Do UN Missions Have an Expiration Date? Ideational Commitment to UN Peacekeeping and the Length of Missions

References

• Abiola, Seun, Cedric de Coning, Eduarda Hamann, and Chander Prakash. “The Large Contributors and UN Peacekeeping Doctrine.” In UN Peacekeeping Doctrine in a New Era, edited by Cedric De Coning, Chiyuki Aoi, and John Karlsrud, 152–185. New York, NY: Routledge, 2017.
   Google Scholar
• Albrecht, Peter, and Signe Cold-Ravnkilde. “National Interests as Friction: Peacekeeping in Somalia and Mali.” Journal of Intervention and Statebuilding 14, no. 2 (2020): 204–220.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andreas, Peter. Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of Sarajevo. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Balch-Lindsay, Dylan, and Andrew J Enterline. “Killing Time: The World Politics of Civil War Duration, 1820–1992.” International Studies Quarterly 44, no. 4 (2000): 615–642.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boockmann, Bernhard, and Axel Dreher. “Do Human Rights Offenders Oppose Human Rights Resolutions in the United Nations?” Public Choice 146, no. 3-4 (2011): 443–467.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouliotis, George, and Lucinda Billingham. “Crossing Survival Curves: Alternatives to the Log-Rank Test.” Trials 12, no. S1 (2011): 1–1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boutton, Andrew, and Vito D’Orazio. “Buying Blue Helmets: The Role of Foreign Aid in the Construction of UN Peacekeeping Missions.” Journal of peace research 57, no. 2 (2020): 312–328.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bove, Vincenzo, Chiara Ruffa, and Andrea Ruggeri. Composing Peace: Mission Composition in UN Peacekeeping. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Bove, Vincenzo, Chiara Ruffa, and Andrea Ruggeri. “What Do We Know About Un Peacekeeping Composition and Its Consequences?”, (N.d.)
   Google Scholar
• Bove, Vincenzo, and Andrea Ruggeri. “Kinds of blue: Diversity in UN Peacekeeping Missions and Civilian Protection.” British Journal of Political Science 46, no. 3 (2016): 681–700.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bove, Vincenzo, and Andrea Ruggeri. “Peacekeeping Effectiveness and Blue Helmets’ Distance from Locals.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 7 (2018): 1630–1655.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Box-Steffensmeier, Janet M, and Christopher JW Zorn. “Duration Models and Proportional Hazards in Political Science.” American Journal of Political Science 45, no. 4 (2001): 972–988.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brancati, Dawn, and Jack L Snyder. “Rushing to the Polls: The Causes of Premature Postconflict Elections.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, no. 3 (2011): 469–492.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges, Donna, and Debbie Horsfall. “Increasing Operational Effectiveness in UN Peace-Keeping: Toward a Gender-Balanced Force.” Armed Forces & Society 36, no. 1 (2009): 120–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, Paul, and Anke Hoeffler. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford economic papers 56, no. 4 (2004): 563–595.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coppedge, Michael, John Gerring, Carl Henrik Knutsen, Staffan I Lindberg, Jan Teorell, Nazifa Alizada, David Altman, Michael Bernhard, Agnes Cornell, M. Steven Fish. “V-Dem Dataset v11. 1,” 2021.
   Google Scholar
• David Mason, T., Mehmet Gurses, Patrick T Brandt, and Jason Michael Quinn. “When Civil Wars Recur: Conditions for Durable Peace after Civil Wars.” International Studies Perspectives 12, no. 2 (2011): 171–189.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeRouen, Jr Karl, and David Sobek. “State Capacity, Regime Type, and Civil War.” In What do we know about civil wars, edited by T. David Mason, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, 59–74. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Diehl, Paul F. International Peacekeeping. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994.
