Do ‘spiritual’ self-identifications signify affinity with New Age religion? Survey evidence from the Netherlands

References

• Adams, Richard, and Janice Haaken. 1987. “Anticultural Culture: Lifespring’s Ideology and its Roots in Humanistic Psychology.” Journal of Humanistic Psychology 27 (4): 501–517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ammerman, Nancy T. 2013. “Spiritual But Not Religious? Beyond Binary Choices in the Study of Religion.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 52 (2): 258–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berghuijs, Joantine, Jos Pieper, and Cok Bakker. 2013. “Conceptions of Spirituality among the Dutch Population.” Archive for the Psychology of Religion 35 (3): 369–397.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Colin. 1978. “The Secret Religion of the Educated Classes.” Sociology of Religion 39 (2): 146–156.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, Colin. 2007. The Easternization of the West: A Thematic Account of Cultural Change in the Modern Era. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• CentERdata. 2015. “God in Nederland (God in the Netherlands).” (dataset) The Hague: CentERdata. Accessed 21 October 2021. https://doi.org/10.17026/dans-x9s-wc6h
   Google Scholar
• Fuller, Robert C. 2001. Spiritual, But Not Religious: Understanding Unchurched America. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Garrett, William R. 1975. “Maligned Mysticism: The Maledicted Career of Troeltsch’s Third Type.” Sociological Analysis 36 (3): 205–223.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer, Olav. 2004. Claiming Knowledge: Strategies of Epistemology from Theosophy to the New Age. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Hanegraaff, Wouter J. 1996. New Age Religion and Western Culture: Esotericism in the Mirror of Secular Thought. Leiden: Brill.
   Google Scholar
• Heelas, Paul. 1996. The New Age Movement: The Celebration of the Self and the Sacralization of Modernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Heelas, Paul, and Linda Woodhead. 2005. The Spiritual Revolution: Why Religion is Giving Way to Spirituality. Oxford: Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Houtman, Dick, and Stef Aupers. 2007. “The Spiritual Turn and the Decline of Tradition: The Spread of Post-Christian Spirituality in 14 Western Countries, 1981–2000.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46 (3): 305–320.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houtman, Dick, and Paul Tromp. 2021. “The Post-Christian Spirituality Scale (PCSS): Misconceptions, Obstacles, Prospects.” In Assessing Spirituality in a Diverse World, edited Amy L. Ai, Paul Wink, Raymond F. Paloutzian, and Kevin A. Harris, 35–57. Cham: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Kregting, Joris, Peer Scheepers, Paul Vermeer, and Chris Hermans. 2018. “Why God has Left the Netherlands: Explanations for the Decline of Institutional Christianity in the Netherlands between 1966 and 2015.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 57 (1): 58–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa, and Ronald Inglehart. 2011. Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Pless, Anna, Paul Tromp, and Dick Houtman. 2021. “Religious and Secular Value Divides in Western Europe: A Cross-National Comparison (1981-2008).” International Political Science Review 44 (2): 178–194.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Possamai, Adam. 2004. “Diversity in Alternative Spiritualities: Keeping New Age at Bay.” In The Encyclopedic Sourcebook of New Age Religions, edited by James R. Lewis, 425–438. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
   Google Scholar
• Roof, Wade Clarke. 1993. A Generation of Seekers: The Spiritual Journeys of the Baby Boom Generation. New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Steensland, Brian, Xiaoyun Wang, and Lauren Chism Schmidt. 2018. “Spirituality: What Does it Mean and to Whom?” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 57 (3): 450–472.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streib, Heinz, and Ralph W. Hood. 2011. “‘Spirituality’ as Privatized Experience-oriented Religion: Empirical and Conceptual Perspectives.” Implicit Religion 14 (4): 433–453.
   Google Scholar
• Sutcliffe, Steven J. 2003. Children of the New Age: A History of Spiritual Practices. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Troeltsch, Ernst. (1931) 1956. The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches. London: Allen and Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Tromp, Paul, Anna Pless, and Dick Houtman. 2020. “’Believing Without Belonging in Twenty European Countries (1981–2008): De-institutionalization of Christianity or Spiritualization of Religion?” Review of Religious Research 62 (4): 509–531.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tromp, Paul, Anna Pless, and Dick Houtman. 2021. “A Smaller Pie with a Different Taste: The Evolution of the Western-European Religious Landscape (European Values Study, 1981–2017).” Review of Religious Research 64 (1): 127–144.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodhead, Linda. 2004. Christianity: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zinnbauer, Brian J., Kenneth I. Pargament, Brenda Cole, Mark S. Rye, Eric M. Butter, Timothy G. Belavich, Kathleen M. Hipp, Allie B. Scott, and Jill L. Kadar. 1997. “Religion and Spirituality: Unfuzzying the Fuzzy.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 36 (4): 549–564.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar