Why Women Have Lower Retirement Savings: The Australian Case

REFERENCES

• Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). 2003. 6203.0 – Labour Force, Australia, Feb 2003. Canberra: ABS.
   Google Scholar
• ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2004. 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2003. Canberra: ABS.
   Google Scholar
• ABS (Australian Bureau of Statistics). 2016. 6202.0 – Labor Force, Australia, Jan 2016. Canberra: ABS.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Human Rights Commission (AHRC). n.d. The Gender Gap in Retirement Savings. AHRC. Accessed September 2018. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/publications/gender-gap-retirement-savings.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, Deborah J., Melissa Binder, and Kate Krause. 2002. “The Motherhood Wage Penalty: Which Mothers Pay It and Why?” American Economic Review 92(2): 354–8. doi: 10.1257/000282802320191606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Deborah J., Melissa Binder, and Kate Krause. 2003. “The Motherhood Wage Penalty Revisited: Experience, Heterogeneity, Work Effort, and Work-Schedule Flexibility.” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 56(2): 273–94. doi: 10.1177/001979390305600204
   Google Scholar
• Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia (ASFA). 2014. The Future of Australia’s Super: A New Framework for a Better System. Sydney: ASFA.
   Google Scholar
• Austen, Siobhan and Richard Seymour. 2006. “The Evolution of the Female Labor Force Participation Rate in Australia, 1984–1999.” Australian Journal of Labor Economics 9(3): 305–20.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Institute of Family Studies. 2018. “Births in Australia.” Australian Institute of Family Studies. https://aifs.gov.au/facts-and-figures/births-australia.
   Google Scholar
• Barns, Angela and Alison Preston. 2010. “Is Australia Really a World Leader in Closing the Gender Gap?” Feminist Economics 16(4): 81–103. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2010.530607
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baxter, Jennifer. 2013. “Australian Mothers’ Participation in Employment: Analyses of Social, Demographic and Family Characteristics Using the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) Survey.” Research Paper 52, Australian Institute of Family Studies, Australian Government, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Baxter, Jennifer.. 2017. “Stay-at-Home Dads.” Family Week Fact Sheet 2017. Australian Institute of Family Studies, Canberra.
   Google Scholar
• Bettio, Francesca, Platon Tinios, and Gianni Betti. 2013. The Gender Gap in Pensions in the EU. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Blau, Francine D. and Lawrence M. Kahn. 2016. “The Gender Wage Gap: Extent, Trends, and Explanations.” IZA Discussion Paper 9656, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
   Google Scholar
• Bridgen, Paul and Traute Meyer. 2014. “The Liberalisation of the German Social Model: Public–Private Pension Reform in Germany Since 2001.” Journal of Social Policy 43(1): 37–68. doi: 10.1017/S0047279413000597
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broderick, Elizabeth. 2012. “Women in the Workforce.” Australian Economic Review 45(2): 204–10. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8462.2012.00682.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broomhill, Ray and Rhonda Sharp. 2005. “The Changing Male Breadwinner Model in Australia: A New Gender Order?” Labour and Industry 16(1): 103–27. doi: 10.1080/10301763.2005.10722033
   Google Scholar
• Cebulla, Andreas, Sarah Butt, and Nick Lyon. 2007. “Working Beyond the State Pension Age in the United Kingdom: The Role of Working Time Flexibility and the Effects on the Home.” Ageing and Society 27(6): 849–68. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X07006320
   Google Scholar
• Clare, Ross. 2014. “An Update on the Level and Distribution of Retirement Savings.” ASFA Research Paper, The Association of Superannuation Funds of Australia Limited (ASFA).
   Google Scholar
• Clark, Gordon L. and Kendra Strauss. 2008. “Individual Pension-Related Risk Propensities: The Effects of Socio-Demographic Characteristics and a Spousal Pension Entitlement on Risk Attitudes.” Ageing and Society 28(6): 847–74. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X08007083
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cobb-Clark, Deborah A. 2012. “That Pesky Problem of Persistent Gender Bias.” Australian Economic Review 45(2): 211–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8462.2012.00681.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis, Kevin. 2012. “Superannuation over the Past Decade: Individual Experiences.” A report by the Australian Centre for Financial Studies for the Australian Institute of Superannuation Trustees (AIST).
   Google Scholar
• Deininger, Klaus and Lyn Squire. 1996. “A New Data Set Measuring Income Inequality.” World Bank Economic Review 10(3): 565–91. doi: 10.1093/wber/10.3.565
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donnelly, Kristin, Jean M. Twenge, Malissa A. Clark, Samia K. Shaikh, Angela Beiler-May, and Nathan T. Carter. 2016. “Attitudes Toward Women’s Work and Family Roles in the United States, 1976–2013.” Psychology of Women Quarterly 40(1): 41–54. doi: 10.1177/0361684315590774
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drew, Michael, Pieter Stoltz, Adam Walk, and Jason West. 2014. “Retirement Adequacy Through Higher Contributions: Is This the Only Way?” Journal of Retirement 1(4): 57–74. doi: 10.3905/jor.2014.1.4.057
   Google Scholar
• Ebbinghaus, Bernhard and Noel Whiteside. 2012. “Shifting Responsibilities in Western European Pension Systems: What Future for Social Models?” Global Social Policy 12(3): 266–82. doi: 10.1177/1468018112455655
   Google Scholar
• European Commission. 2013. The Gender Gap in Pensions in the EU. Luxembourg: European Union.
   Google Scholar
• Evandrou, Maria and Karen Glaser. 2003. “Combining Work and Family Life: The Pension Penalty of Caring.” Ageing and Society 23(5): 583–601. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X03001314
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Even, William E. and David A. Macpherson. 2004. “When Will the Gender Gap in Retirement Income Narrow?” Southern Economic Journal 71(1): 182–200. doi: 10.2307/4135320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng, Jun and Paul Gerrans. 2014. “Patterns of Voluntary Worker Retirement Savings: A Longitudinal Analysis.” Stream 3: Better Superannuation Outcomes Working Paper, Superannuation Research Cluster, CSIRO-Monash, Monash University.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-López, Sara, Milagros Vivel-Búa, Luis Otero-González, and Pablo Durán-Santomil. 2015. “Exploring the Gender Effect on Europeans’ Retirement Savings.” Feminist Economics 21(4): 118–50. doi: 10.1080/13545701.2015.1005653
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flory, Judith. 2012. “The Gender Pension Gap: Developing an Indicator Measuring Fair Income Opportunities for Women and Men.” Study by the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Information Technology (FIT) on behalf of the Federal German Ministry for Family Affairs, Senior Citizens, Women and Youth.
   Google Scholar
• Folbre, Nancy. 2017. “The Care Penalty and Gender Inequality.” In The Oxford Handbook of Women and the Economy, edited by Susan L. Averett, Laura M. Argys, and Saul D. Hoffman, 1–20. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Folbre, Nancy, Lois B. Shaw, and Agneta Stark. 2005. “Introduction: Gender and Aging.” Feminist Economics 11(2): 3–5. doi: 10.1080/13545700500115803
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frericks, Patricia, Robert Maier, and Willibrord de Graaf. 2006. “Shifting the Pension Mix: Consequences for Dutch and Danish Women.” Social Policy and Administration 40(5): 475–92. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9515.2006.00500.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gee, Susan, Sik Hung Ng, Ann Weatherall, Jim Liu, Cynthia Loong, and Te Ripowai Higgins. 2002. “Saving Ourselves: Gender Issues in Making Provision for One’s Own Retirement.” Australasian Journal on Ageing 21(1): 30–5. doi: 10.1111/j.1741-6612.2002.tb00412.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greig, Fiona, Ricardo Haussman, Laura D. Tyson, and Saadia Zahidi. 2006. “The Gender Gap Index 2006: A New Framework for Measuring Equality.” In Global Gender Gap Report 2006, edited by Ricardo Haussman, Laura D. Tyson, and Saadia Zahidi, 3–23. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Headey, Bruce, Gary Marks, and Mark Wooden. 2005. “The Structure and Distribution of Household Wealth in Australia.” Australian Economic Review 38(2): 159–75. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8462.2005.00363.x
   Google Scholar
• Hill, Elizabeth. 2007. “Budgeting for Work–Life Balance: The Ideology and Politics of Work and Family Policy in Australia.” Australian Bulletin of Labor 33(2): 226–45.
   Google Scholar
• Hinrichs, Karl and Matteo Jessoula, eds. 2012. Labour Market Flexibility and Pension Reforms: Flexible Today, Secure Tomorrow? New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Holden, Sarah, Jack VanDerhei, Luis Alonso, and Steven Bass. 2013. “401(k) Participants in the Wake of the Financial Crisis: Changes in Account Balances, 2007–2011.” ICI Research Perspective 19(7): 1–16.
   Google Scholar
• Jefferson, Therese. 2009. “Women and Retirement Pensions: A Research Review.” Feminist Economics 15(4): 115–45. doi: 10.1080/13545700903153963
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jefferson, Therese and Alison Preston. 2005. “Australia’s ‘Other’ Gender Wage Gap: Baby Boomers and Compulsory Superannuation Accounts.” Feminist Economics 11(2): 79–101. doi: 10.1080/13545700500115902
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer, Traute and Paul Bridgen. 2008. “Class, Gender and Chance: The Social Division of Welfare and Occupational Pensions in the United Kingdom.” Ageing and Society 28(3): 353–81. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X07006873
   Google Scholar
• Morton, Matthew, Jeni Klugman, Lucia Hanmer, and Dorothe Singer. 2014. “Gender at Work: A Companion to the World Development Report on Jobs.” Working Paper 89273, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Nyberg, Anita. 2012. “Gender Equality Policy in Sweden: 1970s–2010s.” Nordic Journal of Working Life Studies 2(4): 67–84. doi: 10.19154/njwls.v2i4.2305
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). 2017. The Pursuit of Gender Equality: An Uphill Battle. Paris: OECD Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), International Labour Office (ILO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and the World Bank Group (WBG). 2014. “Achieving Stronger Growth by Promoting a More Gender-Balanced Economy.” Report prepared for the G20 Labour and Employment Ministerial Meeting, Melbourne, Australia, September 10–11.
   Google Scholar
• Olivetti, Claudia and Barbara Petrongolo. 2016. “The Evolution of Gender Gaps in Industrialized Countries.” NBER Working Paper 21887, National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER).
   Google Scholar
• Orenstein, Mitchell A. 2011. “Pension Privatization in Crisis: Death or Rebirth of a Global Policy Trend?” International Social Security Review 64(3): 65–80. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-246X.2011.01403.x
   Google Scholar
• Paglin, Morton. 1975. “The Measurement and Trend of Inequality: A Basic Revision.” American Economic Review 65(4): 598–609.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parr, Nick, Shauna Ferris, and Stéphane Mahuteau. 2007. “The Impact of Children on Australian Women’s and Men’s Superannuation.” Economic and Labour Relations Review 18(1): 3–26. doi: 10.1177/103530460701800102
   Google Scholar
• Rice Warner. 2014. Retirement Savings Gap as at 30 June 2014. Sydney: Rice Warner.
   Google Scholar
• Scottish Widows. 2015. 2015 Women and Retirement Report. https://www.scottishwidows.co.uk/about_us/media_centre/reports_women.html.
   Google Scholar
• Sefton, Tom, Maria Evandrou, and Jane Falkingham. 2011. “Family Ties: Women’s Work and Family Histories and Their Association with Incomes in Later Life in the UK.” Journal of Social Policy 40(1): 41–69. doi: 10.1017/S0047279410000255
   Google Scholar
• Sefton, Tom, Maria Evandrou, Jane Falkingham, and Athina Vlachantoni. 2011. “The Relationship Between Women’s Work Histories and Incomes in Later Life in the UK, US and West Germany.” Journal of European Social Policy 21(1): 20–36. doi: 10.1177/0958928710380475
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senate Economics References Committee (SERC). 2016. A Husband Is Not a Retirement Plan: Achieving Economic Security for Women in Retirement. Canberra, Australia: SERC.
   Google Scholar
• Shaver, Sheila. 2001. “Pension Reform in Australia: Problematic Gender Equality.” In Women, Work and Pensions: International Issues and Prospects, edited by Jay Ginn, Debra Street, and Sara Arber, 179–98. Buckingham: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shorrocks, Anthony F. 1978. “The Measurement of Mobility.” Econometrica 46(5): 1013–24. doi: 10.2307/1911433
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, Natalie J., Claire Hutchinson, and Barbara Pocock. 2013. “Flexibility Request-Making in the Post-Right to Request (RTR) Environment.” Paper presented at the 27th Association of Industrial Relations Academics of Australian and New Zealand (AIRAANZ) Conference, Fremantle Western Australia, February 6–8.
   Google Scholar
• Van Dalen, Hendrik P., Kene Henkens, and Douglas A. Hershey. 2010. “Perceptions and Expectations of Pension Savings Adequacy: A Comparative Study of Dutch and American Workers.” Ageing and Society 30(5): 731–54. doi: 10.1017/S0144686X09990651
   Google Scholar
• van den Berg, Bernard, Denzil G. Fiebig, and Jane Hall. 2014. “Well-Being Losses Due to Care-Giving.” Journal of Health Economics 35: 123–31. doi: 10.1016/j.jhealeco.2014.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weichselbaumer, Doris and Rudolf Winter-Ebmer. 2005. “A Meta-Analysis of the International Gender Wage Gap.” Journal of Economic Surveys 19(3): 479–511. doi: 10.1111/j.0950-0804.2005.00256.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu, Wei-hsin and Pei-lin Lee. 2013. “Decomposing Gender Beliefs: Cross-National Differences in Attitudes Toward Maternal Employment and Gender Equality at Home.” Sociological Inquiry 83(4): 591–621. doi: 10.1111/soin.12013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar