Triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonists, a potential novel treatment strategy in Alzheimer’s disease

References

• Aisen PS, Cummings J, Jack CR Jr, et al. On the path to 2025: understanding the Alzheimer’s disease continuum. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2017;9:60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings J, Lee G, Ritter A, et al. Alzheimer’s disease drug development pipeline: 2018. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2018;4:195–214.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Alford S, Patel D, Perakakis N, et al. Obesity as a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease: weighing the evidence. Obes Rev. 2018;19:269–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh-Manoux A, Dugravot A, Shipley M, et al. Obesity trajectories and risk of dementia: 28 years of follow-up in the Whitehall II study. Alzheimers Dement. 2018;14:178–186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira MNN, Lima-Filho RAS, De Felice FG. Connecting Alzheimer’s disease to diabetes: underlying mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets. Neuropharmacology. 2018;136:160–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandimalla R, Thirumala V, Reddy PH. Is Alzheimer’s disease a Type 3 diabetes? A critical appraisal. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis. 2017;1863:1078–1089.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hokama M, Oka S, Leon J, et al. Altered expression of diabetes-related genes in Alzheimer’s disease brains: the Hisayama study. Cereb Cortex. 2014;24:2476–2488.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demetrius L, Driver J. Alzheimer’s as a metabolic disease. Biogerontology. 2013;14:641–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benedict C, Grillo CA. Insulin resistance as a therapeutic target in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: a state-of-the-art review. Front Neurosci. 2018;12:215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDade E, Bateman RJ. Stop Alzheimer’s before it starts. Nature. 2017;547:153–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Finan B, et al. Anti-Obesity therapy: from rainbow pills to polyagonists. Pharmacol Rev. 2018;70:712–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hölscher C. The incretin hormones glucagonlike peptide 1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are neuroprotective in mouse models of Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimers Dement. 2014;10(1 Suppl):S47–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarchoan M, Arnold SE. Repurposing diabetes drugs for brain insulin resistance in Alzheimer disease. Diabetes. 2014;63:2253–2261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knerr PJ, Finan B, Gelfanov V, et al. Optimization of peptide-based polyagonists for treatment of diabetes and obesity. Bioorg Med Chem. 2018;26:2873–2881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capozzi ME, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH, et al. Targeting the Incretin/Glucagon system with triagonists to treat diabetes. Endocr Rev. 2018 Jun 13. DOI:10.1210/er.2018-00117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batista AF, Forny-Germano L, Clarke JR, et al. The diabetes drug liraglutide reverses cognitive impairment in mice and attenuates insulin receptor and synaptic pathology in a non-human primate model of Alzheimer’s disease. J Pathol. 2018;245:85–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tai J, Liu W, Li Y, et al. Neuroprotective effects of a triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonist in the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res. 2018;1678:64–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li T, Jiao JJ, Hölscher C, et al. A novel GLP-1/GIP/Gcg triagonist reduces cognitive deficits and pathology in the 3xTg mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Hippocampus. 2018;28:358–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Choi IY, Lee JS, Kim JK, et al. Potent body weight loss and efficacy in a NASH animal model by a novel long-acting GLP-1/Glucagon/GIP triple-agonist (HM15211), American Diabetes Association’s 77th Scientific Session, 2017; San Diego, CA USA.
   Google Scholar
• Gejl M, Gjedde A, Egefjord L, et al. In Alzheimer’s disease, 6-Month treatment with GLP-1 analog prevents decline of brain glucose metabolism: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijesekara N, Gonçalves RA, De Felice FG, et al. Impaired peripheral glucose homeostasis and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuropharmacology. 2018;136:172–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoyer S. The brain insulin signal transduction system and sporadic (type II) Alzheimer disease: an update. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2002;109:341–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnold SE, Arvanitakis Z, Macauley-Rambach SL, et al. Brain insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer disease: concepts and conundrums. Nat Rev Neurol. 2018;14:168–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bomfim TR, Forny-Germano L, Sathler LB, et al. An anti-diabetes agent protects the mouse brain from defective insulin signaling caused by Alzheimer’s disease-associated Abeta oligomers. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:1339–1353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craft S, Claxton A, Baker LD, et al. Effects of regular and long-acting insulin on cognition and Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers: a pilot clinical trial. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;57:1325–1334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez-Garrido MA, Brandt SJ, Clemmensen C, et al. GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonism for treatment of obesity. Diabetologia. 2017;60:1851–1861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JA, Sangdon L, Sang HL, et al. Neuroprotective effects of HM15211, a novel long-acting GLP-1/GIP/Glucagon triple agonist in the neurodegenerative disease models. Diabetes. 2018;67(Suppl1):1107-P.
   Google Scholar
• Chapman CD, Schiöth HB, Grillo CA, et al. Intranasal insulin in Alzheimer’s disease: food for thought. Neuropharmacology. 2018;136:196–201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Li L, Hölscher C. Incretin-based therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus is promising for treating neurodegenerative diseases. Rev Neurosci. 2016;27:689–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar