Safety First, Then Condoms: Commercial Sex, Risky Behavior, and the Spread of HIV/AIDS in Managua, Nicaragua

References

• Agustín , Laura . 2005 . “The Cultural Study of Commercial Sex.” . Sexualities , 8 ( 5 ) : 621 – 634 .
   Google Scholar
• Babb , Florence . 2001 . After Revolution: Mapping Gender and Cultural Politics in Neoliberal Nicaragua , Austin : University of Texas Press .
   Google Scholar
• Barry , Kathleen . 1995 . The Prostitution of Sexuality , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Berik , Günseli . 1997 . “The Need for Crossing the Method Boundaries in Economics Research.” . Feminist Economics , 3 ( 2 ) : 121 – 125 .
   Google Scholar
• Bindman , Jo . 1997 . “Redefining Prostitution as Sex Work on the International Agenda.” With Jo Doezema . http://www.walnet.org/csis/papers/redefining.html (accessed March 2006)
   Google Scholar
• Brennan , Denise . 2004 . What's Love Got To Do With It? Transnational Desires and Sex Tourism in the Dominican Republic , Durham, NC : Duke University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Brents , Barbara G. and Hausbeck , Kathryn . 2005 . “Violence and Legalizad Brothel Prostitution in Nevada: Examining Safety, Risk, and Prostitution Policy.” . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 20 ( 3 ) : 270 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Central American Health Institute (ICAS) . 1997 . “Final Report to the Innovations Fund, DFID of the Project: Extension to A Voucher System to Improve the Quality, Efficiency and Equity of Health Services and Control Sexually Transmitted Diseases.” Grant AG 663, Central American Health Institute ” . Managua : Nicaragua .
   Google Scholar
• Della , Giusta , Maria Laura Di Tommaso , Marina and Strom , Steinar . 2004 . “Another Theory of Prostitution.” Economics and Management Discussion Paper em-dp2004-013, School of Business ” . UK : Reading University .
   Google Scholar
• Della , Guista , Maria Laura Di Tommaso , Marina , Shima , Isilda and Strom , Steinar . 2006 . “What Money Buys: Clients of Street Sex Workers in the U.S.” Memorandum 10/2006, Department of Economics ” . Norway : University of Oslo .
   Google Scholar
• Edlund , Lena and Korn , Evelyn . 2002 . “A Theory of Prostitution” . Journal of Political Economy , 110 ( 1 ) : 181 – 206 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Egger , Matthias , Pauw , Josefina , Lopatatzidis , Athanasios , Medrano , Danilo , Paccaud , Fred and Davey Smith , George . 2000 . “Promotion of Condom Use in a High-Risk Setting in Nicaragua: A Randomized Controlled Trial.” . Lancet , 355 ( 9221 ) : 2101 – 2105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvin , Glenn . 2000 . “Nicaragua Cops Pass Up Hookers to Bust Masseuses.” . Seattle Times , October 22
   Google Scholar
• Gertler , Paul , Shah , Manisha and Bertozzi , Stefano M . 2005 . “Risky Business: The Market for Unprotected Sex.” . Journal of Political Economy , 113 ( 3 ) : 518 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Global HIV Prevention Working Group . HIV Prevention in the Era of Expanded Treatment Access http://www.globalhivprevention.org/reports.html (accessed August 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Gorter , Anna C. , Sandiford , Peter , Segura , Zoyla and Villabella , Caridad . 1999 . “A Voucher Program for Female Sex Workers in Nicaragua.” . Research for Sex Work , : 11 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Gorter , Anna C. , Segura , Zoyla , Medina , J. A. and McKay , Julienne . . “Adolescent and Young Sex Workers in Managua, Nicaragua Compared to Their Older Peers: STI/HIV Prevalence and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of a Competitive Voucher Program Disaggregated by Age.” . Paper presented at the annual International Conference on AIDS . Toronto
   Google Scholar
• Gorter , Anna C. , Segura , Zoyla , Medina , J. A. and McKay , Julienne . . “Effectiveness and Impact of a Long Running Competitive Voucher Program Providing Quality STI/HIV Care to Groups Most at Risk of HIV in Nicaragua.” . Paper presented at the annual International Conference on AIDS . Toronto
   Google Scholar
• Gruber , Jonathan . 2000 . “Risky Behavior Among Youths: An Economic Analysis.” . Working Paper 7781, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER)
   Google Scholar
• Gruber , Jonathan . 2003 . “The New Economics of Smoking. (Research Summaries).” . NBER Reporter , June 2003. http://www.nber.org/reporter/summer03/gruber.html (accessed January 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Guy , Donna J. 2000 . White Slavery and Mothers Alive and Dead: The Troubled Meeting of Sex, Gender, Public Health, and Progress in Latin America , Lincoln : University of Nebraska Press .
