Questions and challenges for the new psychology of reasoning

References

• Adams , E. 1975 . The logic of conditionals: An application of probability to deductive logic , Dordrecht : Reidel .
   Google Scholar
• Adams , E. 1998 . A primer of probability logic , Stanford , CA : CLSI Publications .
   Google Scholar
• Baron , J. 1995 . Myside bias in thinking about abortion . Thinking & Reasoning , 1 : 221 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Barrouillet , P. , Gauffroy , C. and Lecas , J. F. 2008 . Mental models and the suppositional account of conditionals . Psychological Review , 115 : 760 – 772 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnefon , J-F. 2011 . Norms for reasoning about decisions . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 34 : 249 – 250 .
   Google Scholar
• Bonnefon , J. B. 2009 . A theory of utility conditionals: Paralogical reasoning from decision-theoretic leakage . Psychological Review , 118 : 888 – 907 .
   Google Scholar
• Braine , M. D. S. and O'Brien , D. P. 1998 . “ The theory of mental-propositional logic: Description and illustration ” . In Mental logic , Edited by: Braine , M. D. S. and O'Brien , D. P. 79 – 89 . Mahwah , NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Byrne , R. M. J. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 2009 . ‘If’ and the problems of conditional reasoning . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 13 : 282 – 287 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carruthers , P. 2006 . The architecture of the mind , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Chater , N. and Oaksford , M. 1999 . The probability heuristics model of syllogistic reasoning . Cognitive Psychology , 38 : 191 – 258 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen , L. J. 1981 . Can human irrationality be experimentally demonstrated? . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 4 : 317 – 370 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Finetti , B. 1964 . “ Foresight: Its logical laws, its subjective sources [translation of 1937 original] ” . In Studies in subjective probability , Edited by: Kyburg , H. E. and Smokier , H. E. 55 – 118 . New York : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• De Neys , W. and Franssens , S. 2009 . Belief inhibition during thinking: Not always winning but at least taking part . Cognition , 113 : 45 – 61 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Neys , W. and Glumicic , T. 2008 . Conflict monitoring in dual-process theories of thinking . Cognition , 106 : 1248 – 1299 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Neys , W. , Vartanian , O. and Goel , V. 2008 . Smarter than we think: When our brains detect that we are biased . Psychological Science , 19 : 483 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douven , I. and Dietz , R. 2011 . A puzzle about Stalnaker's hypothesis . Topoi , 30 : 31 – 37 .
   Google Scholar
• Douven , I. and Verbrugge , S. 2010 . The Adams family . Cognition , 117 : 302 – 318 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dube , C. , Rotello , C. and Heit , E. 2010 . Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: It's a response bias effect . Psychological Review , 117 : 831 – 863 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgington , D. 1995 . On conditionals . Mind , 104 : 235 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edgington , D. 2003 . What if? Questions about conditionals . Mind & Language , 18 : 380 – 401 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elqayam , S. and Evans , J. St. B. T. 2011 . Subtracting ‘ought from ‘is’: Descriptivism versus normativism in the study of human thinking . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 34 : 233 – 290 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 1977 . Toward a statistical theory of reasoning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 29 : 297 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 1982 . The psychology of deductive reasoning , London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 1989 . Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences , Hove , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2002 . Logic and human reasoning: An assessment of the deduction paradigm . Psychological Bulletin , 128 : 978 – 996 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2006 . The heuristic-analytic theory of reasoning: Extension and evaluation . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 13 : 378 – 395 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2007a . Hypothetical thinking: Dual-processes in reasoning and judgement , Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2007b . On the resolution of conflict in dual-process theories of reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 13 : 321 – 329 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2008 . Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment and social cognition . Annual Review of Psychology , 59 : 255 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2010a . Intuition and reasoning: A dual-process perspective . Psychological Inquiry , 21 : 313 – 326 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2010b . Thinking twice: Two minds in one brain , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. 2011 . Dual-process theories of reasoning: Contemporary issues and developmental applications . Developmental Review , 31 : 86 – 102 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. in press a . “ Dual-process theories of reasoning: facts and fallacies ” . In The Oxford handbook of thinking and reasoning , Edited by: Holyoak , K. and Morrison , R. G. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. in press b . “ Reasoning ” . In The Oxford handbook of cognitive psychology , Edited by: Reisberg , D. New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Barston , J. L. and Pollard , P. 1983 . On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning . Memory & Cognition , 11 : 295 – 306 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. and Elqayam , S. 2011 . Towards a descriptivist psychology of reasoning and decision making . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 34 : 275 – 284 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Handley , S. , Neilens , H. , Bacon , A. M. and Over , D. E. 2010 . The influence of cognitive ability and instructional set on causal conditional inference . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 63 : 892 – 909 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Handley , S. J. and Harper , C. 2001 . Necessity, possibility and belief: A study of syllogistic reasoning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 54A : 935 – 958 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Handley , S. J. , Neilens , H. and Over , D. E. 2007 . Understanding causal conditionals: A study of individual differences . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 61 : 1291 – 1297 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Handley , S. J. and Over , D. E. 2003 . Conditionals and conditional probability . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition , 29 : 321 – 355 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Newstead , S. E. and Byrne , R. M. J. 1993 . Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction , Hove , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. and Over , D. E. 1996 . Rationality and reasoning , Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. and Over , D. E. 2004 . If , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Evans , J. St. B. T. , Over , D. E. and Handley , S. J. 2005 . Supposition, extensionality and conditionals: A critique of Johnson-Laird & Byrne (2002) . Psychological Review , 112 : 1040 – 1052 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feeney , A. and Heit , E. 2007 . Inductive reasoning , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Frankish , K. and Evans , J. St. B. T. 2009 . “ The duality of mind: An historical perpsective ” . In In two minds: Dual-processes and beyond , Edited by: Evans , J. St. B. T. and Frankish , K. 1 – 30 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• George , C. 1995 . The endorsement of the premises: Assumption-based or belief-based reasoning . British Journal of Psychology , 86 : 93 – 111 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gigerenzer , G. 2004 . “ Fast and frugal heuristics: The tools of bounded rationality ” . In Blackwell handbook of judgment and decision making , Edited by: Koehler , D. J. and Harvey , N. 62 – 88 . Oxford , UK : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• Gilovich , T. , Griffin , D. and Kahneman , D. 2002 . Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgement , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goel , V. 2005 . “ Cognitive neuroscience of deductive reasoning ” . In The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning , Edited by: Holyoak , K. and Morrison , R. G. 475 – 492 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goel , V. 2008 . Anatomy of deductive reasoning . Trends in Cognitive Sciences , 11 : 435 – 441 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel , V. and Dolan , R. J. 2003 . Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief . Cognition , 87 : B11 – B22 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hahn , U. and Oaksford , M. 2007 . The rationality of informal argumentation: A Bayesian approach to reasoning fallacies . Psychological Review , 114 : 704 – 732 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henle , M. 1962 . On the relation between logic and thinking . Psychological Review , 69 : 366 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holland , J. H. , Holyoak , K. J. , Nisbett , R. E. and Thagard , P. R. 1986 . Induction: Processes of inference, learning and discovery , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Howson , C. and Urbach , P. 1993 . Scientific reasoning , (2nd ed.) , Chicago : Open Court .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1983 . Mental models , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird , P. N. 2006 . How we reason , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird , P. N. and Byrne , R. M. J. 1991 . Deduction , Hove , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson-Laird , P. N. and Byrne , R. M. J. 2002 . Conditionals: A theory of meaning, pragmatics and inference . Psychological Review , 109 : 646 – 678 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Frederick , S. 2002 . “ Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgement ” . In Heuristics and biases: The psychology of intuitive judgment , Edited by: Gilovich , T. , Griffin , D. and Kahneman , D. 49 – 81 . Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. , Slovic , P. and Tversky , A. 1982 . Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases , Cambridge , UK : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1972 . Subjective probability: A judgment of representativeness . Cognitive Psychology , 3 : 430 – 454 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman , D. and Tversky , A. 1982 . On the study of statistical intuition . Cognition , 12 : 325 – 326 .