   Google Scholar
• Diehl, Paul F.. “Breaking the Conflict Trap.” In What do we know about civil wars, edited by T. David Mason, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, 139–156. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Diehl, Paul F, and Daniel Druckman. “Evaluating Peace Operations.” In The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, edited by Joachim A. Koops, Norrie MacQueen, Thierry Tardy, and Paul D. Williams, 93–108. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Doyle, Michael W, and Nicholas Sambanis. “International Peacebuilding: A Theoretical and Quantitative Analysis.” American political science review 94, no. 4 (2000): 779–801.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, Michael W, and Nicholas Sambanis. Making War and Building Peace: United Nations Peace Operations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Duursma, Allard. “Obstruction and Intimidation of Peacekeepers: How Armed Actors Undermine Civilian Protection Efforts.” Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 2 (2019): 234–248.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortna, Virginia Page. “Does Peacekeeping Keep Peace? International Intervention and the Duration of Peace after Civil War.” International studies quarterly 48, no. 2 (2004): 269–292.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortna, Virginia Page. Does Peacekeeping Work?: Shaping Belligerents’ Choices After Civil War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Fox, John, and Sanford Weisberg. “Cox Proportional-Hazards Regression for Survival Data in R.” An Appendix to An R Companion to Applied Regression 3rd Ed. (2023): 1–20. https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/appendices/Appendix-Cox-Regression.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Gaibulloev, Khusrav, Justin George, Todd Sandler, and Hirofumi Shimizu. “Personnel Contributions to UN and Non-UN Peacekeeping Missions: A Public Goods Approach.” Journal of Peace Research 52, no. 6 (2015): 727–742.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gent, Stephen E. “Going in When It Counts: Military Intervention and the Outcome of Civil Conflicts.” International Studies Quarterly 52, no. 4 (2008): 713–735.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giray, Burak. “Troop-Providers’ Ideational Commitment to Un Peacekeeping and Effectiveness.” International Interactions 49, no. 3 (2023): 372–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodwin, Jeff, and Theda Skocpol. “Explaining Revolutions in the Contemporary Third World.” Politics & Society 17, no. 4 (1989): 489–509.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haass, Felix, and Nadine Ansorg. “Better Peacekeepers, Better Protection? Troop Quality of United Nations Peace Operations and Violence against Civilians.” Journal of Peace Research 55, no. 6 (2018): 742–758.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H¨ogbladh, S. “UCDP GED Codebook Version 20.1.” Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Howard, Lise Morj´e. Power in Peacekeeping. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Hultman, Lisa, Jacob Kathman, and Megan Shannon. “Beyond Keeping Peace: United Nations Effectiveness in the Midst of Fighting.” American Political Science Review 108, no. 4 (2014): 737–753.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultman, Lisa, Jacob D Kathman, and Megan Shannon. “United Nations Peacekeeping Dynamics and the Duration of Post-civil Conflict Peace.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 33, no. 3 (2016): 231–249.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jetley, Vijay. Report on the Crisis in Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone Web. Accessed April 26, 2022, http://www.sierra-leone.org/Other-Conflict/jetley-0500.html, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Kathman, Jacob, and Michelle Benson. “Cut Short? United Nations Peacekeeping and Civil War Duration to Negotiated Settlements.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 63, no. 7 (2019): 1601–1629.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koops, Joachim, N. MacQueen, T. Tardy, and P. D. Williams. “Introduction: Post-Cold War Peacekeeping: 1988–1998.” In The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, edited by Joachim A. Koops, Norrie MacQueen, Thierry Tardy, and Paul D. Williams, 261–268. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Lijphart, Arend. “The Analysis of Bloc Voting in the General Assembly: A Critique and a Proposal.” American Political Science Review 57, no. 4 (1963): 902–917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linebarger, Christopher, and Andrew Enterline. “Third Party Intervention and the Duration and Outcomes of Civil Wars.” In What Do We Know about Civil Wars, edited by T. David Mason, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, 93–108. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Lundgren, Magnus. “Which Type of International Organizations Can Settle Civil Wars?” The Review of International Organizations 12, no. 4 (2017): 613–641.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall, Monty G, and T. Gurr. “Polity5: Political Regime Characteristics and Transitions, 1800-2018.” Center for Systemic Peace (2020): 1–85. https://www.systemicpeace.org/inscr/p5manualv2018.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• McGreal, Chris. Nigerian Peace Force Accused of Sabotage. The Guardian. Accessed July 3, 2021, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/sep/14/sierraleone.unitednations, September 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Melander, Erik. “Selected to Go Where Murderers Lurk? The Preventive Effect of Peacekeeping on Mass Killings of Civilians.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 26, no. 4 (2009): 389–406.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison, Alex, James Kiras, and Stephanie A Blair. “UN Peacekeeping Reform: Something Permanent and Stronger.” The Brown Journal of World Affairs 3, no. 1 (1996): 95–110.