   Google Scholar
• Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) . 2002 . Sex Work and HIV/AIDS UNAIDS Best Practices Collection. http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/Resources/Publications/bestPracticesArchivePage2.asp (accessed May 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Karim , Quarraisha Abdool , Abdool Karim , Salim S. , Soldan , Kate and Zondi , Martin . 1995 . “Reducing the Risk of HIV Infection Among South African Sex Workers: Socioeconomic and Gender Barriers.” . American Journal of Public Health , 85 ( 11 ) : 1521 – 1525 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kempadoo , Kamala and Doezema , Jo . 1998 . Global Sex Workers: Rights, Resistance and Redefinition , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster , Roger N. 1992 . Life is Hard: Machismo, Danger, and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua , Berkeley : University of California Press .
   Google Scholar
• Leal, Gustavo, ed . 2002 . “ Investigation on the Trafficking, Sex Tourism, Pornography and Prostitution of Children in Central America and Mexico. With ECPAT and Audrey Hepburn Children's Fund ” . Costa Rica : Casa Alianza Internacional .
   Google Scholar
• Lim Lin Lean 1998 The Sex Sector: The Economic and Social Bases of Prostitution in South-East Asia Geneva International Labour Office
   Google Scholar
• Maher , Lisa . 2000 . Sexed Work: Gender, Race, and Resistance in a Brooklyn Drug Market , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Martínez , Angélica . 2004 . “Trampas en los clasificados.” . La Prensa , January 13
   Google Scholar
• McClelland , R. Scott , Sangaré , Laura , Wisal M. , Hassan , Lavreys , Ludo , Mandaliya , Kishorchandra , Kiarie , James , Ndinya-Achola , Jeckoniah , Jaoko , Walter and Baeten , Jared M. 2007 . “Infection with Trichomonas Vaginalis Increases the Risk of HIV-1 Acquisition.” . Journal of Infectious Diseases , 195 ( 5 ) : 698 – 702 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKay , Julienne , Campbell , David and Gorter , Anna C. 2006 . “Lessons for Management of STI Treatment Programs as Part of HIV/AIDS Prevention Strategies.” . American Journal of Public Health , 96 ( 10 ) : 1760 – 1761 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medrano , Danilo and Director of the Association of Workers for Education, Health and Social Integration (TESIS) . 2006 . Interview by Alys Willman. August 28 .
   Google Scholar
• Monto , Martin A. 2000 . “Why Men Seek Out Prostitutes,” . In Sex for Sale: Prostitution, Pornography, and the Sex Industry , Edited by: Weitzer , Ron . 67 – 85 . New York : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Network of Sex Work Projects . 2005 . “Violence Against Women: A Statistical Overview, Challenges and Gaps in Data Collection and Methodology and Approaches for Overcoming Them.” Recommendations submitted to the United Nations Expert Group Meeting, Geneva . http://www.nswp.org/safety/unvaw-0504/index.html (accessed March 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Nicaraguan Ministry of Health . 2005 . Epidemiological Surveillance, National STI/HIV/AIDS Programme , Nicaragua : National STI/HIV/AIDS Programme, MINSA .
