541
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Architecture and friendship among nations: the shifting politics of cultural diplomacy in Tbilisi, Georgia

&
Pages 1213-1229 | Received 04 Mar 2021, Accepted 22 Jun 2021, Published online: 03 Jul 2021

References

  • 1TV.GE. 2009. “საქართველოს პრეზიდენტმაათიათასი ძირი პალმა საჩუქრად მიიღო” [Georgian President Was Gifted Ten Thousand Palm Trees]. March 10. Accessed January 10, 2020. http://old.1tv.ge/ge/news/view/8096.html.
  • Agenda.ge. 2017. “Georgia Forges Closer Ties with Gulf Cooperation Council.” Agenda.Ge, February 14. Accessed January 10, 2020. https://agenda.ge/en/news/2017/264
  • Akagawa, N. 2014. Heritage Conservation and Japan’s Cultural Diplomacy: Heritage, National Identity and National Interest. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Ang, I., Y. R. Isar, and P. Mar. 2015. “Cultural Diplomacy: Beyond the National Interest?” International Journal of Cultural Policy 21 (4): 365–381. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2015.1042474.
  • Baaboud, A. 2005. “Dynamics and Determinants of the GCC States’ Foreign Policy, with Special Reference to the EU.” In Analyzing Middle East Foreign Policies and the Relationship with Europe, edited by G. Nonneman, 254–282. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Bartlett, W., J. Ker-Lindsay, K. Alexander, and T. Prelec. 2017. “The UAE as an Emerging Actor in the Western Balkans: The Case of Strategic Investment in Serbia.” Journal of Arabian Studies 7 (1): 94–112. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2017.1322753.
  • Bassin, M. 2000. “Landscape and Identity in Russian and Soviet Art: An Introduction.” Ecumene 7 (3): 249–251. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/096746080000700301.
  • Bater, J. H. 1980. The Soviet City: Ideal and Reality. Vol. 2. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Bekus, N. 2020. “Transnational Circulation of Cultural Form: Multiple Agencies of Heritage Making.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 26 (12): 1148–1165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1652922.
  • Bennett, O. 2020. Cultural Diplomacy and International Cultural Relations: Volume I. New York: NY: Routledge.
  • Berikishvili, E., and D. Sichinava. 2018. “Transformation of Urban Protests in Tbilisi: From Spontaneous Activism to Social Movements.” In Tbilisi: Archive of Transition, edited by K. Neuburg, S. Pranz, W. Tsereteli, and J. Vogler. Salenstein, 177–183. Switzerland: Niggli Verlag Publishers.
  • Bown, M. C., and B. Taylor, eds. 1993. Art of the Soviets: Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture in a One-Party State, 1917–1992. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
  • Brooks, J. 2000. Thank You, Comrade Stalin!: Soviet Public Culture from Revolution to Cold War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Castillo, G. 2001. “Building Culture in Divided Berlin: Globalization and the Cold War.” In Hybrid Urbanism: On the Identity Discourse and the Built Environment, edited by A. Nezar, 181–205. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
  • Chapidze, E. 2012. “იმელისშენობადანგრევის მოლოდინში” [Imeli Building Awaits Demolition]. Rezonansi. February 12. Accessed May 15, 2019. http://www.resonancedaily.com/mobile/index.php?id_rub=2&id_artc=9328.
  • Chincharauli, N. 2010. “მშენებლობახელოვნებისგზით,ანუთბილისის რეკონსტრუქციისმგრძნობიარესაკითხები” [Artistic Construction, or Contentious Questions of Tbilisi’s Reconstruction].” Ars Georgica, B. Accessed May 08, 2019. http://www.georgianart.ge/index.php/ka/2010-11-29-22-39-29/49-2010-11-23-14-08-15.html.
  • Cicero, M. T. 1897. De Amicitia (On Friendship). Translated by B. E. Smith, Reprint, N. Y. New York: Palala Press, 2015 
  • Civil.Ge. 2007. “Gulf Emirate Plans USD 817 Mln Real Estate Investment in Georgia.” Civil.Ge (blog). February 18. Accessed May 08, 2019. https://civil.ge/archives/111953.
  • Clark, K. 2003. “Socialist Realism and the Sacralizing of Space.” In The Landscape of Stalinism- the Art and Ideology of Soviet Space, edited by E. Dobrenko and E. Naiman, 3–18. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.
  • Clarke, A. 2018. “Heritage Diplomacy.” In Handbook of Cultural Security, edited by Y. Watanabe, 417–436. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Cochrane, L. 2021. “The United Arab Emirates as a Global Donor: What a Decade of Foreign Aid Data Transparency Reveals.” Development Studies Research 8 (1): 49–62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/21665095.2021.1883453.
  • Cummings, M. C. 2003. Cultural Diplomacy and the United States Government: A Survey. Washington, DC: Center for Arts and Culture.
  • Denison, M. 2009. “The Art of the Impossible: Political Symbolism, and the Creation of National Identity and Collective Memory in Post-Soviet Turkmenistan.” Europe-Asia Studies 61 (7): 1167–1187. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09668130903068715.
  • Deschepper, J. 2019. “Between Future and Eternity: A Soviet Conception of Heritage.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 25 (5): 491–506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2018.1467949.
  • Diener, A. C., and J. Hagen. 2016. From Socialist to Post-Socialist Cities: Cultural Politics of Architecture, Urban Planning, and Identity in Eurasia. London. UK; New York: NY: Routledge.
  • Eggeling, K. A. 2017. “Cultural Diplomacy in Qatar: Between ‘Virtual Enlargement’, National Identity Construction and Elite Legitimation.” International Journal of Cultural Policy 23 (6): 717–731. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10286632.2017.1308505.
  • Engels, F., and K. Marx. 2004. The Communist Manifesto. London: Penguin UK.
  • Fenton, S. 2008. “Rakeen Launches Dh15b Dana Island.” June 8. Accessed May 09, 2019. https://gulfnews.com/business/property/rakeen-launches-dh15b-dana-island-1.110985.
  • Finn, H. K. 2003. “The Case for Cultural Diplomacy: Engaging Foreign Audiences.” Foreign Affairs 82 (6): 15–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.2307/20033753.
  • Fitzpatrick, S. 1999. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Forest, B., and J. Johnson. 2002. “Unraveling the Threads of History: Soviet–Era Monuments and Post–Soviet National Identity in Moscow.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 92 (3): 524–547. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.00303.
  • Fowkes, R. 2016. “Soviet War Memorials in Eastern Europe, 1945–74.” In Figuration/Abstraction: Strategies for Public Sculpture in Europe 1945-1968, edited by C. Benton, 29–50. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Frederiksen, M. D. 2016. “Material Dys-Appearance: Decaying Futures and Contested Temporal Passage.” In Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience, edited by P. Bjerregaard, A. E. Rasmussen, and T. F. Sørensen, 49–64. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Geering, C. 2020. “Protecting the Heritage of Humanity in the Cold War: UNESCO, the Soviet Union and Sites of Universal Value, 1945–1970s.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 26 (12): 1132–1147. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1664621.
  • Geostat. 2020. “Foreign Direct Investments by Country.” National Statistics Office of Georgia. Accessed December 02, 2020. https://www.geostat.ge/en/modules/categories/191/foreign-direct-investments.
  • Goff, P. M. 2013. “Cultural Diplomacy.” The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy, edited by A. F. Cooper, J. Heine, and R. Thakur, 419-435. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Gogishvili, D. 2010. “Stop IMELI Demolition.” GoPetition. May 10. Accessed May 09, 2019. https://www.gopetition.com/petitions/stop-imeli-demolition.html.
  • Gogishvili, D., and S. Harris-Brandts. December 2019. “Coinciding Practices of Exception in Urban Development: Mega-Events and Special Economic Zones in Tbilisi, Georgia.” European Planning Studies. 28 (10): 1999–2019. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/09654313.2019.1701995.
  • González, P. A. 2016. “Communism and Cultural Heritage: The Quest for Continuity.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 22 (9): 653–663. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2016.1184701.
  • Grubbauer, M., and Č. Nebojša. 2018. “Urban Megaprojects, Nation-State Politics and Regulatory Capitalism in Central and Eastern Europe: The Belgrade Waterfront Project.” Urban Studies 56 (4): 649–671. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098018757663.
  • Harris-Brandts, S. 2018. “The Role of Architecture in the Republic of Georgia’s European Aspirations.” Nationalities Papers 46 (6): 1118–1135. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2018.1488827.
  • Harris-Brandts, S., and D. Gogishvili. 2020. “Lofty Ideals in Aerial Connectivity: Ideology in the Urban Cable Car Network of Tbilisi, Georgia.” Eurasian Geography and Economics 1–31. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/15387216.2020.1801479.
  • Hobbes, T. 1894. Leviathan: Or, the Matter, Form, and Power of a Commonwealth Ecclesiastical and Civil. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Hoffmann, D. L. 2011. Cultivating the Masses: Modern State Practices and Soviet Socialism, 1914–1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Jain, S. 2016. “Creative Factory Executes Breathtaking Projection Mapping on 100 Mt. Tall Surface in Georgia.” EVENTFAQS Media (blog). August 8. Accessed May 10,2019. https://www.eventfaqs.com/news/ef-12653/creative-factory-executes-breathtaking-projection-mapping-on-100-mt-tall-surface-in-georgia.
  • Janberidze, N. 1971. ქართული საბჭოთა არქიტექტურა [Georgian Soviet Architecture]. Tbilisi: Khelovneba.
  • Jones, S. F. 2005. Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • K’omunist’i. 1935. “მარქს-ენგელს-ლენინისინსტიტუტისამიერკავკასიისფილიალისშენობა: მშენებლობის შესახებ” [The Building of the Transcaucasian Branch of the Institute of Marx-Engels-Lenin: On the Process of Construction].” Komunisti. September 12: 1935.
  • Kettering, K. L. 2000. “An Introduction to the Design of the Moscow Metro in the Stalin Period: ‘The Happiness of Life Underground’.” Studies in the Decorative Arts 7 (2): 2–20. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/studdecoarts.7.2.40662738.
  • Khalifa, A. M. 1979. The United Arab Emirates: Unity in Fragmentation. London, UK: Croon Helm.
  • Khutsisvili, G. 1981. Tbilisi: AGuide. Translated by Liv Tudge. Moscow: Planeta Publishers.
  • King, Anthony D. 1996. Representing the City. New York, NY: NYU Press.
  • Koelemaij, J. 2020. “Dubaification in Practice: An Inter-Scalar Analysis of Belgrade Waterfront.” Urban Geography: 1–19. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2020.1721205.
  • Kornfeld, Y. 1948. ““Tvorchestvo Akademika A.V. Shchuseva” [The Art of the Academician A.V. Shchusev].” Arkhitektura i Stroitel’stvo 9: 4–7.
  • Kosenkova, Y. 2010. Архитектура Сталинской Эпохи: Опыт Исторического Осмысления [Architecture of Stalinist Era: An Experience of Historical Rethinking]. Moscow: Komkniga.
  • Kvirkveliya, T., and N. Mgaloblishvili. 1986. Архитектура Советской Грузии [Architecture of the Soviet Georgia]. Moscow: Stroiizdat.
  • Larkin, B. 2013. “The Politics and Poetics of Infrastructure.” Annual Review of Anthropology 42 (1): 327–343. doi:https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-092412-155522.
  • Luke, C., and M. Kersel. 2013. US Cultural Diplomacy and Archaeology: Soft Power, Hard Heritage. New York, NY; London, UK: Routledge.
  • Machiavelli, N. 1882. The Historical, Political, and Diplomatic Writings of Niccolo Machiavelli, Translated by C.E. Detmold. Boston, MA: James R. Osgood and Company.