   Google Scholar
• Mullenbach, Mark. “Third-Party Peacekeeping Missions (Version 3.1).” Harvard Dataverse V1 (2017): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/P7GYTS/S1QNLR.
   Google Scholar
• Peacekeeping, UN. The IPI Peacekeeping Database,” 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Pettersson, Ther´ese, Stina Ho¨gbladh, and Magnus O¨ berg. “Organized Violence, 1989–2018 and Peace Agreements.” Journal of Peace Research 56, no. 4 (2019): 589–603.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson, Therese, and Magnus O¨ berg. “Organized Violence, 1989–2019.” Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 4 (2020): 597–613.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reilly, Benjamin. Post-War Elections: Uncertain Turning Points of Transition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Rieff, David.. Slaughterhouse: Bosnia and the Failure of the West. New York, NY: Touchstone, 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Salverda, Nynke. “Blue Helmets as Targets: A Quantitative Analysis of Rebel Violence Against Peacekeepers, 1989–2003.” Journal of Peace Research 50, no. 6 (2013): 707–720.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scartascini, Carlos, Cesi Cruz, and Philip Keefer. “The Database of Political Institutions 2017 (DPI2017).” Washington, Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Simi´c, Olivera. “Does the Presence of Women Really Matter? Towards Combating Male Sexual Violence in Peacekeeping Operations.” International Peacekeeping 17, no. 2 (2010): 188–199.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidt, Hannah. “Mitigating Election Violence Locally: UN Peacekeepers’ Election-Education Campaigns in C^ote d’Ivoire.” Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 1 (2020): 199–216.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smidt, Hannah. “Keeping Electoral Peace? Activities of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations and Their Effects on Election-Related Violence.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 38, no. 5 (2021): 580–604.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stojek, Szymon M., and Jaroslav Tir. “The Supply Side of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations: Trade Ties and United Nations-Led Deployments to Civil War States.” European Journal of International Relations 21, no. 2 (2015): 352–376.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strezhnev, Anton, and Erik Voeten. “United Nations General Assembly Voting Data.” Harvard Dataverse V30 (2009): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LEJUQZ.
   Google Scholar
• Sundberg, Ralph, and Erik Melander. “Introducing the UCDP Georeferenced Event Dataset.” Journal of Peace Research 50, no. 4 (2013): 523–532.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thakur, Ramesh. “From Peacekeeping to Peace Enforcement: The Un Operation in Somalia.” The Journal of Modern African Studies 32, no. 3 (1994): 387–410.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Theofilopoulou, Anna. “United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO).” In The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, edited by Joachim A. Koops, Norrie MacQueen, Thierry Tardy, and Paul D. Williams, 325–337. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Voeten, Erik. “Data and Analyses of Voting in the United Nations General Assembly.” In Routledge handbook of international organization, edited by Bob Reinalda, 80–92. New York, NY: Routledge, 2013.
   Google Scholar
• Walter, Barbara F. Committing to Peace: The Successful Settlement of Civil Wars. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• Wright, Thorin M, and J. Michael Greig. “Staying the Course: Assessing the Durability of Peacekeeping Operations.” Conflict Management and Peace Science 29, no. 2 (2012): 127–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young, Joseph K. “Antecedents of Civil War Onset.” In What Do We Know about Civil War, edited by T. David Mason, and Sara McLaughlin Mitchell, 33–43. New York, NY: Rowman & Littlefield, 2016.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, Shenghao. “Trade Potential and UN Peacekeeping Participation.” International Peacekeeping 29, no. 1 (2022): 57–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar