/00220388.2021.1873286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Crisis Group. “Bashir Moves Sudan to Dangerous New Ground.” International Crisis Group, 26 February (2019). https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/sudan/bashir-moves-sudan-dangerous-new-ground.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Robert H., and Carl G. Rosberg. Personal Rule in Black Africa: Prince, Autocrat, Prophet, Tyrant. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1982.
   Google Scholar
• Kendhammer, Brandon. “Talking Ethnic but Hearing Multi-Ethnic: The Peoples’ Democratic Party (PDP) in Nigeria and Durable Multi-Ethnic Parties in the Midst of Violence.” Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 48, no. 1 (2010): 48–71. doi:10.1080/14662040903444509
   Google Scholar
• Koter, Dominika. “King Makers: Local Leaders and Ethnic Politics in Africa.” World Politics 65, no. 2 (2013): 187–232. doi:10.1017/S004388711300004X
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krämer, Anna Maria. “Why Africa’s ‘Weak States’ Matter: A Postcolonial Critique of Euro-Western Discourse on African Statehood and Sovereignty”. In Reimagining the State, 79–96. London: Routledge, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Levitsky, Steven, and Lucan A. Way. Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War. Problems of International Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010.
   Google Scholar
• Lund, Christian. “Twilight Institutions: Public Authority and Local Politics in Africa.” Development and Change 37 (2006): 685–705. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.2006.00497.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magaloni, Beatriz. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and Its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Magaloni, Beatriz, and Ruth Kricheli. “Political Order and One-Party Rule.” Annual Review of Political Science 13 (2010): 123–143. doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.031908.220529
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mamdani, Mahmood. Citizen and Subject: Contemporary Africa and the Legacy of Late Colonialism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Meng, Anne. Constraining Dictatorship: Personalized Rule to Institutionalized Regimes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Meester, Jos, Guido Lanfranchi, and Tefera Negash Gebregziabher. “A Clash of Nationalisms and the Remaking of the Ethiopian State: The Political Economy of Ethiopia’s Transition.” The Clingendael Institute (2022). https://www.clingendael.org/pub/2022/the-remaking-of-the-ethiopian-state/.
   Google Scholar
• Merkel, Wolfgang, and Anna Lührmann. “Resilience of Democracies: Responses to Illiberal and Authoritarian Challenges.” Democratization 28, no. 5 (2021): 869–884. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.1928081
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay, Dipali. Warlords, Strongman Governors, and the State in Afghanistan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Naseemullah, Adnan. “Shades of Sovereignty: Explaining Political Order and Disorder in Pakistan’s Northwest.” Studies in Comparative International Development 49 (2014): 501–522. doi:10.1007/s12116-014-9157-z
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei, Anja. Party-Voter Linkage in Africa. Ghana and Senegal in Comparative Perspective. Wiesbaden: Springer VS, 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Osei, Anja. “Formal Party Organisation and Informal Relations in African Parties: Evidence from Ghana.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 54, no. 1 (2016): 37–66. doi:10.1017/S0022278X15000981
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei, Anja. “Like Father, Like son? Power and Influence Across two Gnassingbé Presidencies in Togo.” Democratization 25, no. 8 (2018): 1460–1480. doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1483916
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osei, Anja, and Daniel Wigmore-Shepherd. “Personal Power in Africa: Legislative Networks and Executive Appointments in Ghana, Togo and Gabon.” Government and Opposition (2022): 1–25. doi:10.1017/gov.2022.42
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Page, Matthew, and Abdul H. Wando. “Halting the Kleptocratic Capture of Local Government in Nigeria.” Carnegie Endowment of International Peace, 18 July (2022). https://carnegieendowment.org/2022/07/18/halting-kleptocratic-capture-of-local-government-in-nigeria-pub-87513.
