International peace and security at a multilateral moment: What we seem to know, what we don't, and why

Notes

• US Committee for Refugees . 1998 . World Refugee Survey 1998 , 2 – 6 . Washington, DC : US Committee for Refugees .
   Google Scholar
• UN High Commissioner for Refugees . 1998 . The State of the World's Refugees, 1997–98: A Humanitarian Agenda , 2 – 3 . 286 – 9 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hampton , Jamie . 1998 . Internally Displaced People: A Global Survey , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Wallensteen , Peter and Sollenberg , Margareta . 1998 . ‘Armed Conflict and Regional Conflict Complexes, 1989–97’ . Journal of Peace Research , 35 ( 5 ) : 621 – 34 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durch , William J. , ed. 1996 . UN Peacekeeping, American Policy, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mandelbaum , Michael . 1998–99 . ‘Is Major War Obsolete?’ and Lawrence Freedman, ‘The Changing Forms of Military Conflict’ . Survival , 40 ( 4 ) Winter : 20 – 38 . 39 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. 1999 . ‘Politics, Principles, and Humanitarian Action’ . Ethics and International Affairs , XIII : 1 – 22 .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , Adam . 1998 . ‘Implementation of the Laws of War in Late 20th Century Conflicts, Part I and Part II . Security Dialogue , 29 ( 2 and 3 ) June and Sept. : 137 – 50 . 265 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lepgold , Joseph and Weiss , Thomas G. , eds. 1998 . Collective Conflict Management and Changing World Politics , Albany : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar
• Downs , George W. 1994 . Collective Security Beyond the Cold War , Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. 1993 . Collective Security in a Changing World , Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Hoge , James F. Jr. 1994 . ‘Editor's Note’ . Foreign Affairs , 73 ( 6 ) Nov./Dec. : v
   Google Scholar
• Collins , Cindy and Weiss , Thomas G. 1997 . An Overview and Assessment oj'1989–1996 Peace Operations Publications , Occasional Paper #28 Providence : Watson Institute .
   Google Scholar
• George , Alexander . 1993 . Bridging the Gap: Theory and Practice in Foreign Policy , Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace Press .
   Google Scholar
• Shawcross , William . 1997 . “ ‘Threats to Humanitarian Action: Problems and Failures’ ” . In Report of the Wolfsberg Humanitarian Forum, 8–10 June 1997 , 2 Geneva : International Committee of the Red Cross .
   Google Scholar
• Boutros‐Ghali , Boutros . 1995 . An Agenda for Peace 1995 , New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• The Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict . 1998 . Preventing Deadly Conflict , New York : Carnegie Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Adler , Emanuel and Barnett , Michael N. , eds. 1998 . Security Communities , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Baldwin , David A. 1995 . ‘Security Studies and the End of the Cold War’ . World Politics , 48 ( 1 ) Oct. : 117 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle , Michael W. 1997 . Ways of War and Peace , New York : W. W. Norton & Co. .
   Google Scholar
• Fearon , James D. 1995 . ‘Rationalist Explanations for War’ . International Organization , 51 ( 4 ) Autumn : 379 – 414 .
   Google Scholar
• Katzenstein , Peter . 1997 . The Culture of National Security , Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Russett , Bruce . 1995 . Grasping the Democratic Peace: Principles for a Post‐Cold War World , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zartman , I. William and Rasmussen , J. Lewis , eds. 1997 . Peacemaking and International Conflict: Methods and Techniques , Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Annan , Kofi . 1997 . ‘The Quiet Revolution’ . Global Governance , 4 ( 2 ) April‐June : 123 – 38 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holbrooke , Richard C. 1998 . To End War , New York : Random House .
   Google Scholar
• Posen , Barry . 1996 . ‘Military Responses to Refugee Disasters’ . International Security , 21 ( 1 ) Summer : 72 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. and Pasic , Amir . 1997 . ‘Reinventing UNHCR: Enterprising Humanitarians in the Former Yugoslavia, 1991–1995’ . Global Governance , 3 ( 1 ) Jan.‐March : 41 – 57 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann , Chaim . 1996 . ‘Possible and Impossible Solutions to Ethnic Civil Wars’ . International Security , 20 ( 4 ) Spring : 136 – 75 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stedman , Stephen J. 1997 . ‘Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes’ . International Security , 22 ( 2 ) Fall : 5 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter , Barbara F. 1997 . ‘The Critical Barrier to Civil War Settlement’ . International Organization , 51 ( 3 ) Summer : 262 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Huntington , Samuel P. 1996 . The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order , New York : Simon & Schuster .
