Race/Ethnicity and Sex Differences in Attitudes Toward Policies for Gender Equality in the United States

References

• Barone, Emily. 2019. “Many American Men Have a Skewed View of Gender Inequality, TIME Poll Finds.” TIME, September 26. https://time.com/5667397/gender-equality-opinions/.
   Google Scholar
• Barroso, Amanda. 2020. “Key Takeaways on Americans’ Views on Gender Equality a Century after U.S. Women Gained the Right to Vote.” Pew Research Center, August 13. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/13/key-takeaways-on-americans-views-on-gender-equality-a-century-after-u-s-women-gained-the-right-to-vote/.
   Google Scholar
• Bejarano, Christina E. 2014. “Latino Gender and Generation Gaps in Political Ideology.” Politics and Gender 10(1): 62–88.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boris, Eileen. 1995. “The Racialized Gendered State: Constructions of Citizenship in the United States.” Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 2(2): 160–80.
   Google Scholar
• Botel, Megan. 2020. “How Black Women Worked to Secure Joe Biden's Election as President.” USA Today, December 2.
   Google Scholar
• Breda, Thomas, Elyès Jouini, Clotilde Napp, and Georgia Thebault. 2020. “Gender Stereotypes Can Explain the Gender-Equality Paradox.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(49): 31063–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brewer, Rose M., Cecilia A. Conrad, and Mary C. King. 2002. “The Complexities and Potential of Theorizing Gender, Caste, Race, and Class.” Feminist Economics 8(2): 3–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carey Jr, Tony E. and Mary-Kate Lizotte. 2017. “Political Experience and the Intersection Between Race and Gender.” Politics, Groups, and Identities 7(2): 243–66.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassese, Erin C., Tiffany D. Barnes, and Regina P. Branton. 2015. “Racializing Gender: Public Opinion at the Intersection.” Politics & Gender 11(1): 1–26.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Center for American Women in Politics (CAWP). 2020. Gender Gap Public Opinion. CAWP, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ.
   Google Scholar
• Choo, Hae Yeon and Myra Marx Ferree. 2010. “Practicing Intersectionality in Sociological Research: A Critical Analysis of Inclusions, Interactions, and Institutions in the Study of Inequalities.” Sociological Theory 28(2): 129–49.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, Beniamino, Diane Gillespie, and Gerry Mackie. 2016. Values Deliberation and Collective Action: Community Empowerment in Rural Senegal. London: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Cislaghi, Beniamino and Lori Heise. 2020. “Gender Norms and Social Norms: Differences, Similarities and Why They Matter in Prevention Science.” Sociology of Health and Illness 42(2): 407–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, Brittney. 2016. “Intersectionality.” In The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory, edited by Lisa Disch and Mary Hawkesworth, 385–406. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Cotter, David, Joan M. Hermsen, and Reeve Vanneman. 2011. “The End of the Gender Revolution? Gender Role Attitudes from 1977 to 2008.” American Journal of Sociology 117(1): 259–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crenshaw, Kimberlé W. 2017. On Intersectionality: Essential Writings. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Crotti, Roberto, Thierry Geiger, Vesselina Ratcheva, and Saadia Zahidi. 2020. Global Gender Gap Report 2020. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
   Google Scholar
• Dhar, Diva, Tarun Jain, and Seema Jayachandran. 2018. “Reshaping Adolescents’ Gender Attitudes: Evidence from a School-Based Experiment in India.” National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.
   Google Scholar
• England, Paula, Andrew Levine, and Emma Mishel. 2020. “Progress Toward Gender Equality in the United States Has Slowed or Stalled.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117(13): 6990–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Equal Measures 2030 (EM2030). 2019. “Harnessing the Power of Data for Gender Equality.” Report, Equal Measures 2030.
   Google Scholar
• French, Sabine Elizabeth, Edward Seidman, LaRue Allen, and J. Lawrence Aber. 2000. “Racial/Ethnic Identity, Congruence with the Social Context, and the Transition to High School.” Journal of Adolescent Research 15(5): 587–602.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frothingham, Sunny and Shilpha Phadke. 2017. “100 Days, 100 Ways the Trump Administration Is Harming Women and Families.” Issue Brief, Center for American Progress.
