Measuring Women’s Agency

References

• Abbas, S. M. Shariq. 2016. “Nigerian Employees’ Study on Locus of Control and Subjective Well Being: North Eastern Context.” Indian Journal of Applied Research 6(4): 374–8.
   Google Scholar
• Abramsky, Tanya, Karen Devries, Lori Michau, Janet Nakuti, Tina Musuya, Nambusi Kyegombe, and Charlotte Watts. 2016. “The Impact of SASA!, a Community Mobilisation Intervention, on Women’s Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence: Secondary Findings From a Cluster Randomised Trial in Kampala, Uganda.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 70(8): 818–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal, Bina. 1997. “‘Bargaining’ and Gender Relations: Within and Beyond the Household.” Feminist Economics 3(1): 1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Almås, Ingvild, Alex Armand, Orazio Attanasio, and Pedro Carneiro. 2018. “Measuring and Changing Control: Women’s Empowerment and Targeted Transfers.” Economic Journal 128(612): F609–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, Siwan, Lori Beaman, and Jean-Philippe Platteau. 2018. Towards Gender Equity in Development. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Annan, Jeannie, Aletheia Donald, Markus Goldstein, Paula Gonzalez Martinez, and Gayatri Koolwal. 2019. “Taking Power: Women's Empowerment and Household Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. 9034.
   Google Scholar
• Asante, Kwaku and Paul N. Doku. 2010. “Cultural Adaptation of the Condom Use Self Efficacy Scale (CUSES) in Ghana.” BMC Public Health 10: 227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 1977. “Self-Efficacy: Toward a Unifying Theory of Behavioral Change.” Psychological Review 84(2): 191–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bandura, Albert. 2006. “Guide for Constructing Self-Eficacy Scales.” In Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Adolescents, Vol. 5, edited by Frank Pajares and Tim Urdan, 307–337. Greenwich: Information Age Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Benes, Elisa and Kieran Walsh. 2018. ILO LFS Pilot Studies Cognitive Interviewing Tests: Methodology, Process and Outcomes. Statistical Methodology Series. Geneva: International Labour Organization.
   Google Scholar
• Bernard, Tanguy, Stefan Dercon, Kate Orkin, and Alemayehu Taffesse. 2014. “The Future in Mind: Aspirations and Forward-Looking Behaviour in Rural Ethiopia.” CEPR Discussion Papers No. 10224, Centre for Economic Policy Research, London.
   Google Scholar
• Blood, Robert and Donald Wolfe. 1960. Husbands and Wives: The Dynamics of Married Living. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Burns, Alvin. 1977. “Husband and Wife Purchase Decision-Making Roles: Agreed, Presumed, Conceded, and Disputed.” Advances in Consumer Research 4: 50–5.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, Gilad, Stanley Gully, and Dov Eden. 2001. “Validation of a New General Self-Efficacy Scale.” Organizational Research Methods 4(1): 62–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirkov, Valery, Richard Ryan, and Ken Sheldon, eds. 2011. Human Autonomy in Cross-Cultural Context: Perspectives on the Psychology of Agency, Freedom, and Well-Being. New York: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Davis, Harry and Benny Rigaux. 1974. “Perceptions of Marital Roles in Decision Processes.” Journal of Consumer Research 1(1): 51–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dercon, Stefan and Abhijeet Singh. 2013. “From Nutrition to Aspirations and Self-Efficacy: Gender Bias Over Time among Children in Four Countries.” World Development 45: 31–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devine, Joe, Laura Camfield, and Ian Gough. 2008. “Autonomy or Dependence – or Both? Perspectives from Bangladesh.” Journal of Happiness Studies 9(1): 105–38.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dixon, David, Curtis McKee, and Bradley McRae. 1976. “Dimensionality of Three Adult, Objective Locus of Control Scales.” Journal of Personality Assessment 40(3): 310–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folbre, Nancy. 1994. Who Pays for the Kids? Gender and the Structures of Constraint. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Frese, Michael, Stefanie I. Krauss, Nina Keith, Susanne Escher, Rafal Grabarkiewicz, Siv Tonje Luneng, Constanze Heers, Jens Unger, and Christian Friedrich. 2007. “Business Owners’ Action Planning and its Relationship to Business Success in Three African Countries.” Journal of Applied Psychology 92(6): 1481–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedemann-Sánchez, Greta. 2006. “Assets in Intrahousehold Bargaining among Women Workers in Colombia’s Cut-Flower Industry.” Feminist Economics 12(1–2): 247–69.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furnham, Adrian. 1986. “Economic Locus of Control.” Human Relations 39(1): 29–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gammage, Sarah, Naila Kabeer, and Yana van der Meulen Rodgers. 2016. “Voice and Agency: Where Are We Now?” Feminist Economics 22(1): 1–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghuman, Sharon, Hedy Lee, and Herbert L. Smith. 2006. “Measurement of Women’s Autonomy According to Women and Their Husbands: Results From Five Asian Countries.” Social Science Research 35(1): 1–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glennerster, Rachel, Claire Walsh, and Lucia Diaz-Martin. 2018. “A Practical Guide to Measuring Women’s and Girls’ Empowerment in Impact Evaluations.” Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab. https://www.povertyactionlab.org/sites/default/files/resources/practical-guide-to-measuring-womens-and-girls-empowerment-in-impact-evaluations.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Haggard, Patrick and Baruch Eitam. 2015. The Sense of Agency. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hanmer, Lucia and Jeni Klugman. 2016. “Exploring Women’s Agency and Empowerment in Developing Countries: Where Do We Stand?” Feminist Economics 22(1): 237–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heath, Rachel. 2014. “Women’s Access to Labor Market Opportunities, Control of Household Resources, and Domestic Violence: Evidence From Bangladesh.” World Development 57(C): 32–46.