   Google Scholar
• Kelman , Herbert . “ Social‐Psychological Dimensions of International Conflict ” . In Peacemaking and International Conflict Edited by: Zartman and Rasmussen . 191 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Percival , Val and Homer‐Dixon , Thomas . 1998 . ‘Environmental Scarcity and Violent Conflict: The Case of South Africa’ . Journal of Peace Research , 35 ( 3 ) May : 279 – 91 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strange , Susan . 1996 . The Retreat of the State , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Grieder , William . 1998 . One World, Ready or Not , New York : Touchstone Books .
   Google Scholar
• Väyrynen , Raimo . 1996 . The Age of Humanitarian Emergencies , Helsinki : World Institute for Development Economics Research .
   Google Scholar
• Pugh , Michael . 1998 . ‘Military Intervention and Humanitarian Action: Trends and Issues’ . Disasters , 22 ( 4 ) Dec. : 339 – 51 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. 1999 . Military‐Civilian Interactions: Intervening in Humanitarian Crises , Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Keen , David . 1998 . The Economic Functions of Violence in Civil War , Adelphi Paper 320 Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jean , Francois and Rufin . 1996 . Economie des Guerres Civiles , Paris : Hachette .
   Google Scholar
• Waal , Alex de . 1997 . Famine Crimes: Politics and the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa , Oxford : James Currey .
   Google Scholar
• Maren , Michael . 1997 . The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity , New York : Free Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ullman , Richard H. 1996 . The World and Yugoslavia's Wars , New York : Council on Foreign Relations .
   Google Scholar
• Ignatieff , Michael . 1998 . “ ‘The Stories We Tell: Television and Humanitarian Aid’ ” . In Hard Choices: Moral Dilemmas in Humanitarian Intervention , Edited by: Moore , Jonathan . 287 – 302 . Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Gowing , Nik . 1997 . Media Coverage: Help or Hindrance in Conflict Prevention? , New York : Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict .
   Google Scholar
• Strobel , Warren P. 1997 . Late‐Breaking Foreign Policy: The News Media's Influence on Peace Operations , Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace Press .
   Google Scholar
• Minear , Larry , Scott , Colin and Weiss , Thomas G. 1996 . The News Media, Civil War, and Humanitarian Action , Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Neuman , Johanna . 1996 . Lights, Camera, War , New York : St. Martin's Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rotberg , Robert I. and Weiss , Thomas G. , eds. 1996 . From Massacres to Genocide: The Media, Public Policy, and Humanitarian Crises , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Girardet , Edward R. 1995 . Somalia, Rwanda, and Beyond: The Role of the International Media in Wars and Humanitarian Crises , Geneva : Crosslines .
   Google Scholar
• Gutman , Roy . 1993 . Witness to Genocide , Middleton, Wisconsin : Lisa Drew .
   Google Scholar
• Ruggie , John Gerard . 1993 . ‘Wandering in the Void’ . Foreign Affairs , 72 ( 5 ) Nov./Dec. : 26 – 31 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nations , United . 1996 . The Blue Helmets , 3rd ed. , New York : United Nations .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. 1995 . ‘Overcoming the Somalia Syndrome’ . Global Governance , 1 ( 2 ) May‐Aug. : 171 – 87 .
   Google Scholar
• Farer , Tom J. 1996 . ‘Intervention in Unnatural Humanitarian Emergencies: Lessons of the First Phase’ . Human Rights Quarterly , 18 ( 1 ) Feb. : 1 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandelbaum , Michael . 1994 . ‘The Reluctance to Intervene’ . Foreign Policy , Summer : 11
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. 1998 . Beyond UN Sub‐contracting: Task‐sharing with Regional Security Arrangements and Service‐Providing NGOs , 49 – 136 . London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Chopra , Jarat and Weiss , Thomas G. 1996 . “ ‘The United Nations and the Former Second World: Coping with Conflict’ ” . In Preventing Conflict in the Post‐Communist World: Mobilizing International and Regional Organizations , Edited by: Chayes , Antonia Handler and Chayes , Abram . 507 – 38 . Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Daniel , Donald C. F. and Hayes , Brad . 1996 . ‘Securing Observance of UN Mandates through the Employment of Military Force’ . International Peacekeeping , 3 ( 4 ) Winter : 105 – 25 .
   Google Scholar
• Annan , Kofi . 1998 . “ ‘Challenges of the New Peacekeeping’ ” . In Peacemaking and Peacekeeping for the New Century , Edited by: Otunnu , Olara and Doyle , Michael W. 169 – 87 . Lanham, MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
   Google Scholar
• Touval , Saadia . 1982 . The Peace Brokers: Mediators in the Arab‐Israeli Conflict, 1948–1979 , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zartman , I. William . 1995 . Elusive Peace: Negotiating an End to Civil Wars , Washington, DC : Brookings Institution .
   Google Scholar
• Hampson , Fen Osier . 1996 . Nurturing Peace: Why Peace Settlements Succeed or Fail , Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace .
   Google Scholar
• Azar , Edward E. and Moon , Chung‐in , eds. 1988 . National Security in the Third World: The Management of International and External Threats , Aldershot : Edward EJgar .
   Google Scholar
• Hoffmann , Mark . 1992 . “ ‘Third‐Party Mediation and Conflict Resolution in the Post‐Cold War World’ ” . In Dilemmas of World Politics: International Issues in a Changing World , Edited by: Bayliss , John and Rengger , N. J. 261 – 86 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jackson , Robert H. 1990 . Quasi‐States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Helman , Gerald B. and Ratner , Steven R. 1992–93 . ‘Saving Failed States’ . Foreign Policy , Winter : 3 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Duffield , Mark . 1998 . Aid Policy and Postmodern Conflict: A Critical Review , Occasional Paper 19 Birmingham : School of Public Policy .
   Google Scholar
• Ayoob , Mohammed . 1994 . The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System , Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• Zartman , I. William . 1995 . Collapsed States: The Disintegration and Restoration of Legitimate Authority , Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . ‘Reconstructing Nations and States’ . Daedalus , 122 ( 3 ) Summer
   Google Scholar
• Brown , Michael . 1993 . Ethnic Conflict and International Security , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1996 . The International Implications of Internal Conflicts , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Moore , Jonathan . 1996 . The UN and Complex Emergencies , Geneva : UN Research Institute for Social Development .
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , Adam . 1996 . Humanitarianism and War: Aid, Protection and Impartiality in a Policy Vacuum , Adelphi Paper 305 London : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. and Collins , Cindy . 1996 . Humanitarian Challenges and Intervention: World Politics and the Dilemmas of Help , Boulder : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Minear , Larry and Weiss , Thomas G. 1995 . Mercy Under Fire: War and the Global Humanitarian Community , Boulder : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Duffield , Mark . “ ‘NGO Relief in War Zones: Toward an Analysis of the New Aid Paradigm’ ” . Edited by: Smillie , Ian .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , ed. “ ‘NGOs and Development Assistance: A Change in Mind‐set?’ ” . In Beyond UN Sub‐contracting 139 – 59 . 184 – 202 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. and Gordenker , Leon , eds. 1996 . NGOs, the UN, and Global Governance , Boulder : Lynne Rienner .
   Google Scholar
• International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies . 1997 . World Disasters Report 1997 , 24 – 5 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . ‘The Emperor's New Clothes: Charting the Erosion of Humanitarian Principles’ . Disasters , 22 ( 4 ) Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Uvin , Peter . 1998 . Aiding Violence: The Development Enterprise in Rwanda , West Hartford, Connecticut : Kumarian .
   Google Scholar
• 1994 . ‘Conflicts and the Crisis of Developmentalism’ . IDS Bulletin , XXV : 37 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Harff , Barbara and Gurr , Ted Robert . 1998 . ‘Systematic Early Warning of Humanitarian Emergencies’ . Journal of Peace Research , 35 ( 5 ) Sept. : 551 – 79 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurr , Ted Robert . 1970 . Why Men Rebel , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1993 . Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts , Washington, DC : US Institute of Peace Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gurr , Ted Robert and Harff , Barbara . 1994 . Ethnic Conflict in World Politics , Boulder : Westview .
   Google Scholar
• Cohen , Roger . 1998 . ‘Redrawing the Free Market’ . New York Times , 14 Nov. : A18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Collier , Paul and Hoeffler , Anke . 1998 . ‘On Economic Causes of Civil War’ . Oxford Economic Papers , 50 ( 4 ) Oct. : 563 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Londono , Juan Luis . 1996 . Poverty, Inequality, and Human Capital Development in Latin America, 1950–2025 , Washington, DC : World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Dawson , Jane I. 1996 . Eco‐Nationalism: Anti‐Nuclear Activism and National Identity in Russia, Lithuania, and Ukraine , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Held , David , McGrew , Anthony , Goldblatt , David and Perraton , Jonathan . 1999 . Global Transformations: Politics, Economics, and Culture , Stanford : Stanford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rothschild , Emma . 1999 . ‘Globalization and the Return of History’ . Foreign Policy , Summer : 107
   Google Scholar
• Chase , Robert , Hill , Emily and Kennedy , Paul , eds. 1998 . The Pivotal States: A New Framework for US Policy in the Developing World , New York : Norton .