   Google Scholar
• Georgetown Institute for Women Peace and Security (GIWPS). 2020. The Best and Worst States to Be a Woman. Introducing the U.S. Women, Peace, and Security Index 2020. Washington, DC: Georgetown Institute for Women Peace and Security.
   Google Scholar
• Georgetown Institute for Women Peace and Security (GIWPS) and Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO). 2020. “The Best States to be a Woman: Introducing the U.S. Women, Peace, and Security Index.” GIWPS and PRIO, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Green, Duncan. 2014. “Which is More Important – Changing Policies, or Changing Social Norms and Behaviours (and How Are They Connected)?” From Poverty to Power, August 22.
   Google Scholar
• Grossman, Jennifer M. and Linda Charmaraman. 2009. “Race, Context, and Privilege: White Adolescents’ Eplanations of Racial-Ethnic Centrality.” Journal of Youth and Adolescence 38(2): 139–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harper, Caroline and Rachel George. 2020. “Historical Lessons on Gender Norm Change, With Case Studies from Uganda and Nepal.” ALIGN Think Piece. ALIGN, London.
   Google Scholar
• Heilman, Brian, Gary Barker, and Alexander Harrison. 2017. “The Man Box: A Study on Being a Young Man in the US, UK, and Mexico.” Promundo.
   Google Scholar
• Horowitz, Juliana Menasce, Kim Parker, Nikki Graf, and Gretchen Livingston. 2017. “Americans Widely Support Paid Family and Medical Leave, but Differ Over Specific Policies.” Pew Research Center, March 23.
   Google Scholar
• Huerta, Maria C., Willem Adema, Jennifer Baxter, Wen-Jui Han, Mette Lausten, RaeHyuck Lee, and Jane Waldfogel. 2014. “Fathers’ Leave and Fathers’ Involvement: Evidence from Four OECD Countries.” European Journal of Social Security 16(4): 308–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Igielnik, Ruth, Scott Keeter, and Hannah Hartig. 2021. “Behind Biden’s 2020 Victory: An Examination of the 2020 Electorate, Based on Validated Voters.” Pew Research Center, June 31.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR). 2020a. “Providing Unpaid Household and Care Work in the United States: Uncovering Inequality.” IWPR, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Institute for Women’s Policy Research (IWPR). 2020b. “Same Gap, Different Year: The Gender Wage Gap 2019.” IWPR, Washington, DC.
   Google Scholar
• Jensen, Robert and Emily Oster. 2009. “The Power of TV: Cable Television and Women’s Status in India.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 124(3): 1057–94.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kane, Emily W. 2000. “Racial and Ethnic Variations in Gender-Related Attitudes.” Annual Review of Sociology 26(1): 419–39.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackie, Gerry, Francesca Moneti, Holly Shakya, and Elaine Denny. 2015. “What Are Social Norms? How Are They Measured?” University of California at San Diego-UNICEF Working Paper, San Diego.
   Google Scholar
• Manning, Mark. 2009. “The Effects of Subjective Norms on Behaviour in the Theory of Planned Behaviour: A Meta-Analysis.” British Journal of Social Psychology 48(4): 649–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McConnaughy, Corrine M. and Ismail K. White. 2011. “Racial Politics Complicated: The Work of Gendered Race Cues in American Politics.” Paper prepared for the New Research on Gender in Political Psychology Conference, Rutgers University, March 4–5.
   Google Scholar
• McDermott, Monica and Frank L. Samson. 2005. “White Racial and Ethnic Identity in the United States.” Annual Review of Sociology 31: 245–61.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meagher, Kelsey D. and Xiaoling Shu. 2019. “Trends in US Gender Attitudes, 1977 to 2018: Gender and Educational Disparities.” Socius 5. doi:10.1177/2378023119851692.
