938
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Analysis of visual presentation of cultural dimensions: Culture demonstrated by pictures on homepages of universities in Pakistan

ORCID Icon
Pages 592-613 | Received 25 Jul 2015, Accepted 19 Jan 2016, Published online: 16 Mar 2016

References

  • Al-Olayan, Fahad S., and Kiran Karande. 2000. “A Content Analysis of Magazine Advertisements from the United States and the Arab World.” Journal of Advertising 29 (3): 69–82. doi:10.1080/00913367.2000.10673618.
  • Albers-Miller, Nancy D., and Betsy D. Gelb. 1996. “Business Advertising Appeals as a Mirror of Cultural Dimensions: A Study of Eleven Countries.” Journal of Advertising 25 (4): 57–70. doi:10.1080/00913367.1996.10673512.
  • Ali, Zarqa S. 2014. “Visual Representation of Gender in Flood Coverage of Pakistani Print Media.” Weather and Climate Extremes 4: 35–49.10.1016/j.wace.2014.04.001
  • Armando, Calabrese, Capece Guendalina, Pillo Francesca Di, and Martino Federico. 2014. “Cultural Adaptation of Web Design Services as Critical Success Factor for Business Excellence.” Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal 21 (2): 172–190. doi:10.1108/CCM-09-2012-0070.
  • Aslam, Muhammad. 2009. “Foreign Students Admission.” Higher Education Commision. Last Modified 7 February 2013. Accessed June 27. http://www.hec.gov.pk/InsideHEC/Divisions/AECA/ForeignStudentsAdmission/Pages/Welcome.aspx
  • Bai, Billy, Rob Law, and Ivan Wen. 2008. “The Impact of Website Quality on Customer Satisfaction and Purchase Intentions: Evidence from Chinese Online Visitors.” International Journal of Hospitality Management 27 (3): 391–402. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2007.10.008.
  • Baldwin, Gabrielle. 1994. “The Student as Customer: The Discourse of ‘Quality’ in Higher Education.” Journal of Tertiary Education Administration 16 (1): 125–133. doi:10.1080/1036970940160110.
  • Bargh, John A., and Katelyn Y. A. McKenna. 2004. “The Internet and Social Life.” Annual Review of Psychology 55 (1): 573–590. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.141922.
  • Berelson, Bernard. 1952. Content Analysis in Communication Research. Glencoe, IL: Free Press.
  • Berners-Lee, Tim, and Mark Fischetti. 2000. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor. San Francisco: HarperInformation.
  • Bond, Michael H., Kwok-Choi Wan, Kwok Leung, and Robert A. Giacalone. 1985. “How Are Responses to Verbal Insult Related to Cultural Collectivism and Power Distance?” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 16 (1): 111–127.10.1177/0022002185016001009
  • Burki, Shahid Javed. 2012 “A quiet revolution by women in Pakistan.” The Express Tribune, July 1. Accessed June 29. http://tribune.com.pk/story/401995/a-quiet-revolution-by-women-in-pakistan/
  • Callahan, Ewa. 2005. “Cultural Similarities and Differences in the Design of University Web Sites.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (1): 239–273. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00312.x.
  • Campbell, Gordon. 2012. "Our universities have become factories." The Telegraph, November 14. Accessed April 12. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/9675360/Our-universities-have-become-factories.html
  • Cardon, Peter W., and Bryan A. Marshall. 2008. “National Culture and Technology Acceptance: The Impact of Uncertainty Avoidance.” Issues in Information Systems 9 (2): 103–110.
  • Cardona, P., and M. J. Morley. 2013. Manager-Subordinate Trust in Different Cultures. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Carrell, Patricia L. 1984. “Schema Theory and ESL Reading: Classroom Implications and Applications.” The Modern Language Journal 68 (4): 332–343. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4781.1984.tb02509.x.
  • Chapleo, Chris, María Victoria Carrillo Durán, and Ana Castillo Díaz. 2011. “Do UK Universities Communicate Their Brands Effectively through Their Websites?” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 21 (1): 25–46. doi:10.1080/08841241.2011.569589.
  • Cheng, H. 1997. “‘Holding up Half of the Sky’? A Sociocultural Comparison of Gender-Role Portrayals in Chinese and US Advertising.” International Journal of Advertising 16 (4): 295–319. doi:10.1111/j.0265-0487.1997.00063. p. x.
  • Choi, Soojin, Xinran Y. Lehto, and Alastair M. Morrison. 2007. “Destination Image Representation on the Web: Content Analysis of Macau Travel Related Websites.” Tourism Management 28 (1): 118–129.10.1016/j.tourman.2006.03.002
  • Chou, Chien, and Ming-Chun Hsiao. 2000. “Internet Addiction, Usage, Gratification, and Pleasure Experience: The Taiwan College Students’ Case.” Computers & Education 35 (1): 65–80. doi:10.1016/S0360-1315(00)00019-1.
  • Cyr, D. 2013. “Website Design, Trust and Culture: An Eight Country Investigation.” Electronic Commerce Research and Applications 12 (6): 373–385.10.1016/j.elerap.2013.03.007
  • Cyr, Dianne, Gurprit S. Kindra, and Satyabhusan Dash. 2008. “Web Site Design, Trust, Satisfaction and E-Loyalty: The Indian Experience.” Online Information Review 32 (6): 773–790. doi:10.1108/14684520810923935.
  • Cyr, Dianne, Milena Head, Hector Larios, and Bing Pan. 2009. “Exploring Human Images in Website Design: A Multi-Method Approach.” MIS Quarterly 33 (3): 539–566.
  • Dahal, S. 2011. Eyes Don’t Lie: Understanding Users’ First Impressions on Website Design Using Eye Tracking. Missouri, United States: Missouri University of Science and Technology.
  • De Troyer, Olga, Abdalghani Mushtaha, Hélène Stengers, Martine Baetens, Frank Boers, Sven Casteleyn, and Peter Plessers. 2006. “On Cultural Differences in Local Web Interfaces.” Journal of Web Engineering 5 (3): 246.
  • Featherstone, Mike. 1982. “The Body in Consumer Culture.” Theory, Culture & Society 1 (2): 18–33.
  • Ford, J. B., E. D. Honeycutt Jr, M. S. LaTour, P. K. Voli, M. Joseph, and J. Job. 2015. “A Comparison of American and New Zealand Consumer Perceptions of Sex Role Portrayals in Advertising.” Paper presented at the Proceedings of the 1993 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, Miami, FL.
  • van der Geest, Thea, and Jan H. Spyridakis. 2000. “Developing Heuristics for Web Communication: An Introduction to This Special Issue.” Technical Communication 47 (3): 301–310.
  • Getz, Donald, Tommy Andersson, and Jack Carlsen. 2010. “Festival Management Studies: Developing a Framework and Priorities for Comparative and Cross-Cultural Research.” International Journal of Event and Festival Management 1 (1): 29–59.10.1108/17852951011029298
  • Gong, Wen, Zhan G. Li, and Rodney L. Stump. 2007. “Global Internet Use and Access: Cultural Considerations.” Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics 19 (1): 57–74. doi:10.1108/13555850710720902.
  • Gray, Brendan J., Kim Shyan Fam, and Violeta A. Llanes. 2003. “Branding Universities in Asian Markets.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 12 (2): 108–120. doi:10.1108/10610420310469797.
  • Gross, Elisheva F. 2004. “Adolescent Internet Use: What We Expect, What Teens Report.” Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 25 (6): 633–649. doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2004.09.005.
  • Hartman, Kenneth E. 1998. “The Internet & College Admissions Implications and Opportunities.” Change: The Magazine of Higher Learning 30 (2):54–55. doi: 10.1080/00091389809602609.
  • Hermeking, Marc. 2005. “Culture and Internet Consumption: Contributions from Cross-Cultural Marketing and Advertising Research.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 11 (1): 192–216. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.tb00310.x.
  • Hofstede, Geert. 2015. “The Hofstede Centre Strategy Culture Change.” Accessed June 2. http://geert-hofstede.com/
  • Hofstede, Geert, Gert Jan Hofstede, and Micheal Minkov. 2010. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind: Intercultural Cooperation and its Importance for Survival. 3rd ed. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Hofstede, Geert, and Getr Jan Hofstede. 2004. Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill Education.
  • Holliday, Ruth, David Bell, Meredith Jones, Kate Hardy, Emily Hunter, Elspeth Probyn, and Jacqueline Sanchez Taylor. 2015. “Beautiful Face, Beautiful Place: Relational Geographies and Gender in Cosmetic Surgery Tourism Websites.” Gender, Place & Culture 22 (1): 90–106.
  • Holton, Robert J. 2011. Globalization and the Nation State. 2nd ed. Hampshire, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-1-349-26636-4
  • Hongladarom, Soraj. 1999. “Global Culture, Local Cultures and the Internet: The Thai Example.” AI & Society 13 (4): 389–401. doi:10.1007/BF01205985.