   Google Scholar
• Nicaraguan Ministry of Labor . 2006 . Agreement on Minimum Wages Approved by the National Commission for the Minimum Wage http://www.mitrab.gob.ni/index/tabsalmin.pdf (accessed March 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Nicaragua National Institute of Statistics and Census (INEC) and Ministry of Health . 2002 . 2001 Demographic and Health Census INEC, Managua. Accessed 21 April 2008 at http://www.inec.gob.ni/ (accessed April 2008)
   Google Scholar
• Olmsted , Jennifer C. 1997 . “Telling Palestinian Women's Economic Stories.” . Feminist Economics , 3 ( 2 ) : 141 – 151 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Neill , Maggie . 1996 . “Researching Prostitution and Violence: Towards a Feminist Praxis,” . In Women, Violence, and Male Power , Edited by: Hester , Marianne , Kelly , Liz and Radford , Jill . 130 – 147 . London : Open University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oster , Emily . 2005 . “Sexually Transmitted Infections, Sexual Behavior, and the HIV/AIDS Epidemic.” . Quarterly Journal of Economics , 120 ( 2 ) : 467 – 515 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Overs , Cheryl . 2002 . “Sex Workers: Part of the Solution – An Analysis of HIV Prevention Programming to Prevent HIV Transmission During Commercial Sex in Developing Countries.” . Network of Sex Projects. http://www.nswp.org/pdf/OVERS-SOLUTION.PDF (accessed March 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Rao , Vijayendra , Gupta , Indrani , Lokshin , Michael and Jana , Smarajit . 2002 . “Sex Workers and the Cost of Safe Sex: The Compensating Differential for Condom Use in Calcutta.” Policy Research Working Paper Series 2334 ” . Washington, DC : The World Bank .
   Google Scholar
• Republic of Nicaragua . 2005 . “Report on Monitoring the Follow-Up to the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS.” UNGASS Nicaragua Report 2003–5. Ministry of Health ” . Nicaragua : Managua .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , Teela . 2004 . “A Continuum of Risk? The Management of Health, Physical and Emotional Risks by Female Sex Workers.” . Sociology of Health and Illness , 26 ( 5 ) : 557 – 574 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , Teela . 2005 . Sex Work: A Risky Business , Portland, OR : Willan Publishing .
   Google Scholar
• Sanders , Teela . 2006 . “It's Just Acting: Sex Workers’ Strategies for Capitalizing on Sexuality.” . Gender, Work and Organization , 12 ( 4 ) : 319 – 342 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders , Teela and Campbell , Rosie . 2007 . “Designing Out Vulnerability, Building in Respect: Violence, Safety and Sex Work Policy.” . British Journal of Sociology , 58 ( 1 ) : 1 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scrambler , Graham , Peswani , Rita , Renton , Adrian and Scrambler , Annette . 1990 . “Women Prostitutes in the AIDS Era.” . Sociology of Health and Illness , 12 ( 3 ) : 260 – 273 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segura , Zoyla and Coordinator of the Program for the Prevention and Treatment of STI-HIV-AIDS, Central American Health Institute (ICAS) . 2006 . Interview by Alys Willman. September 25 .
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of State . 2003 . “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – 2002.” Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor . http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2002/18339.htm (accessed March 2007)
   Google Scholar
• Valenzuela , Abel Jr. and Edwin , Meléndez . 2003 . Day Labor in New York: Findings from the New York Day Labor Survey , New York and Los Angeles : The New School and UCLA .
   Google Scholar
• Vukelich , Donna . 2000 . “Nicaragua: In My Country of Water and Fire,” . In War's Dirty Secret: Rape, Prostitution, and Other Crimes against Women , Edited by: Barstow , Anne . 139 – 154 . Cleveland, OH : Pilgrim Press .
   Google Scholar
• White , Luise . 1990 . The Comforts of Home: Prostitution in Colonial Nairobi , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Willman-Navarro , Alys . 2006 . “Making It at the Margins: The Criminalization of Nicaraguan Women's Labor under Structural Reform.” . International Feminist Journal of Politics , 8 ( 2 ) : 243 – 266 .
   Google Scholar
• Wolffers , Ivan . 2001 . “Violence, Repression and Other Health Threats.” . Research for Sex Work , : 1 – 2 .
   Google Scholar