   Google Scholar
• MenEngage-UNFPA Advocacy. 2010. “Engaging Men, Changing Gender Norms: Directions for Gender-Transformative Action.” UNFPA.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, Pippa and Ronald Inglehart. 2001. “Women and Democracy: Cultural Obstacles to Equal Representation.” Journal of Democracy 12(3): 126–40.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker, Kim and Cary Funk. 2017. “Gender Discrimination Comes in Many Forms For Today’s Working Women.” Pew Research Center, December 14.
   Google Scholar
• Pearse, Rebecca and Raewyn Connell. 2016. “Gender Norms and the Economy: Insights from Social Research.” Feminist Economics 22(1): 30–53.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pratto, F., L. M. Stallworth, and J. Sidanius. 1997. “The Gender Gap: Differences in Political Attitudes and Social Dominance Orientation.” British Journal of Social Psychology 36(1): 49–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reed, Jason. 2006. “Gender Differences in Political Attitudes and Persuasion.” Race, Gender & Class 13(1/2): 59–69.
   Google Scholar
• Riffkin, Rebecca. 2015. “Higher Support for Gender Affirmative Action Than Race.” Gallup News, August 26.
   Google Scholar
• Rolleri, Lori A. 2013. “Can Gender Norms Change?” Research Facts and Findings. Cornell University ACT for Youth, Ithaca, NY.
   Google Scholar
• Rosette, Ashleigh Shelby and Robert W. Livingston. 2012. “Failure is Not an Option for Black Women: Effects of Organizational Performance on Leaders With Single Versus Dual-Subordinate Identities.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 48(5): 1162–7.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad, Lydia. 2020. “Americans Regard Gender Equality as Unfinished Business.” Gallup, August 10. https://news.gallup.com/poll/317009/americans-regard-gender-equality-unfinished-business.aspx.
   Google Scholar
• Save the Children. 2016. “Every Last Girl Free to Live, Free to Learn, Free From Harm.” Save the Children.
   Google Scholar
• Scarborough, William J., Joanna R. Pepin, Danny L. Lambouths III, Ronald Kwon, and Ronaldo Monasterio. 2021. “The Intersection of Racial and Gender Attitudes, 1977 Through 2018.” American Sociological Review 86(5): 823–55.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, Monica C. and Angela L. Bos. 2019. “The Application of Social Role Theory to the Study of Gender in Politics.” Political Psychology 40(S1): 173–213.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharrow, Elizabeth A., Dara Z. Strolovitch, Michael T. Heaney, Seth E. Masket, and Joanne M. Miller. 2016. “Gender Attitudes, Gendered Partisanship: Feminism and Support for Sarah Palin and Hillary Clinton Among Party Activists.” Journal of Women, Politics & Policy 37(4): 394–416.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shu, Xiaoling and Kelsey D. Meagher. 2018. “Beyond the Stalled Gender Revolution: Historical and Cohort Dynamics in Gender Attitudes from 1977 to 2016.” Social Forces 96(3): 1243–74.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simien, Evelyn M. 2007. “Doing Intersectionality Research: From Conceptual Issues to Practical Examples.” Politics & Gender 3(2): 264.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Solomona, R. Patrick, John P. Portelli, Beverly–Jean Daniel, and Arlene Campbell. 2005. “The Discourse of Denial: How White Teacher Candidates Construct Race, Racism and ‘White Privilege’.” Race Ethnicity and Education 8(2): 147–69.
   Google Scholar
• SteelFisher, Gillian K, Mary G. Findling, Sara N. Bleich, Logan S. Casey, Robert J. Blendon, John M. Benson, Justin M. Sayde, and Carolyn Miller. 2019. “Gender Discrimination in the United States: Experiences of Women.” Health Service Research 54(S2): 1442–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinbugler, Amy C., Julie E. Press, and Janice Johnson Dias. 2006. “Gender, Race, and Affirmative Action: Operationalizing Intersectionality in Survey Research.” Gender & Society 20(6): 805–25.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• U.S. Census Bureau. 2019. “Quick Facts United States 2019.” US Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219.
   Google Scholar
• Wilson, Valerie and William M. Rodgers. 2016. “Black-White Wage Gaps Expand With Rising Wage Inequality.” Economic Policy Institute, September 20.
   Google Scholar