  • Hsieh, HsiuChing, Ray Holland, and Mark Young. 2009. “A Theoretical Model for Cross-Cultural Web Design.” In Human Centered Design, edited by Masaaki Kurosu, 712–721. Berlin: Springer Heidelberg.
  • Hsieh, HsiuChingLaura, Chi-Hsiung Chen, and SinDai Hong. 2013. “Incorporating Culture in Website Design: A Comparison of Taiwanese and Australian Website Characteristics.” In Cross-Cultural Design. Cultural Differences in Everyday Life, edited by P. L. Patrick Rau, 393–403. Berlin: Springer Heidelberg.
  • Hsiu-Feng, Wang. 2014. “Picture Perfect: Girls’ and Boys’ Preferences towards Visual Complexity in Children’s Websites.” Computers in Human Behavior 31: 551–557.10.1016/j.chb.2013.05.033
  • Huberman, Bernardo A., and Lada A. Adamic. 1999. “Internet: Growth Dynamics of the World-Wide Web.” Nature 401 (6749): 131–131.
  • Imran, Myra. 2012. "Higher education indicators portray bright future for women." The News International, June 11. Accessed June 27. http://www.thenews.com.pk/Todays-News-6-113697-Higher-education-indicators-portray-bright-future-for-women
  • Internet World Stats. 2015a. “Internet Usage Statistics. The Internet Big Picture: World Internet Users and Populations Stats.” Miniwatts Marketing Group. Last Modified June 30, 2015. Accessed November 9. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htm
  • Internet World Stats. 2015b. “Internet Usage Statistics. The Internet Big Picture: World Internet Users and Populations Stats.” Miniwatts Marketing Group. Last Modified June 30, 2015 Accessed November 9. http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats.htm.
  • Islam, Nasir. 2004. “Sifarish, Sycophants, Power and Collectivism: Administrative Culture in Pakistan.” International Review of Administrative Sciences 70 (2): 311–330. doi:10.1177/0020852304044259.
  • Jones, Steve. 2002. “The Internet Goes to College. Pew Internet & American Life.” USDLA Journal 16 (10).
  • Kausar, Ghazala, and Dania Anwar. 2015. “Stress in Pakistani Working Women.” Journal of Culture, Society and Development 5: 58–64.
  • Khan, Muhammad Zia Ullah, Sumaira Rehman, and Chaudhry Abdul Rehman. 2015. “Education and Income Inequality in Pakistan.” Management and Administrative Sciences Review 4 (1): 134–145.
  • Khashman, Nouf, and Andrew Large. 2011. “Measuring Cultural Markers in Arabic Government Websites Using Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions.” In Design, User Experience, and Usability. Theory, Methods, Tools and Practice, edited by Aaron Marcus, 431–439. Berlin: Springer Heidelberg.
  • Kotabe, M., and K. Helsen. 2014. Global Marketing Management. 5th ed. New Jersey, United States: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Lievrouw, L. A., and S. Livingstone. 2002. Handbook of New Media: Social Shaping and Consequences of ICTs. London, United Kingdom: Sage.
  • Lindquist, Jay D., Kimberly A. Steinfeldt, and Joseph J. Belonax Jr. 2015. “Women’s Role Stereotypes in Magazine ADS: A 25 Year Perspective-from Suburbia through the Feminine Mystique to Liberation.” Proceedings of the 1994 Academy of Marketing Science (AMS) Annual Conference, London.
  • Lombard, Matthew, Jennifer Snyder-Duch, and Cheryl Campanella Bracken. 2002. “Content Analysis in Mass Communication: Assessment and Reporting of Intercoder Reliability.” Human Communication Research 28 (4): 587–604.10.1111/hcre.2002.28.issue-4
  • Huang, Y., and D. T. Lowry. 2015. “Toward Better Gender Equality? Portrayals of Advertising Models’ Occupational Status in Chinese Magazines.” Journal of International Consumer Marketing 27 (1): 69–83.
  • Malamed, C. 2009. Visual Language for Designers. Singapore: Rockport.
  • Malik, N. 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility and Development in Pakistan. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
  • Marcus, Aaron, and Emilie West Gould. 2000. “Crosscurrents: Cultural Dimensions and Global Web User-Interface Design.” Interactions 7 (4): 32–46.10.1145/345190.345238
  • Marsh, Emily E., and Marilyn Domas White. 2006. “Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology.” Library Trends 55 (1): 22–45.