   Google Scholar
• Pierskalla, Jan H., and Audrey Sacks. “Personnel Politics: Elections, Clientelistic Competition and Teacher Hiring in Indonesia.” British Journal of Political Science 50, no. 4 (2020): 1283–1305. doi:10.1017/S0007123418000601
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polese, Abel, and Ruth Hanau Santini. “Limited Statehood and its Security Implications on the Fragmentation Political Order in the Middle East and North Africa.” Small Wars & Insurgencies 29, no. 3 (2018): 379–390. doi:10.1080/09592318.2018.1456815
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Posner, Daniel N., and Daniel J. Young. “The Institutionalization of Political Power in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 3 (2007): 126–140. doi:10.1353/jod.2007.0053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh, Clionadh, Hyun Jin Choi, and Daniel Wigmore-Shepherd. “Inclusive Conflict? Competitive Clientelism and the Rise of Political Violence.” Review of International Studies 48, no. 1 (2022): 44–66. doi:10.1017/S0260210521000218
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh, Clionadh, and Caitriona Dowd. “Governance and Conflict in the Sahel’s ‘Ungoverned Space’.” Stability: International Journal of Security and Development 2, no. 2 (2013): 1–17. doi:10.5334/sta.bs
   Google Scholar
• Raleigh, Clionadh, and Daniel Wigmore-Shepherd. “Elite Coalitions and Power Balance Across African Regimes: Introducing the African Cabinet and Political Elite Data Project (ACPED).” Ethnopolitics 21, no. 1 (2022): 22–47. doi:10.1080/17449057.2020.1771840
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raleigh, Clionadh, et al. “Introducing ACLED: An Armed Conflict Location and Event Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 47, no. 5 (2010): 651–660. doi:10.1177/0022343310378914
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick, Danielle. “Do Electoral Coalitions Facilitate Democratic Consolidation in Africa?” Party Politics 19, no. 5 (2013): 735–757. doi:10.1177/1354068811410369
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedler, Andreas, ed. Electoral Authoritarianism: The Dynamics of Unfree Competition. Boulder, CO: Rienner. 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Scheye, Eric. State Provided Service, Contracting Out, and Non-State Networks: Justice and Security as Public and Private Goods and Services. International Network on Conflict and Fragility. Paris: INCAF, 2009.
   Google Scholar
• Schouten, Peer. Roadblock Politics: The Origins of Violence in Central Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Sidel, John T. “Economic Foundations of Subnational Authoritarianism: Insights and Evidence from Qualitative and Quantitative Research.” Democratization 21, no. 1 (2014): 161–184. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.725725
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinkkonen, Elina. “Dynamic Dictators: Improving the Research Agenda on Autocratization and Authoritarian Resilience.” Democratization 28, no. 6 (2021): 1172–1190. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.1903881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slater, Dan, and Diana Kim. “Standoffish States: Nonliterate Leviathans in Southeast Asia.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 3, no. 1 (2015): 25–44. doi:10.1017/trn.2014.14
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanislawski, Bartosz H., Katarzyna Pełczyńska-Nałęcz, Krzysztof Strachota, Maciej Falkowski, David M. Crane, and Melvyn Levitsky. “Para-States, Quasi-States, and Black Spots: Perhaps Not States, but Not ‘Ungoverned Territories,’ Either.” International Studies Review 10, no. 2 (2008): 366–396.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrow, Sydney, Peter J. Katzenstein, and Luigi Graziano, eds. Territorial Politics in Industrial Nations. New York: Praeger, 1978.
   Google Scholar
• Titeca, Kristof, and Tom De Herdt. “Real Governance Beyond the 'failed State': Negotiating Education in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.” African Affairs 110, no. 439 (2011): 213–231. doi:10.1093/afraf/adr005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tolstrup, Jakob. “When Can External Actors Influence Democratization? Leverage, Linkages, and Gatekeeper Elites.” Democratization 20, no. 4 (2013): 716–742. doi:10.1080/13510347.2012.666066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treisman, Daniel. The Architecture of Government: Rethinking Political Decentralization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Tronconi, Filippo. “Sub-National Political Elites.” In The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites, edited by Heinrich Best, and John Higley, 611–624. London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Walle, Nicolas. “Meet the new Boss, Same as the old Boss? The Evolution of Political Clientelism in Africa.” In Patrons, Clients, and Policies: Patterns of Democratic Accountability and Political Competition, edited by Herbert Kitschelt and Steven I. Wilkinson, 50–67. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Van de Walle, Nicolas. “The Party Paradox: A Comment Nicolas van de Walle (Cornell) February 20, 2018.” Democratization 25, no. 6 (2018): 1052–1062. doi:10.1080/13510347.2018.1464253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wehner, Joachim, and Linnea Mills. “Cabinet Size and Governance in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Governance 35 (2022): 123–141. doi:10.1111/gove.12575
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiebrecht, Felix. “Between Elites and Opposition: Legislatures’ Strength in Authoritarian Regimes.” Democratization 28, no. 6 (2021): 1075–1094. doi:10.1080/13510347.2021.1881487
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilfart, Martha. “The Politics of Local Government Performance: Elite Cohesion and Cross-Village Constraints in Decentralized Senegal.” World Development 103 (2018): 149–161. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.09.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldense, Josef. “The Ruler’s Game of Musical Chairs: Shuffling During the Reign of Ethiopia’s Last Emperor.” Social Networks 52 (2018): 154–166. doi:10.1016/j.socnet.2017.07.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woldense, Josef. “What Happens When Coups Fail? The Problem of Identifying and Weakening the Enemy Within.” Comparative Political Studies 55, no. 7 (2022): 1236–1265. doi:10.1177/00104140211047402
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, Stefan, Simona Ross, and Asbjorn Wee. Subnational Governance and Conflict: The Merits of Subnational Governance as a Catalyst for Peace. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2020.
   Google Scholar