Visual cognition of fake news: the effects of consumer brand engagement

References

• Allcott, H., and M. Gentzkow. 2017. “Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 31 (2): 211–236. doi:10.1257/jep.31.2.211.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakir, V., and A. McStay. 2018. “Fake News and the Economy of Emotions: Problems, Causes, Solutions.” Digital Journalism 6 (2): 154–175. doi:10.1080/21670811.2017.1345645.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BaldBerthon, P.R., and L.F. Pitt. 2018. “Brands, Truthiness and Post-Fact: Managing Brands in a Post-Rational World.” Journal of Macromarketing 38 (2): 218–227. doi:10.1177/0276146718755869.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldwin, M., J. Keelan, B. Fehr, V. Enns and E. Koh-Rangarajoo. 1996. “Social-Cognitive Conceptualization of Attachment Working Models: Availability and Accessibility Effects.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (1): 94. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.71.1.94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berthon, P., E. Treen, and L. Pitt. 2018. “How Truthiness, Fake News and Post-Fact Endanger Brands and What to do about it.” GfK Marketing Intelligence Review 10 (1): 18–23. doi:10.2478/gfkmir-2018-0003.
   Google Scholar
• Borges‐Tiago, T., F. Tiago, O. Silva, J. M. Guaita Martínez, and D. Botella‐Carrubi. 2020. “Online Users’ Attitudes toward Fake News: Implications for Brand Management.”.” Psychology & Marketing 37 (9): 1171–1184. doi:10.1002/mar.21349.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, Z.F., and Y. Cheng. 2019. “Consumer Response to Fake News about Brands on Social Media: The Effects of Self-efficacy, Media Trust, and Persuasion Knowledge on Brand Trust.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 29 (2): 188–198. doi:10.1108/JPBM-12-2018-2145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cop, U., D. Drieghe, and W. Duyck. 2015. “Eye Movement Patterns in Natural Reading: A Comparison of Monolingual and Bilingual Reading of A Novel.” PloS One 10 (8): e0134008. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counts, S., and K. Fisher. 2011. “Taking It All In? Visual Attention in Microblog Consumption.” Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media 5 (1): 97–104.
   Google Scholar
• Dalmoro, M., G. Isabella, S. O. d. Almeida, and J. P. dos Santos Fleck. 2019. “Developing a Holistic Understanding of Consumers’ Experiences: An Integrative Analysis of Objective and Subjective Elements in Physical Retail Purchases.” European Journal of Marketing 53 (10): 2054–2079. doi:10.1108/EJM-10-2016-0586.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dessart, L., C. Veloutsou, and A. Morgan-Thomas. 2015. “Consumer Engagement in Online Brand Communities: A Social Media Perspective.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 24 (1): 28–42. doi:10.1108/JPBM-06-2014-0635.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Domenico, G., J. Sit, A. Ishizaka, and D. Nunan. 2021. “Fake News, Social Media and Marketing: A Systematic Review.” Journal of Business Research 124 (s.n): 329–341. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.11.037.
   Google Scholar
• Fitzsimons, G.J., and B. Shiv. 2001. “Nonconscious and Contaminative Effects of Hypothetical Questions on Subsequent Decision Making.” Journal of Consumer Research 28 (2): 224–238. doi:10.1086/322899.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flostrand, A., L. Pitt, and J. Kietzmann. 2019. “Fake News and Brand Management: A Delphi Study of Impact, Vulnerability and Mitigation.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 29 (2): 246–254. doi:10.1108/JPBM-12-2018-2156.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzak, F., S. Makarem, and H. Jae. 2014. “Design Benefits, Emotional Responses, and Brand Engagement.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 23 (1): 16–23. doi:10.1108/JPBM-07-2013-0350.
   Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer, G., and W. Gaissmaier. 2011. “Heuristic Decision Making.” Annual Review of Psychology 62 (s.n): 451–482. doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120709-145346.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Goldstein, G.D., and G. Gigerenzer. 1999. “The Recognition Heuristic: How Ignorance Makes Us Smart.” In Simple Heuristics that Makes Us Smart, edited by G. Gigerenzer and P. Todd, 37–58. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Graham, R., A. Hoover, N.A. Ceballos, and O. Komogortsev. 2011. “Body Mass Index Moderates Gaze Orienting Biases and Pupil Diameter to High and Low Calories Food Image.” Appetite 56 (3): 577–586. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harmeling, C.M., J.W. Moffett, M.J. Arnold, and B.D. Carlson. 2017. “Toward a Theory of Customer Engagement Marketing.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science 45 (3): 312–335. doi:10.1007/s11747-016-0509-2.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollebeek, L. D., and T. Chen. 2014. “Exploring Positively- Versus Negatively-Valenced Brand Engagement: A Conceptual Model.” Journal of Product & Brand Management 23 (1): 62–74. doi:10.1108/JPBM-06-2013-0332
   Google Scholar
• Hollebeek, L.D., M.S. Glynn, and R.J. Brodie. 2014. “Consumer Brand Engagement in Social Media: Conceptualization, Scale Development and Validation.” Journal of Interactive Marketing 28 (2): 149–165. doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2013.12.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husić-Mehmedović, M., I. Omeragić, Z. Batagelj, and T. Kolar. 2017. “Seeing Is Not Necessarily Liking: Advancing Research on Package Design with Eye-tracking.” Journal of Business Research 80: 145–154. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.04.019.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itti, L., and P. Baldi. 2009. “Bayesian Surprise Attracts Human Attention.” Vision Research 49 (10): 1295–1306. doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.09.007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaakkola, E., and M. Alexander. 2014. “The Role of Customer Engagement Behavior in Value Co-creation: A Service System Perspective.” Journal of Service Research 17 (3): 247–261. doi:10.1177/1094670514529187.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman, D. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
   Google Scholar
• Kirby, E. J. 2016. “The City Getting Rich from Fake News.” BBC News, December 5. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-38168281
   Google Scholar
• Kok, E. M., and H. Jarodzka. 2017. “Before Your Very Eyes: The Value and Limitations of Eye Tracking in Medical Education.” Medical education 51 (1): 114–122. doi:10.1111/medu.13066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KokKuisma, J., J. Simola, L. Uusitalo, and A. Öörni. 2010. “The Effects of Animation and Format on the Perception and Memory of Online Advertising.” Journal of Interactive Marketing 24 (4): 269–282. doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2010.07.002.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam, S.Y., A.W.L. Chau, and T.J. Wong. 2007. “Thumbnails as Online Product Displays: How Consumers Process Them.” Journal of Interactive Marketing 21 (1): 36–59. doi:10.1002/dir.20073.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazer, D.M., M.A. Baum, Y. Benkler, A.J. Berinsky, K.M. Greenhill, F. Menczer, and M. Schudson. 2018. “The Science of Fake News.” Science 359 (6380): 1094–1096. doi:10.1126/science.aao2998.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLeod, C., and L. Campbell. 1992. “Memory Accessibility and Probability Judgments: An Experimental Evaluation of the Availability Heuristic.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (6): 890. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.6.890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Micu, A. C., and I. Pentina. 2014. “Integrating Advertising and News about the Brand in the Online Environment: Are All Products the Same?” Journal of Marketing Communications 20 (3): 159–175. doi:10.1080/13527266.2011.653687.
   Google Scholar
• Mihailidis, P., and S. Viotty. 2017. “Spreadable Spectacle in Digital Culture: Civic Expression, Fake News, and the Role of Media Literacies in “Post-fact” Society.” American Behavioral Scientist 61 (4): 441–454. doi:10.1177/0002764217701217.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mills, A. J., C. Pitt, and S.L. Ferguson. 2019. “The Relationship between Fake News and Advertising: Brand Management in the Era of Programmatic Advertising and Prolific Falsehood.” Journal of Advertising Research 59 (1): 3–8. doi:10.2501/JAR-2019-007.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neisser, U. 2014. Cognitive Psychology: Classic Edition. Erlbaum (UK): Psychology Press.
   Google Scholar
• Orquin, J.L., and S.M. Loose. 2013. “Attention and Choice: A Review on Eye Movements in Decision Making.” Acta Psychologica 144 (1): 190–206. doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2013.06.003.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paruthi, M., and H. Kaur. 2017. “Scale Development and Validation for Measuring Online Engagement.” Journal of Internet Commerce 16 (2): 127–147. doi:10.1080/15332861.2017.1299497.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., and D. G. Rand. 2019. “Lazy, Not Biased: Susceptibility to Partisan Fake News Is Better Explained by Lack of Reasoning than by Motivated Reasoning.” Cognition 188: 39–50. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2018.06.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pennycook, G., and D.G. Rand. 2020. “Who Falls for Fake News? the Roles of Bullshit Receptivity, Overclaiming, Familiarity, and Analytic Thinking.” Journal of Personality 88 (2): 185–200. doi:10.1111/jopy.12476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayner, K. 2009. “Eye Movements and Attention in Reading, Scene Perception, and Visual Search.” The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 62 (8): 1457–1506. doi:10.1080/17470210902816461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Standage, T.2017. “The True History of Fake News.” The Economist, July 5. https://www.economist.com/1843/2017/07/05/the-true-history-of-fakenews
   Google Scholar
• Tandoc, E.C., Jr, R. Ling, O. Westlund, A. Duffy, D. Goh, and L. Zheng. 2017. “Audiences’ Acts of Authentication in the Age of Fake News: A Conceptual Framework.” New Media & Society 20 (8): 2745–2763. doi:10.1177/1461444817731756.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky, A., and D. Kahneman. 1974. “Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases.” Science 85 (4157): 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.
   Google Scholar
• Van Doorn, J., K.N. Lemon, V. Mittal, S. Nass, D. Pick, P. Pirner, and P.C. Verhoef. 2010. “Customer Engagement Behavior: Theoretical Foundations and Research Directions.” Journal of Service Research 13 (3): 253–266. doi:10.1177/1094670510375599.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vosoughi, S., D. Roy, and S. Aral. 2018. “The Spread of True and False News Online.” Science 359 (6380): 1146–1151. doi:10.1126/science.aap9559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu, T.M.H., V.P. Tu, and K. Duerrschmid. 2016. “Design Factors Influence Consumers’ Gazing Behaviour and Decision Time in an Eye-tracking Test: A Study on Food Images.” Food Quality and Preference 47: 130–138. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2015.05.008.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wästlund, E., T. Otterbring, A. Gustafsson, and P. Shams. 2015. “Heuristics and Resource Depletion: Eye-tracking Customers’ in Situ Gaze Behavior in the Field.” Journal of Business Research 68 (1): 95–101. doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2014.05.001.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedel, M., and R. Pieters. 2008. “A Review of Eye-tracking Research in Marketing.” Review of Marketing Research 4: 123–147.
   Google Scholar