  • Maryam, Rab. 2014. “What Higher Education Reforms Have Done for Pakistan’s Women.” Accessed September 2. http://blog.britishcouncil.org/2014/03/16/what-higher-education-reforms-have-done-for-pakistans-women/
  • Minkov, M., and G. Hofstede. 2012. “Is national culture a meaningful concept? Cultural values delineate homogeneous national clusters of in-country regions.” Cross-Cultural Research 46 (2): 133–159. doi:10.1177/1069397111427262.
  • Mohammad, Razia Fakir, and Brian Harlech-Jones. 2008. “Working as Partners for Classroom Reform.” International Journal of Educational Development 28 (5): 534–545.10.1016/j.ijedudev.2008.01.006
  • Money, John. 1994. “The Concept of Gender Identity Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence after 39 Years.” Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy 20 (3): 163–177.
  • de Mooij, Marieke, and Geert Hofstede. 2010. “The Hofstede Model: Applications to Global Branding and Advertising Strategy and Research.” International Journal of Advertising 29 (1): 85–110. doi:10.2501/S026504870920104X.
  • Morschett, D., H. Schramm-Klein, and J. Zentes. 2011. Strategic International Management: Text and Cases. 3rd ed. Wiesbaden, Germany: Springer Gabler.
  • Mueller, Barbara, Sandra Diehl, and Ralf Terlutter. 2015. “GLOBE Cultural Dimensions: Providing Insights for Advertising Execution in the Global Marketplace.” In Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. V), edited by Ivana Bušljeta Banks, Patrick De Pelsmacker and Shintaro Okazaki, 161–175. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien.
  • Nakamura, L. 2008. Digitizing Race: Visual Cultures of the Internet. London: University of Minnesota Press.
  • Okazaki, Shintaro. 2004. “Does Culture Matter? Identifying Cross-National Dimensions in Japanese Multinationals’ Product-Based Websites.” Electronic Markets 14 (1): 58–69. doi:10.1080/1019678042000175306.
  • Pauwels, Luc. 2012. “A Multimodal Framework for Analyzing Websites as Cultural Expressions.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 17 (3): 247–265. doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2012.01572.x.
  • Qadir, Farah, Padmal de Silva, Martin Prince, and Murad Khan. 2005. “Marital Satisfaction in Pakistan: A Pilot Investigation.” Sexual and Relationship Therapy 20 (2): 195–209.10.1080/14681990500113260
  • Ramasubramanian, Srividya, James F. Gyure, and Nasreen M. Mursi. 2003. “Impact of Internet Images: Impression-Formation Effects of University Web Site Images.” Journal of Marketing for Higher Education 12 (2): 49–68. doi:10.1300/J050v12n02_04.
  • Reches, Daniel. 2014. “A Comparative Study of Cultural Dimensions in the U.S. and Pakistan.” Allshore Virtual Staffing. Accessed June 20. http://www.allshorevirtualstaffing.com/a-comparative-study-of-cultural-dimensions-in-the-u-s-and-pakistan/#.VY953lIfSt0
  • Ribisl, Kurt M., Rebecca E. Lee, Lisa Henriksen, and Harry H. Haladjian. 2003. “A Content Analysis of Web Sites Promoting Smoking Culture and Lifestyle.” Health Education & Behavior 30 (1): 64–78.
  • Riffe, D., S. Lacy, and F. G. Fico. 2005. Analyzing Media Messages: Using Quantitative Content Analysis in Research. New York: Routledge.
  • Russell, Mark. 2013. “Using Eye-Tracking Data to Understand First Impressions of a Website.” Software Usability Research Laboratory. Accessed September 15. http://usabilitynews.org/using-eye-tracking-data-to-understand-first-impressions-of-a-website/
  • Schroeder, Jonathan E. 2002. Visual Consumption. New York: Routledge.
  • Sciglimpaglia, Donald, William J Lundstrom, and William G Zikmund. 2015. “Sex Roles in Advertising: Additional Evidence.” In Venkatakrishna V. Bellur (Ed.), The 1980’s: A Decade of Marketing Challenges, 181–183. New York, NY: Springer.
  • Scott, Linda M. 1994. “Images in Advertising: The Need for a Theory of Visual Rhetoric.” Journal of Consumer Research 21 (2):252–273.10.1086/jcr.1994.21.issue-2
  • Shamim, Fauzia. 1996. “Learner Resistance to Innovation in Classroom Methodology.” In H. Coleman (Ed.), Society and the Language Classroom (pp. 105–121). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sharifian, Farzad. 2003. “On Cultural Conceptualisations.” Journal of Cognition and Culture 3 (3): 187–207.10.1163/156853703322336625
  • Shattuc, Jane M. 2014. The Talking Cure: TV Talk Shows and Women. New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Singh, Nitish, Hongxin Zhao, and Xiaorui Hu. 2005a. “Analyzing the Cultural Content of Web Sites.” International Marketing Review 22 (2): 129–146. doi:10.1108/02651330510593241.
