1,306
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

Public attitudes toward external democracy promotion in Africa

ORCID Icon
Pages 1552-1581 | Received 10 Oct 2022, Accepted 07 Aug 2023, Published online: 25 Aug 2023

Bibliography

  • Afrobarometer Data. [Country(ies)], [Round(s)], [Year(s)]. http://www.afrobarometer.org.
  • Aluaigba, Moses T. “Democracy Deferred: The Effects of Electoral Malpractice on Nigeria’s Path to Democratic Consolidation.” Journal of African Elections 15, no. 2 (2016): 136–158.
  • Anckar, Carsten, and Cecilia Fredriksson. “Classifying Political Regimes 1800–2016: A Typology and a New Dataset.” European Political Science 18 (2019): 84–96.
  • Ani, Ndubuisi Christian. “Coup or Not Coup: The African Union and the Dilemma of “Popular Uprisings” in Africa.” Democracy and Security 17, no. 3 (2021): 257–277.
  • Ateku, Abdul-Jalilu. “Regional Intervention in the Promotion of Democracy in West Africa: An Analysis of the Political Crisis in the Gambia and ECOWAS’ Coercive Diplomacy.” Conflict, Security & Development 20, no. 6 (2020): 677–696.
  • Beichelt, Timm. “The Research Field of Democracy Promotion.” Living Reviews in Democracy 3, no. 1 (2012): 1–13.
  • Birch, Sarah. “Perceptions of Electoral Fairness and Voter Turnout.” Comparative Political Studies 43, no. 12 (2010): 1601–1622.
  • Boateng, Oheneba A. “Membership Accession in the African Union: The Relationship between Enforcement and Compliance, and the Case for Differential Membership.” South African Journal of International Affairs 24, no. 1 (2017): 21–39.
  • Boix, Carles, Michael Miller, and Sebastian Rosato. “A Complete Data Set of Political Regimes, 1800–2007.” Comparative Political Studies 46, no. 12 (2013): 1523–1554.
  • Brancati, Dawn. “The Determinants of US Public Opinion Towards Democracy Promotion.” Political Behavior 36, no. 4 (2014): 705–730.
  • Bratton, Michael. “The Alternation Effect in Africa.” Journal of Democracy 15, no. 4 (2004): 147–158.
  • Bratton, Michael, Robert Mattes, and Emmanuel Gyimah-Boadi. Public Opinion, Democracy, and Market Reform in Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Carothers, Thomas. Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve. Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment, 2011.
  • Cassani, Andrea. “Law-Abiders, Lame Ducks, and Over-Stayers: The Africa Executive Term Limits (AETL) Dataset.” European Political Science 20, no. 3 (2021): 543–555.
  • Cho, Youngho. “To Know Democracy is to Love it: A Cross-National Analysis of Democratic Understanding and Political Support for Democracy.” Political Research Quarterly 67, no. 3 (2014): 478–488.
  • Christiansen, William, Tobias Heinrich, and Timothy M. Peterson. “Foreign Policy Begins at Home: The Local Origin of Support for US Democracy Promotion.” International Interactions 45, no. 4 (2019): 595–616.
  • Closa, Carlos, P. J. Castillo Ortiz, and Stefano Palestini Céspedes. Regional Organisations and Mechanisms for Democracy Protection in Latin America, the Caribbean and the European Union. Hamburg: EU-LAC Foundation, 2016.
  • Closa, Carlos, and Stefano Palestini. “Tutelage and Regime Survival in Regional Organizations’Democracy Protection: The Case of Mercosur and Unasur.” World Politics 70, no. 3 (2018): 443–476.
  • Cody, Stephen, Eric Stover, Mychelle Balthazard, and Alexa Koenig. “The Victims’ Court? A Study of 622 Victim Participants at the International Criminal Court.” The Human Rights Center, University of California, Berkley, School of Law (November 1, 2015), 2015.
  • Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I. Lindberg, Jan Teorell, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, et al. “V-Dem [Country-Year/Country-Date] Dataset V13.” edited by Varieties of Democracy (V-Dem) Project. 13, 2023.
  • Croissant, Aurel. “Coups and Post-Coup Politics in South-East Asia and the Pacific: Conceptual and Comparative Perspectives.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 67, no. 3 (2013): 264–280.
  • Dancy, Geoff, Yvonne Marie Dutton, Tessa Alleblas, and Eamon Aloyo. “What Determines Perceptions of Bias toward the International Criminal Court? Evidence from Kenya.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 64, no. 7–8 (2020): 1443–1469.
  • Dimitrova, Antoaneta, and Geoffrey Pridham. “International Actors and Democracy Promotion in Central and Eastern Europe: The Integration Model and its Limits.” Democratization 11, no. 5 (2004): 91–112.
  • Donno, Daniela. “Who is Punished? Regional Intergovernmental Organizations and the Enforcement of Democratic Norms.” International Organization 64, no. 4 (2010): 593–625.
  • Elcheroth, Guy, and Dario Spini. “Public Support for the Prosecution of Human Rights Violations in the Former Yugoslavia.” Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology 15, no. 2 (2009): 189–214.
  • Engel, Ulf. “The African Union and Mediation in Cases of Unconstitutional Changes of Government, 2008–2011.” In New Mediation Practices in African Conflicts, edited by Ulf Engel, 55–82. Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 2012.
  • Escribà-Folch, Abel, Lala H. Muradova, and Toni Rodon. “The Effects of Autocratic Characteristics on Public Opinion Toward Democracy Promotion Policies: A Conjoint Analysis.” Foreign Policy Analysis 17, no. 1 (2021): oraa016.
  • Ethier, Diane. “Is Democracy Promotion Effective? Comparing Conditionality and Incentives.” Democratization 10, no. 1 (2003): 99–120.
  • Falomir-Pichastor, Juan M., Andrea Pereira, Christian Staerklé, and Fabrizio Butera. “Do All Lives have the Same Value? Support for International Military Interventions as a Function of Political System and Public Opinion of Target States.” Group Processes & Intergroup Relations 15, no. 3 (2012): 347–362.
  • Fariss, Christopher J. “Respect for Human Rights has Improved over Time: Modeling the Changing Standard of Accountability.” American Political Science Review 108, no. 2 (2014): 297–318.
  • Faust, Jörg, and Maria Melody Garcia. “With or Without Force? E Uropean Public Opinion on Democracy Promotion.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 4 (2014): 861–878.
  • Fortin-Rittberger, Jessica, Philipp Harfst, and Sarah C. Dingler. “The Costs of Electoral Fraud: Establishing the Link between Electoral Integrity, Winning an Election, and Satisfaction with Democracy.” Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties 27, no. 3 (2017): 350–368.
  • Genna, Gaspare M., and Taeko Hiroi. Regional Integration and Democratic Conditionality: How Democracy Clauses Help Democratic Consolidation and Deepening. New York: Routledge, 2014.
  • Golosov, Grigorii V. “Why and How Electoral Systems Matter in Autocracies.” Australian Journal of Political Science 51, no. 3 (2016): 367–385.
  • Gordon, Steven. “Mass Preferences for the Free Movement of People in Africa: A Public Opinion Analysis of 36 Countries.” International Migration Review 56, no. 1 (2022): 270–295.
  • Greene, Samuel R. “Coups and the Consolidation Mirage: Lessons for Stability in New Democracies.” Democratization 27, no. 7 (2020): 1280–1300.
  • Grimm, Sonja, and Julia Leininger. “Not All Good Things Go Together: Conflicting Objectives in Democracy Promotion.” Democratization 19, no. 3 (2012): 391–414.
  • Hackenesch, Christine. “Not as Bad as it Seems: EU and US Democracy Promotion Faces China in Africa.” Democratization 22, no. 3 (2015): 419–437.
