964
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Breaking the Balance? The Impact of Peacekeeping Deployments on Civil–Military Relations

Bibliography

  • Advocacy Forum-Nepal. “Vetting in Nepal: Challenges and Issues.” 2014. http://www.advocacyforum.org/downloads/pdf/publications/impunity/vetting-report-july-2014.pdf (accessed July 22, 2019).
  • Aguero, Felipe. “Legacies of Transitions: Institutionalization, the Military, and Democracy in South America.” International Studies Quarterly 42, no. 2 (1998): 383–404.
  • Aguero, Felipe. “The New ‘Double Challenge’: Democratic Control and Efficacy of Military, Police and Intelligence.” In Democracies in Danger, ed. A. Stephan, 59–74. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 2009.
  • Alagappa, Muthiah. “Investigating and Explaining Change: An Analytical Framework.” In Coercion and Governance: The Declining Political Role of the Military in Asia, ed. M. Alagappa, 29–68. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.
  • Amnesty International. “Nepal: Bar Human Rights Violators from UN Peacekeeping missions.” December 2009. https://www.amnesty.org/en/press-releases/2009/12/nepal-bar-human-rights-violators-un-peacekeeping-missions-20091218/ (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • Avezov, Xenia. “Why Contribute? Understanding Asian Motivations for Troop Contribution to Peace Operations.” Journal of International Peacekeeping 18, no. 3-4 (2014): 256–280.
  • Basnet, Manbahadur. “Sainya Pujibad: Katuwal Kandapachi nirantar.” Nepal Weekly, August 2018. http://nepal.ekantipur.com/news/2018-08-07/20180807164108.html (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • Belkin, Aaron, and Evan Schofer. “Toward a Structural Understanding of Coup Risk.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 47, no. 5 (2003): 594–620.
  • Bellamy, Alex J., and Paul Williams. “The West and Contemporary Peace Operations.” Journal of Peace Research 46, no. 1 (2009): 39–57.
  • Bellamy, Alex J., and Paul Williams. “Explaining the National Politics of Peacekeeping Contributions.” In Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Future of United Nations Peacekeeping, edited by A. Bellamy, and P. Williams, 417–436. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Bohora, Rameshwor. “Swarthi Netrityo.” Himal Khabar Patrika. July 7, 2013. http://nepalihimal.com/article/1268 (accessed November 2, 2018) .
  • Bove, Vincenzo, and Leandro Elia. “Supplying Peace: Participation in and Troop Contribution to Peacekeeping Missions.” Journal of Peace Research 48, no. 6 (2011): 699–714.
  • Cottey, Andrew, Edmunds Timothy, and Forster Anthony. “The Second Generation Problematic: Rethinking Democracy and Civil-Military Relations.” Armed Forces and Society 29, no. 1 (2002): 31–56.
  • Coulon, Jocelyn. Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World Order. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998.
  • Croissant, Aurel. “Coups and Post-Coup Politics in South-East Asia and the Pacific: Conceptual and Comparative Perspectives.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 67, no. 3 (2013): 264–280.
  • Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, Paul Chambers, Philip Voelkel, and Siegfried O. Wolf. “Theorizing Civilian Control of the Military in Emerging Democracies: Agency, Structure and Institutional Change.” Zeitschrift für Vergleichende Politikwissenschaft 5, no. 1 (2011): 75–98.
  • Croissant, Aurel, David Kuehn, Paul Chambers, and Siegfried Wolf. “Beyond the Fallacy of Coup-ism: Conceptualizing Civilian Control of the Military in Emerging Democracies.” Democratization 17, no. 5 (2010): 950–975.
  • Cunliffe, Philip. “From Peacekeepers to Praetorians – How Participating in Peacekeeping Operations May Subvert Democracy.” International Relations 32, no. 2 (2018): 218–239.
  • Curran, David. More than Fighting for Peace? Conflict Resolution, UN Peacekeeping, and the Role of Training Military Personnel. Cham: Springer international Publishing, 2017.
  • Dahal, Fadindra. “Shanti Sena: Budget ghataye Nepallai durgami asar.” BBC Nepali, May, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/nepali/news-40089208 (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • Desch, Michael. “Soldiers, States, and Structures: The End of the Cold War and Weakening U.S. Civilian Control.” Armed Forces and Society 24, no. 3 (1998): 389–405.
  • de Waal, Alex. The Real Politics of Horn of Africa. Cambridge: Polity, 2015.
  • Di John, Jonathan. “The Concept, Causes and Consequences of Failed States: A Critical Review of the Literature and Agenda for Research with Specific Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa.” The European Journal of Development Research 22, no. 1 (2010): 10–30.
  • Dixit, Kanak M. Peace Politics of Nepal – An Opinion from Within. Lalitpur: Himal Books, 2011.
  • Dwyer, Maggie. “Peacekeeping Abroad, Trouble Making at Home: Mutinies in West Africa.” African Affairs 114, no. 455 (2015): 206–225.
  • Feeny, Simon, Alberto Posso, and Jonathan Regan-Beasley. “Handle With Care: Fragile States and the Determinants of Fragility.” Applied Economics 47, no. 11 (2014): 1–13.
  • Findlay, Trevor. Challenges for the New Peacekeepers. SIPRI Research Report No. 12. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.
  • Finer, Samuel Edward. The Man on Horseback- The Role of Military in Politics. London: Pall Mall Press, 1998.
  • Firsing, Scott. “Thinking Through the Role of Africa’s Militaries in Peacekeeping: The Cases of Nigeria, Ethiopia and Rwanda.” South African Journal of International Affairs 21, no. 1 (2014): 45–67.
  • Fund for Peace. n.d. http://fundforpeace.org/fsi/ (accessed October 25, 2018).
  • Garb, Maja, and Marjan Malešič. “The Causes of Trust and Distrust in the Military.” Defence and Security Analysis 32, no. 1 (2016): 64–78.
  • Gautam, Bhaskar. “Sena mathi samsadiya nigrani khoi.” Nepal Weekly, August 7, 2018.
  • Ghimire, Safal. “Optimised or Compromised? United Kingdom Support to Reforming Security Sector Governance in Post-War Nepal.” Third World Quarterly 38, no. 6 (2017): 1415–1436.
  • Gisselquist, Rachel. “Aid and Institution-Building in Fragile States: What Do We Know? What Can Comparative Analysis Add?” The Annals of American Academy of Political and Social Science 656, no. 1 (2014): 6–21.
  • Hakim, Muhammada. “Bangladesh: The Beginning of the End of Militarized Politics?” Contemporary South Asia 7, no. 3 (1998): 283–300.
  • Hamburg, Roger. “Military Withdrawal from Politics.” In Military Disengagement from Politics, ed. C. Danopoulos, 1–18. London: Routledge, 1988.
  • Harig, Christoph. “Re-Importing the ‘Robust Turn’ in UN Peacekeeping: Internal Public Security Missions of Brazil’s Military.” International Peacekeeping 26, no. 2 (2019): 137–164.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Collective Punishment: War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity in the Ogaden Area of Ethiopia’s Somali Regional State.” 2008.
  • Huntington, Samuel. Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
  • International Crisis Group. Nepal: Peace and Justice, January 2010. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/nepal/nepal-peace-and-justice (accessed 22/07/2019).
  • International Crisis Group. “Restoring Democracy in Bangladesh.” April 2008. https://www.crisisgroup.org/asia/south-asia/bangladesh/restoring-democracy-bangladesh (accessed July 22, 2019).
  • International Crisis Group. A Wake-Up Call for Eritrea and Ethiopia. June 2016. https://www.crisisgroup.org/africa/horn-africa/eritrea/wake-call-eritrea-and-ethiopia (accessed July 22, 2019).
  • Janowitz, Morris. The Military in the Political Development of New Nations: An Essay in Comparative Analysis. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1964.
  • Jha, Prashant. Battles of the New Republic: A Contemporary History of Nepal. London: Hurst, 2015.
  • Jowell, Marco. “The Unintended Consequence of Foreign Military Assistance in Africa: An Analysis of Peacekeeping Training in Kenya.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 12, no. 1 (2018): 102–119.
  • Kathman, Jacob, and Molly Melin. “Who Keeps the Peace?” International Studies Quarterly 61, no. 1 (2016): 150–162.
  • Krishnasamy, Kabilan. “Pakistan’s Peacekeeping Experiences.” International Peacekeeping 9, no. 3 (2002): 103–120.
  • Kuehn, David. “Democratic Control of the Military.” In Handbook of the Sociology of the Military, edited by G. Caforio, and M. Nuciari, 161–178. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018.
  • Kuehn, David, Aurel Croissant, Jil Kamerling, and Hans Lueders. “Conditions of Civilian Control in New Democracies: An Empirical Analysis of 28 ‘Third Wave’ Democracies.” European Political Science Review 9, no. 3 (2017): 425–447.
  • Kuehn, David, and Philip Lorenz. “Explaining Civil-military Relations in New Democracies: Structure, Agency and Theory Development.” Asian Journal of Political Science 19, no. 3 (2011): 231–249.
  • Lebovic, James. “Uniting for Peace? Democracies and United Nations Peace Operations After the Cold War.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 48, no. 6 (2004): 910–936.
  • Leigeois, Michel, and Damien Deltenre. “Astuteness in Commitment: Rwanda and UN Peacekeeping 1994–2014.” The Round Table 106, no. 4 (2017): 421–435.
  • Levin, Jamie, Joseph MacKay, and Abouzar Nasirzadeh. “Selectorate Theory and the Democratic Peacekeeping Hypothesis: Evidence from Fiji and Bangladesh.” International Peacekeeping 23, no. 1 (2016): 107–132.
  • Martin, Ian. “Opportunities Lost on the Path to Army Integration in Nepal.” European Bulletin of Himalayan Research Autumn-Winter 37 (2010): 117–125.
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Remarks by Minister for Foreign Affairs Hon. Pradeep Kumar Gyawali at the Dinner Hosted for the Diplomatic Community, July 2018. https://mofa.gov.np/remarks-by-minister-for-foreign-affairs-hon-pradeep-kumar-gyawali-at-the-dinner-hosted-for-the-diplomatic-community/ (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Statement Delivered by the Rt. Hon. Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba at the 72nd UNGA, September 2017. https://mofa.gov.np/statement-delivered-rt-hon-prime-minister-sher-bahadur-deuba-72nd-unga/ (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • My Republica. “Nepal Army: All Eyes on Profits’ December 2016.” https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/nepal-army-all-eyes-on-profits/ (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • Nepali, Prakash, and Phanindra Subba. “Civil-Military Relations and the Maoist Insurgency in Nepal.” Small Wars and Insurgencies 16, no. 1 (2005): 83–110.
  • Nordlinger, Eric. Soldiers in Politics: Military Coups and Governments. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1977.
  • OECD. Supporting Statebuilding in Situations of Conflict and Fragility, 2010. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/supporting-statebuilding-in-situations-of-conflict-and-fragility_9789264074989-en#page1.
  • Owens, Mackubin. “What Military Officers Need to Know About Civil-Military Relations.” Naval War College Review 65, no. 2 (2012): 67–87.
  • Pant, Samridhi. “Nepal’s Military Tries Its Hand at Investing.” The Diplomat, May 2016. https://thediplomat.com/2016/05/nepals-military-tries-its-hand-at-investing/ (accessed November 2, 2018).
  • Parsons, Nick. “Peacekeeping Dividends.” Euromoney 34, no. 413 (2013): 34.
  • Perkins, Richard, and Eric Neumayer. “Extra-Territorial Interventions in Conflict Spaces: Explaining the Geographies of Post-Cold War Peacekeeping.” Political Geography 27, no. 8 (2008): 895–914.
  • Perlmutter, Amos. The Military and Politics in Modern Times. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977.
  • Poudel, Keshab. “Nepal Army Fund for Welfare.” New Spotlight Magazine, August 2017. https://www.spotlightnepal.com/2017/08/13/nepal-army-fund-welfare/ (accessed November 4, 2018).
  • Rawal, Surendra. “United Nations Peacekeeping Participation and Civil-Military Relations in Troop Contributing Countries.” Thesis., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 2010.
  • Rawski, Frederick, and Mandira Sharma. “A Comprehensive Peace: Lessons from Human Rights Monitoring in Nepal.” In Nepal in Transition: From People’s War to Fragile Peace, ed. S. Einsiedel, D. Malone, and S. Pradhan, 175–200. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Roodettes, Jose M. “Peacekeeping and the Armed Forces of the Southern Cone: Current Trends and Future Prospects.” Thesis., Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, 2002.
  • Saha, Krishna Kumar. “UN Peacekeeping and Bangladesh.” South Asia Journal, 2017, http://southasiajournal.net/un-peacekeeping-and-bangladesh/ (accessed November 2, 2018).
  • Schnabel, Albrecht, and Hans-Georg Ehrhart. Post-Conflict Societies and the Military: Challenges and Problems of Security Sector Reform. New York: United Nations University Press, 2005.
  • Scobell, Andrew. “Politics, Professionalism, and Peacekeeping: An Analysis of the 1987 Military Coup in Fiji.” Comparative Politics 26, no. 2 (1994): 187–202.
  • Sengupta, Somini. “U.N. Peacekeepers’ Pay Dispute Is Resolved.” The New York Times, 2014. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/04/world/un-peacekeepers-pay-dispute-is-resolved.html.
  • Sharma, Bhavna. “What Do Fragile States Really Need.” ODI, 2009. https://www.odi.org/blogs/3283-what-do-fragile-states-really-need.
  • Siddiqa, Ayesha. “Thinking Beyond Huntington.” Himal SouthAsian, 2014.
  • Siddiqa, Ayesha. Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy. London: Pluto Press, 2007.
  • Siddiqa, Ayesha. “The Evolution of Civil-Military Relations in South Asia.” In International Relations Theory and South Asia: Security, Political Economy, Domestic Politics, Identities, and Images, edited by E. Sridharan. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2011.
  • Sidhu, Waheguru Pal Singh. “What drives South Asians to peacekeeping? Brookings Institute.” 2016. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/what-drives-south-asians-to-peacekeeping/.
  • Siegel, Matt, and Lincoln Feast. “For Fiji’s Rulers, U.N Peacekeeping a Useful Mask.” Reuter, September 4, 2014. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-fiji-un-crisis-idUSKBN0GZ0GV20140904 (accessed October 24 2018).
  • Sirivunnabood, Punchada, and Jacob Ricks. “Professionals and Soldiers: Measuring Professionalism in the Thai Military.” Pacific Affairs 89, no. 1 (2016): 7–30.
  • Sotomayor, Arturo. “Nepal.” In Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Futures of UN Peacekeeping Contribution, edited by A. Bellamy, and P. Williams, 291–311. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Sotomayor, Arturo. “The Nepalese Army: From Counterinsurgency to Peacekeeping?” Small Wars & Insurgencies 25, no. 5-6 (2014): 992–1016.
  • Stepan, Alfred. “The New Professionalism of Internal Warfare and Military Role Expansion.” In Authoritarian Brazil, edited by Stepan Alfred, 47–69. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973.
  • United Nations. Daily Press Briefing by the Office of the Spokesperson for the Secretary General. December 4, 2009. https://www.un.org/press/en/2009/db091204.doc.htm (accessed22/07/2019).
  • United Nations Infantry Battalion Manual Volume I and Volume II. https://peacekeeping.un.org/sites/default/files/peacekeeping/en/UNIBAM.Vol.II.pdf (accessed July 22, 2019).
  • von Einsiedel, Sebastian, and Cale Salih. Conflict Prevention in Nepal: Background Paper for the United Nations World Bank Study on Conflict Prevention. Tokyo: United Nations University Centre for Policy Research, 2017.
  • Welch, Claude. “Military Disengagement from Politics: Paradigms, Processes or Random Events.” Armed Forces and Society 18, no. 3 (1992): 323–342.
  • Whelpton, John. History of Nepal. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
  • Wilén, Nina. “Improving Peacekeeping Performance – Dilemmas and Goals.” 21, 2018 http://www.egmontinstitute.be/content/uploads/2018/10/APB21.pdf?type=pdf (accessed September 28, 2019).
  • Wilén, Nina. “Examining the Links Between Security Sector Reform and Peacekeeping Troop Contribution in Post-Conflict States.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 12, no. 1 (2018): 64–79.
  • Wilén, Nina Wilén, David Ambrosetti, and Gérard Birantamije. “Sending Peacekeepers Abroad, Sharing Power at Home: Burundi in Somalia.” Journal of Eastern African Studies 9, no. 2 (2015): 307–325.
  • Zaman, Rashed, and Niloy Ranjan Biswas. “Bangladesh.” In Providing Peacekeepers: The Politics, Challenges, and Futures of UN Peacekeeping contribution, edited by A. Bellamy, and P. Williams, 183–203. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Zaman, Rashed, and Niloy Ranjan Biswas. “Bangladesh’s Participation in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Challenges for Civil–Military Relations: A Case for Concordance Theory.” International Peacekeeping 21, no. 3 (2014): 1–21.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.