  • Mark, S. 2009. AGreater Role for Cultural Diplomacy. Den Haag, Netherlands: Netherlands Institute of International Relations ‘Clingendael’.
  • Martin, T. D. 2001. The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • MCMPG. 2012. New Georgia: Georgian Architecture after the Rose Revolution 2004-2012. Tbilisi, Georgia: Ministry of Culture and Monument Protection of Georgia.
  • Melissen, J. 2005. The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Mukhamedzhanov, M. 2018. От Власти К Идее Власти: Из Истории Института Маркса-энгельса-ленина При Цк КПСС [From the Power of Ideas to the Idea of Power: The Istory of the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute at the CC of CPSU]. Saint Petersburg: Nestor-Istoria.
  • Murray, S. 2018. Sports Diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice. New York, NY; London, UK: Routledge.
  • Prevots, N. 1998. Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press.
  • PropertyWire. November 25 2009. Gulf Investment Company Looks to Georgia for Real Estate Investment Opportunities. PropertyWire. Accessed May 10, 2019. https://www.propertywire.com/news/europe/central-europe-property-boost/
  • Rahman, S. 2008. “Rakia Spreads to Georgia and Congo.” Gulf News, July 15. Accessed May 10, 2019. https://gulfnews.com/business/markets/rakia-spreads-to-georgia-and-congo-1.118471.
  • Roshchin, E. 2017. Friendship among Nations: History of a Concept. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.
  • Schmitt, C. 1932. The Concept of the Political, Translated by G. Schwab, Reprint, Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press, 1995.
  • Shchusev, A. 1940. Архитектура Института Маркса-энгельса-ленина В Тбилиси [Architecture of the Marx-Engels-Lenin Institute in Tbilisi]. Moscow, Russia: USSR Academy of Architecture Publishing House.
  • Stanek, Ł. 2020. Architecture in Global Socialism: Eastern Europe, West Africa, and the Middle East in the Cold War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Telepneva, N. 2020. “A Cultural Heritage for National Liberation? the Soviet-Somali Historical Expedition, Soviet African Studies, and the Cold War in the Horn of Africa.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 26 (12): 1185–1202. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2019.1664620.
  • Tevzadze, A. 2016. The Biltmore Tbilisi Projection Mapping. Accessed January 14, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hjDoDzgPCQ0.
  • Therborn, G. 2017. Cities of Power: The Urban, the National, the Popular, the Global. London, UK: Verso.
  • Tillett, L. R. 1969. The Great Friendship: Soviet Historians on the Non-Russian Nationalities. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Trade Arabia. 2018. “Abu Dhabi Fund Finances $115m Albania Projects.” Trade Arabia, March 5. Accessed May 09, 2020. http://www.tradearabia.com/news/BANK_337517.html.
  • Tumarkin, N. 1994. The Living & the Dead: The Rise and Fall of the Cult of World War II in Russia. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Ulrichsen, K. C. 2016. The United Arab Emirates: Power, Politics and Policy-Making. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Vale, L. J. 2008. Architecture, Power, and National Identity. 2nd Ed. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Verhoeven, H. 2018. “The Gulf and the Horn: Changing Geographies of Security Interdependence and Competing Visions of Regional Order.” Civil Wars 20 (3): 333–357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13698249.2018.1483125.
  • Winter, T. 2015. “Heritage Diplomacy.” International Journal of Heritage Studies 21 (10): 997–1015. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2015.1041412.
  • Winter, T. 2016. “Heritage Diplomacy: Entangled Materialities of International Relations.” Future Anterior: Journal of Historic Preservation, History, Theory, and Criticism 13 (1): 17–34. doi:https://doi.org/10.5749/futuante.13.1.0017.
  • Zagoskina, I. 1972. Институт Марксизма-ленинизма При ЦК КПСС” [Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU]. Great Soviet Encyclopedia, 3rd. Vol. 10. , 293–294. Moscow, Russia: Soviet Encyclopedia.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.