   Google Scholar
• Heckman, James and Tim Kautz. 2012. “Hard Evidence on Soft Skills.” Labour Economics 19(4): 451–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt, Janet, Sharon Bessell, Joanne Crawford, Kylie Fisk, Hieu Nguyen, Trang Pham, Helen Suich, and Mandy Yap. 2017. The Individual Deprivation Measure: Methodology Update 2017. Melbourne: Australian National University, Canberra and International Women’s Development Agency.
   Google Scholar
• Ibrahim, Solava and Sabina Alkire. 2007. “Empowerment and Agency: A Proposal for Internationally-Comparable Indicators.” Oxford Development Studies 35(4): 379–403.
   Google Scholar
• Jackson, Cecile. 2013. “Cooperative Conflicts and Gender Relations: Experimental Evidence from Southeast Uganda.” Feminist Economics 19(4): 25–47.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson, Susan. 2015. “Capacities to Aspire and Capacities to Save: A Gendered Analysis of Motivations for Liquidity Management.” Kenya Financial Sector Deepening Report, Bath University.
   Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila. 1999. “Resources, Agency, Achievements: Reflections on the Measurement of Women’s Empowerment.” Development and Change 30(3): 435–64.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabeer, Naila. 2016. “Gender Equality, Economic Growth, and Women’s Agency: the ‘Endless Variety’ and ‘Monotonous Similarity’ of Patriarchal Constraints.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 295–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilic, Talip, Cheryl Doss, and Caitlin Kieran. 2019. “Measuring Ownership, Control, and Use of Assets.” Feminist Economics. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2019.1681591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein, Elise. 2016. “Women’s Agency and the Psychological Domain: Evidence From the Urban Fringe of Bamako, Mali.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 106–29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles, James. 2015. “Monitoring and Evaluation Guidelines for Women’s Economic Empowerment Programs.” Report, United Nations Foundation and ExxonMobil Foundation.
   Google Scholar
• Laajaj, Rachid and Karen Macours. 2017. “Measuring Skills in Developing Countries.” Policy Research Working Paper 8000, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Latham, Gary and Edwin Locke. 1979. “Goal Setting—A Motivational Technique that Works.” Organizational Dynamics 8(2): 68–80.
   Google Scholar
• Lee, Cynthia, Philip Bobko, Christopher Earley, and Edwin Locke. 1991. “An Empirical Analysis of a Goal Setting Questionnaire.” Journal of Organizational Behavior 12(6): 467–82.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, Hanna. 1981. “Differentiating among Internality, Powerful Others, and Chance.” In Research with the Locus of Control Construct: Assessment Methods, Vol. 1, edited by H. M. Lefcourt, 15–63. New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mackie, Gerry, Francesca Moneti, Elaine Denny, and Holly Shakya. 2015. “What are Social Norms? How are They Measured?” UNICEF/University of California, San Diego – Center on Global Justice/.
   Google Scholar
• Malapit, Hazel. 2015. “The ‘WEAI’ Forward: What We’ve Learned and Where We’re Going.” WEAI Stakeholder Convening. International Food Policy Research Institute, May 27.