  • Hartmann, Christof. “ECOWAS and the Restoration of Democracy in the Gambia.” Africa Spectrum 52, no. 1 (2017): 85–99.
  • Hellquist, Elin. “Regional Sanctions as Peer Review: The African Union against Egypt (2013) and Sudan (2019).” International Political Science Review 42, no. 4 (2021): 451–468.
  • Hiroi, Taeko, and Sawa Omori. “Causes and Triggers of Coups D’état: An Event History Analysis.” Politics & Policy 41, no. 1 (2013): 39–64.
  • Hoffmann, Andrea Ribeiro. “Political Conditionality and Democratic Clauses in the EU and Mercosur.” In Closing or Widening the Gap?, edited by Andrea Ribeiro and Anna Van Der Vleuten Hoffmann, 173–189. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Hoffmann, Andrea Ribeiro, and Anna Van Der Vleuten. Closing or Widening the Gap?: Legitimacy and Democracy in Regional Integration Organizations. New York: Routledge, 2016.
  • Holesch, Adam, and Anna Kyriazi. “Democratic Backsliding in the European Union: The Role of the Hungarian-Polish Coalition.” East European Politics 38, no. 1 (2022): 1–20.
  • Jenne, Erin K, and Cas Mudde. “Hungary’s Illiberal Turn: Can Outsiders Help?” Journal of Democracy 23, no. 3 (2012): 147–155.
  • Kiwuwa, David E. “Democracy and the Politics of Power Alternation in Africa.” Contemporary Politics 19, no. 3 (2013): 262–278.
  • Knutsen, Carl Henrik, Håvard Mokleiv Nygård, and Tore Wig. “Autocratic Elections: Stabilizing Tool or Force for Change?” World Politics 69, no. 1 (2017): 98–143.
  • Koehler, Kevin, and Holger Albrecht. “Revolutions and the Military: Endgame Coups: Instability, and Prospects for Democracy.” Armed Forces & Society 47, no. 1 (2021): 148–176.
  • Lavenex, Sandra, and Frank Schimmelfennig. “EU Democracy Promotion in the Neighbourhood: From Leverage to Governance?” Democratization 18, no. 4 (2011): 885–909.
  • Lehoucq, Fabrice. “Electoral Fraud: Causes: Types, and Consequences.” Annual Review of Political Science 6, no. 1 (2003): 233–256.
  • Leininger, Julia. “‘Bringing the Outside In’: Illustrations from Haiti and Mali for the Re-Conceptualization of Democracy Promotion.” Contemporary Politics 16, no. 1 (2010): 63–80.
  • Lindberg, Staffan I. “Democratization by Elections in Africa Revisited.” Paper presented at the 103rd annual meeting of American Political Association, Washington DC, 2007.
  • Maltz, Gideon. “The Case for Presidential Term Limits.” Journal of Democracy 18, no. 1 (2007): 128–142.
  • Marinov, Nikolay. “Voter Attitudes When Democracy Promotion Turns Partisan: Evidence from a Survey-Experiment in Lebanon.” Democratization 20, no. 7 (2013): 1297–1321.
  • Mauk, Marlene. “Electoral Integrity Matters: How Electoral Process Conditions the Relationship between Political Losing and Political Trust.” Quality & Quantity 56, no. 3 (2022): 1709–1728.
  • McGowan, Patrick J. “Coups and Conflict in West Africa, 1955–2004: Part II: Empirical Findings.” Armed Forces & Society 32, no. 2 (2006): 234–253.
  • Moehler, Devra C., and Staffan I. Lindberg. “Narrowing the Legitimacy Gap: Turnovers as a Cause of Democratic Consolidation.” The Journal of Politics 71, no. 4 (2009): 1448–1466.