   Google Scholar
• Keren , G. and Schul , Y. 2009 . Two is not always better than one: A critical evaluation of two-system theories . Perspectives on Psychological Science , 4 : 533 – 550 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. , Beller , S. and Hutter , M. 2010 . Conditional reasoning in context: A dual-source model of probabilistic inference . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition , 36 : 298 – 323 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. and Kellen , D. 2011 . Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: Reply to Dube, Rotello & Heit (2010) . Psychological Review , 118 : 164 – 173 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klauer , K. C. , Musch , J. and Naumer , B. 2000 . On belief bias in syllogistic reasoning . Psychological Review , 107 : 852 – 884 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruglanski , A. W. and Gigerenzer , G. 2011 . Intuitive and deliberative judgements are based on common principles . Psychological Review , 118 : 97 – 109 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee , L. N. Y. , Goodwin , G. P. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 2008 . The psychological problem of Sudoku . Thinking & Reasoning , 14 : 342 – 364 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lieberman , M. D. 2007 . Social cognitive neuroscience: A review of core processes . Annual Review of Psychology , 58 : 259 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lucas , E. J. and Ball , L. J. 2005 . Think-aloud protocols and the selection task: Evidence for relevance effects and rationalisation processes . Thinking and Reasoning , 11 : 35 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. I. and Over , D. E. 1990 . “ Deontic thought and the selection task ” . In Lines of thinking , Edited by: Gilhooly , K. J. , Keane , M. T. , Logie , R. H. and Erdos , G. Volume 1 , 153 – 164 . Chichester , UK : Wiley .
   Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. I. and Over , D. E. 1991 . Social roles and utilities in reasoning with deontic conditionals . Cognition , 39 : 85 – 105 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manktelow , K. I. , Over , D. E. and Elqayam , S. 2011 . “ Paradigm shift: Jonathan Evans and the science of reason ” . In The science of reason: A Festchrift for Jonathan St. B. T. Evans , Edited by: Manktelow , K. I. , Over , D. E. and Elqayam , S. 1 – 16 . Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Mercier , H. and Sperber , D. 2010 . Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 34 : 57 – 111 .
   Google Scholar
• O'Brien , D. P. 1993 . “ Mental logic and human irrationality: We can put a man on the moon, so why can't we solve those logical reasoning problems ” . In Rationality , Edited by: Manktelow , K. I. and Over , D. E. 110 – 135 . London : Routledge .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 1994 . A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection . Psychological Review , 101 : 608 – 631 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 1998 . Rationality in an uncertain world , Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 2007 . Bayesian rationality , Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 2009 . Precis of Bayesian rationality: The probabilistic approach to human reasoning . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 32 : 69 – 84 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 2010 . “ Cognition and conditionals: An introduction ” . In Cognition and conditionals: Probability and logic in human thinking , Edited by: Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 3 – 36 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 2011 . “ Dual systems and dual-procesess but a single function ” . In The science of reason: A Festchrift for Jonathan St. B. T. Evans , Edited by: Manktelow , K. I. , Over , D. E. and Elqayam , S. 339 – 352 . Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
   Google Scholar
• Oberauer , K. , Weidenfeld , A. and Fischer , K. 2007 . What makes us believe a conditional? The role of covariation and causality . Thinking & Reasoning , 13 : 340 – 369 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oberauer , K. and Wilhelm , O. 2003 . The meaning(s) of conditionals: Conditional probabilities, mental models and personal utilities . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition , 29 : 680 – 693 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Over , D. E. 2009 . New paradigm psychology of reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 15 : 431 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Over , D. E. , Hadjichristidis , C. , Evans , J. St. B. T. , Handley , S. J. and Sloman , S. A. 2007 . The probability of causal conditionals . Cognitive Psychology , 54 : 62 – 97 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeifer , N. and Kleiter , G. D. 2010 . “ The conditional in mental probability logic ” . In Cognition and conditionals: Probability and logic in human thinking , Edited by: Oaksford , M. and Chater , N. 153 – 173 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Politzer , G. , Over , D. E. and Baratgin , J. 2010 . Betting on conditionals . Thinking & Reasoning , 16 : 172 – 197 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popper , K. R. 1959 . The logic of scientific discovery , London : Hutchinson .
   Google Scholar
• Ramsey , F. P. Truth and probability [originally published 1926] . Philosophical papers . Edited by: Mellor , D. H. pp. 52 – 94 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Ricco , R. B. and Overton , W. F. 2011 . Reasoning development and dual systems processing: Competence-procedural developmental dual systems theory . Developmental Review , 31 : 119 – 150 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rips , L. J. 1994 . The psychology of proof , Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
   Google Scholar
• Rips , L. J. 2001 . Two kinds of reasoning . Psychological Science , 12 : 129 – 134 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rotello , C. M. and Heit , E. 2009 . Modelling the effects of argument length and validity on inductive and deductive reasoning . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition , 35 : 1317 – 1330 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shynkarkuk , J. M. and Thompson , V. A. 2006 . Confidence and accuracy in deductive reasoning . Memory & Cognition , 34 : 619 – 632 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sloman , S. A. 1996 . The empirical case for two systems of reasoning . Psychological Bulletin , 119 : 3 – 22 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith , E. R. and DeCoster , J. 2000 . Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems . Personality and Social Psychology Review , 4 : 108 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 1999 . Who is rational? Studies of individual differences in reasoning , Mahway , NJ : Lawrence Elrbaum Associates Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 2004 . The robot's rebellion: Finding meaning the age of Darwin , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 2011a . Normative models in psychology are here to stay . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 34 : 268–269
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. 2011b . Rationality and the reflective mind , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 1998 . Cognitive ability and variation in selection task performance . Thinking & Reasoning , 4 : 193 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 2000 . Individual differences in reasoning: Implications for the rationality debate . Behavioral and Brain Sciences , 23 : 645 – 726 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 2007 . Natural myside bias is independent of cognitive ability . Thinking & Reasoning , 13 : 225
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 2008a . On the failure of cognitive ability to predict myside and one-sided thinking biases . Thinking & Reasoning , 14 : 129 – 167 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. and West , R. F. 2008b . On the relative independence of thinking biases and cognitive ability . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 94 : 672 – 695 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanovich , K. E. , West , R. F. and Toplak , M. E. 2011 . The complexity of developmental predictions from dual-process models . Developmental Review , 31 : 103 – 108 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevenson , R. J. and Over , D. E. 1995 . Deduction from uncertain premises . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 48A : 613 – 643 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , V. A. 2009 . “ Dual-process theories: A metacognitive perspective ” . In In two minds: Dual-processes and beyond , Edited by: Evans , J. St. B. T. and Frankish , K. 171 – 196 . Oxford , UK : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Thompson , V. A. , Evans , J. St. B. T. and Handley , S. J. 2005 . Persuading and dissuading by conditional argument . Journal of Memory and Language , 53 : 238 – 257 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson , V. A. , Turner , J. P. and Pennycock , G. in press . Intuition, reason and metacognition . Cognitive Psychology ,
   Google Scholar
• Tsujii , T. and Watanabee , S. 2009 . Neural correlates of dual-task effect on belief-bias syllogistic reasoning: A near-infrared spectroscopty study . Brain Research , 1287 : 118 – 125 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tversky , A. and Kahneman , D. 1973 . Availability: A heuristic for judging frequency and probability . Cognitive Psychology , 5 : 207 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verschueren , N. , Schaeken , W. and d'Ydewalle , G. 2005 . A dual-process specification of causal conditional reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 11 : 239 – 278 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. 1966 . “ Reasoning ” . In New horizons in psychology I , Edited by: Foss , B. M. 106 – 137 . Harmondsworth , UK : Penguin .
   Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. and Evans , J. St. B. T. 1975 . Dual-processes in reasoning? . Cognition , 3 : 141 – 154 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wason , P. C. and Johnson-Laird , P. N. 1972 . Psychology of reasoning: Structure and content , London : Batsford .
   Google Scholar
• Weidenfeld , A. , Oberauer , K. and Hornig , R. 2005 . Causal and noncausal conditionals: An integrated model of interpretation and reasoning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58 : 1479 – 1513 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilkins , M. C. 1928 . The effect of changed material on the ability to do formal syllogistic reasoning . Archives of Psychology , No 102
   Google Scholar
• Woodworth , R. S. and Sells , S. B. 1935 . An atmosphere effect in syllogistic reasoning . Journal of Experimental Psychology , 18 : 451 – 460 .
   Google Scholar