   Google Scholar
• Malhotra, Anju. 2003. “Conceptualizing and Measuring Women’s Wmpowerment as a Variable in International Development.” Paper presented at the Workshop on Measuring Empowerment: Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives, World Bank, Washington, DC, February 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• Mani, Anandi, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir, and Jiaying Zhao. 2013. “Poverty Impedes Cognitive Function.” Science 341(6149): 976–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenzie, David and Susana Puerto. 2015. “The Direct and Spillover Impacts of a Business Training Program for Female Entrepreneurs in Kenya.” Policy Research Working Paper 7993, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Montalvao, Joao, Michael Frese, Markus P. Goldstein, and Talip Kilic. 2017. “Soft Skills for Hard Constraints: Evidence from High-Achieving Female Farmers. Policy Research Working Paper 8095, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Peterman, Amber, Benjamin Schwab, Shalini Roy, Melissa Hidrobo, and Daniel Gilligan. 2015. “Measuring Women’s Decision-Making: Indicator Choice and Survey Design Experiments from Cash and Food Transfer Evaluations in Ecuador, Uganda, and Yemen.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 01453.
   Google Scholar
• Plunkett, Helen and Marc Buehner. 2007. “The Relation of General and Specific Locus of Control to Intertemporal Monetary Choice.” Personality and Individual Differences 42(7): 1233–42.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quisumbing, Agnes. 2003. Household Decisions, Gender and Development: A Synthesis of Recent Research. Washington, DC: IFPRI.
   Google Scholar
• Ramnarain, Smita. 2016. “Unpacking Widow Headship and Agency in Post-Conflict Nepal.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 80–105.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid, David and Edward Ware. 1973. “Multidimensionality of Internal-External Control: Implications for Past and Future Research.” Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science 5(3): 264–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotter, Julian B. 1966. “Generalized Expectancies for Internal Versus External Control of Reinforcement.” Psychological Monographs: General and Applied 80(1): 1–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryan, Richard and Edward Deci. 2000. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist 55(1): 68–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sajogyo, Pudjiwati, Endang L. Hastuti, Syarifah Surkati, Winati Wigna, and Krisnawati Suryanata. 1979. Studies in Family Planning 10(11/12): 364–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal, Paromita, Vijayendra Rao, and Shruti Majumdar. 2015. “Recasting Culture to Undo Gender: A Sociological Analysis of the Jeevika Intervention in Rural Bihar, India.” Policy Research Working Paper 7411, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, Amartya. 1987. “Gender and Cooperative Conflicts.” Working Paper 18, World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER), Helsinki, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Sen, Amartya K. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Seymour, Greg, Hazel Malapit, and Agnes Quisumbing. Forthcoming. “Measuring Time Use in Developing Country Agriculture: Evidence From Bangladesh and Uganda.” Feminist Economics.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seymour, Greg and Amber Peterman. 2018. “Context and Measurement: An Analysis of the Relationship Between Intrahoushold Decision Making and Autonomy.” World Development 111: 97–112.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skinner, Ellen. 1996. “A Guide to Constructs of Control.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71(3): 549–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spector, Paul. 1988. “Development of the Work Locus of Control Scale.” Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 61(4): 335–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sproule, Katie and Chiara Kovarik. 2014. “Cognitive Testing and Vignettes in the WEAI.” Gender Methods Seminar, International Food Policy Research Institute, December 12.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe, Sara, Kristin E. Vanderende, Courtney Peters, Lauren Bardin, and Kathryn M. Yount. 2016. “The Influence of Women's Empowerment on Child Immunization Coverage in Low, Lower-Middle, and Upper-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review of the Literature.” Maternal and Child Health Journal 20(1): 172–86.
   Google Scholar
• Trommlerová, Sofia, Stephan Klasen, and Ortrud Leßmann. 2015. “Determinants of Empowerment in a Capability-Based Poverty Approach: Evidence From the Gambia.” World Development 66(C): 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Valecha, Gopal. 1972. “Construct Validation of Internal-External Locus of Control as Measured by an Abbreviated 11-Item IE Scale.” PhD diss., Ohio State University.
   Google Scholar
• Van Daalen, H. J., E. C. Van Niekerk, and C. D. Pottas. 1989. “The Validation of Furnham's Locus of Control Scale for a Black Southern African Group.” Journal of Industrial Psychology 15(1): 12–21.
   Google Scholar
• Vaz, Ana, Pierre Pratley, and Sabina Alkire. 2016. “Measuring Women’s Autonomy in Chad Using the Relative Autonomy Index.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 264–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2014. Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for Shared Prosperity. Washington, DC: World Bank.
   Google Scholar