  • Singh, Nitish, Hongxin Zhao, and Xiaorui Hu. 2005b. “Cultural Adaptation on the Web: A Study of American Companies’ Domestic and Chinese Websites.” In Advanced Topics in Global Information Management, edited by M. Gordon. Hunter and B. Tan Felix, 203–220. Hershey, PA: IGI Global.
  • Sun, Huatong. 2001. “Building a Culturally-Competent Corporate Web Site: An Exploratory Study of Cultural Markers in Multilingual Web Design.” Proceedings of the 19th Annual International Conference on Computer Documentation, New York, NY.
  • Tang, Tang. 2011. “Marketing Higher Education across Borders: A Cross-Cultural Analysis of University Websites in the US and China.” Chinese Journal of Communication 4 (4): 417–429.10.1080/17544750.2011.616288
  • Ullah, Hazir, and Christine Skelton. 2012. “Gender Representation in the Public Sector Schools Textbooks of Pakistan.” Educational Studies 39 (2): 183–194. doi:10.1080/03055698.2012.702892.
  • Urciuoli, Bonnie. 2003. “Excellence, Leadership, Skills, Diversity: Marketing Liberal Arts Education.” Language & Communication 23 (3–4): 385–408. doi:10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00014-4.
  • Veloutsou, Cleopatra, Robert A. Paton, and John Lewis. 2005. “Consultation and Reliability of Information Sources Pertaining to University Selection.” International Journal of Educational Management 19 (4): 279–291. doi:10.1108/09513540510599617.
  • Wang, Xiaopeng, and Anne Cooper-Chen. 2009. “Asian Images Portrayed in the Websites of US Higher Education Institutions.” Chinese Journal of Communication 2 (2): 193–211. doi:10.1080/17544750902826715.
  • Waters, Richard D., and Kevin D. Lo. 2012. “Exploring the Impact of Culture in the Social Media Sphere: A Content Analysis of Nonprofit Organizations’ Use of Facebook.” Journal of Intercultural Communication Research 41 (3): 297–319. doi:10.1080/17475759.2012.728772.
  • Wernick, A. 1991. Promotional Culture: Advertising, Ideology and Symbolic Expression. London, United Kingdom: Sage.10.1007/978-1-349-22346-6
  • Westwood, Robert G., and James E. Everett. 1987. “Culture’s Consequences: A Methodology for Comparative Management Studies in Southeast Asia?” Asia Pacific Journal of Management 4 (3): 187–202.10.1007/BF01732388
  • Wiles, Judith A., Charles R. Wiles, and Anders Tjernlund. 1995. “A Comparison of Gender Role Portrayals in Magazine Advertising: The Netherlands, Sweden and the USA.” European Journal of Marketing 29 (11): 35–49.10.1108/03090569510100696
  • Wimmer, R. D., and J. R. Dominick. 2011. Mass Media Research: An Introduction. 9th ed. Boston: Thomson, Wadsworth.
  • Zahedi, Fatemeh “Mariam”, William V. Van Pelt, and Mark Srite. 2006. “Web Documents’ Cultural Masculinity and Femininity.” Journal of Management Information Systems 23 (1): 87–128. doi:10.2753/mis0742-1222230103.
  • Zaila, Husnain. 2014. Pakistan Economic Survey 2013–14, edited by Ministry of Finance. Islamabad: Government of Pakistan.
  • Zhang, Lin, Pataradech “Tony” Srisupandit, and Debra Cartwright.2009. “A Comparison of Gender Role Portrayals in Magazine Advertising: The United States, China and Thailand.” Management Research News 32 (7): 683–700.10.1108/01409170910965279
  • Zhang, Yong, and Betsy D. Gelb. 1996. “Matching Advertising Appeals to Culture: The Influence of Products’ Use Conditions.” Journal of Advertising 25 (3): 29–46. doi:10.1080/00913367.1996.10673505.
  • Zia, Rukhsana. 2003. “Religion and Education in Pakistan: An Overview.” Prospects 33 (2): 165–178. doi:10.1023/A:1023690712978.
  • Zotos, Yorgos C, and Eirini Tsichla. 2014. “Female Stereotypes in Print Advertising: A Retrospective Analysis.” Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences. 148:446–454.10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.07.064

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.