  • Norris, Pippa. “Do Perceptions of Electoral Malpractice Undermine Democratic Satisfaction? The US in Comparative Perspective.” International Political Science Review 40, no. 1 (2019): 5–22.
  • Pevehouse, Jon C. Democracy from Above: Regional Organizations and Democratization. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Pevehouse, Jon C. “With a Little Help from My Friends? Regional Organizations and the Consolidation of Democracy.” American Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3 (2002): 611–626.
  • Powell, Jonathan, Mwita Chacha, and Gary E. Smith. “Failed Coups, Democratization, and Authoritarian Entrenchment: Opening Up or Digging In?” African Affairs 118, no. 471 (2019): 238–258.
  • Powell, Jonathan, Trace Lasley, and Rebecca Schiel. “Combating Coups D’état in Africa, 1950–2014.” Studies in Comparative International Development 51, no. 4 (2016): 482–502.
  • Powell, Jonathan M., and Clayton L. Thyne. “Global Instances of Coups from 1950 to 2010: A New Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 2 (2011): 249–259.
  • Robbins, Michael D. H., and Mark Tessler. “The Effect of Elections on Public Opinion Toward Democracy: Evidence from Longitudinal Survey Research in Algeria.” Comparative Political Studies 45, no. 10 (2012): 1255–1276.
  • Sedelmeier, Ulrich. “Anchoring Democracy from Above? The European Union and Democratic Backsliding in Hungary and Romania after Accession.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 52, no. 1 (2014): 105–121.
  • Simmons, Beth A., and Allison Danner. “Credible Commitments and the International Criminal Court.” International Organization 64, no. 2 (2010): 225–256.
  • Simpser, Alberto. “Does Electoral Manipulation Discourage Voter Turnout? Evidence from Mexico.” The Journal of Politics 74, no. 3 (2012): 782–795.
  • Solis, Jonathan A., and Philip D. Waggoner. “Measuring Media Freedom: An Item Response Theory Analysis of Existing Indicators.” British Journal of Political Science 51, no. 4 (2021): 1685–1704.
  • Soyaltin-Colella, Digdem. “The EU’s ‘Actions-without-Sanctions’? The Politics of the Rule of Law Crisis in Many Europes.” European Politics and Society 23, no. 1 (2022): 25–41.
  • Spandler, Kilian. “Regional Standards of Membership and Enlargement in the EU and Asean.” Asia Europe Journal 16, no. 2 (2018): 183–198.
  • Treier, Shawn, and Simon Jackman. “Democracy as a Latent Variable.” American Journal of Political Science 52, no. 1 (2008): 201–217.
  • Tures, John. “The Democracy-Promotion Gap in American Public Opinion.” Journal of American Studies 41, no. 3 (2007): 557–579.
  • Van der Vleuten, Anna, and Andrea Ribeiro Hoffmann. “Explaining the Enforcement of Democracy by Regional Organizations: Comparing EU, Mercosur and Sadc.” JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies 48, no. 3 (2010): 737–758.
  • Wiebusch, Micha, and Christina Murray. “Presidential Term Limits and the African Union.” Journal of African Law 63, no. S1 (2019): 131–160.
  • Wilén, Nina, and Paul D. Williams. “The African Union and Coercive Diplomacy: The Case of Burundi.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 56, no. 4 (2018): 673–696.
  • Witt, Antonia. “Mandate Impossible: Mediation and the Return to Constitutional Order in Madagascar (2009–2013).” African security 10, no. 3–4 (2017): 205–222.
  • Witt, Antonia. Undoing Coups: The African Union and Post-Coup Intervention in Madagascar. London: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2020.
  • Wobig, Jacob. “Defending Democracy with International Law: Preventing Coup Attempts with Democracy Clauses.” Democratization 22, no. 4 (2015): 631–654.
  • Zhou, Min. “Public Support for International Human Rights Institutions: A Cross-National and Multilevel Analysis.” Sociological Forum 28, no. 3 (2013): 525–548.