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Development Programme . 1997 . Human Development Report 1997 , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . Human Development Report 1998 , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Smillie , Ian . 1995 . The Alms Bazaar: Altruism Under Fire ‐ Non‐Profit Organizations and International Development , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• Edwards , Michael and Hulme , David , eds. 1996 . Beyond the Magic Bullet: NGO Performance and Accountability in the Post‐Cold War World , West Hartford, CT : Kumarian .
   Google Scholar
• Randel , Judith and German , Tony , eds. 1997 . The Reality of Aid 1997–1998 , London : Earthscan .
   Google Scholar
• 1998 . ‘Rethinking Geographies: North‐South Development’ . Third World Quarterly , 19 ( 4 )
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slaughter , Anne‐Marie , Pulumello , Andrew S. and Wood , Stepan . 1998 . ‘International Law and International Relations Theory: A New Generation of Interdisciplinary Scholarship’ . American Journal of International Law , 92 ( 3 ) July : 367 – 97 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ku , Charlotte and Weiss , Thomas G. , eds. 1998 . Toward Understanding Global Governance: The International Law and International Relations Toolbox , Providence : ACUNS .
   Google Scholar
• Wiarda , Howard . 1998 . ‘Is Comparative Politics Dead? Rethinking the Field in the Post‐Cold War Era’ . Third World Quarterly , 19 ( 5 ) : 935 – 49 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosby , Ann Denholm . 1998 . ‘Defining Security Environments for Global Governance: Canada and the US Global Protection System’ . Global Governance , 4 ( 3 ) July‐Sept. : 331 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaff , William . 1998 . Washington's New Vision for NATO Could Be Divisive . International Herald Tribune , 5 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Lyons , Gene M. and Mastanduno , Michael . 1995 . Beyond Westphalia?: National Sovereignty and International Intervention , Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bull , Hedley . 1977 . The Anarchical Society , 69 New York : Columbia University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Weber , Cynthia and Biersteker , Thomas J. 1996 . State Sovereignty as Social Construct , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Hehir , J. Bryan . “ ‘Military Intervention and National Sovereignty: Recasting the Relationship’ ” . In Hard Choices Edited by: Moore . 30
   Google Scholar
• Deng , Francis M. 1993 . Protecting the Dispossessed: A Challenge for the International Community , Washington, DC : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , Francis M. 1995 . Sovereignty as Responsibility , Washington, DC : Brookings .
   Google Scholar
• Deng , Francis M. 1995 . ‘Frontiers of Sovereignty’ . Leiden Journal of International Law , 8 ( 2 ) : 249 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Weiss , Thomas G. 1999 . ‘Whither International Efforts for Internally Displaced Persons’ . Journal of Peace Research , 36 ( 3 ) May : 363 – 73 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annan , Kofi . “ ‘Peacekeeping, Military Intervention, and National Sovereignty in Internal Armed Conflict’ ” . In Hard Choices Edited by: Moore . 58
   Google Scholar
• Mearsheimer , John J. 1994–95 . ‘The False Promise of International Institutions’ . International Security , 19 ( 3 ) Winter : 5 – 19 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walt , Stephen M. 1998 . ‘International Relations: One World, Many Theories’ . Foreign Policy , Spring : 44
   Google Scholar
• Ramsbotham , Oliver and Woodhouse , Tom . 1996 . Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict , Cambridge : Polity Press .
   Google Scholar
• Harriss , John . 1995 . The Politics of Humanitarian Intervention , London : Pinter .
   Google Scholar
• Mayall , James . 1996 . The New Interventionism: United Nations Experience in Cambodia, Former Yugoslavia, and Somalia , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Pieterse , Jan Nederveen . 1998 . World Orders in the Making: The Case of Humanitarian Intervention , London : Macmillan .
   Google Scholar
• Sanchez , Oscar Arias . 1997 . ‘Ten Years After Esquipulas: Looking Toward the Future’ . First Distinguished World Leader's Lecture . 1997 , Providence. ACUNS .
   Google Scholar
• Nye , Joseph P. Jr. 1999 . ‘Redefining the National Interest’ . Foreign Affairs , 78 ( 4 ) July/Aug. : 22 30
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• 1996 . National Interests in International Society , 69 – 88 . Ithaca : Cornell University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barnett , Michael . 1995 . ‘The United Nations and Global Security: The Norm Is Mightier Than the Sword’ . Ethics and International Affairs , IX : 37 – 54 .
   Google Scholar
• Ullman , Richard H. 1983 . ‘Redefining Security’ . International Security , 8 ( 1 ) Summer
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynn‐Jones , Sean M. and Miller , Steve E. , eds. 1995 . Global Dangers: Changing Dimensions of International Security , 15 – 39 . Cambridge, MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar