1,432
Views
27
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Belief bias in informal reasoning

&
Pages 278-310 | Received 25 Jul 2011, Accepted 13 Feb 2012, Published online: 11 Jun 2012

References

  • Ball , L J. , Wade , C N and Quayle , J D. 2006 . Effects of belief and logic on syllogistic reasoning: Eye-movement evidence for selective processing models . Experimental Psychology , 53 : 77 – 86 .
  • Chater , N and Oaksford , M. 1999 . The probability heuristics model of syllogistic reasoning . Cognitive Psychology , 38 : 191 – 258 .
  • De Neys , W. , Vartanian , O and Goel , V. 2008 . Smarter than we think: When our brains detect that we are biased . Psychological Science, 19 , : 483 – 489 .
  • Dube , C. , Rotello , C and Heit , E. 2010 . Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: It's a response bias effect . Psychological Review, 117 , : 831 – 863 .
  • Evans , JStBT. 1989 . “ Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences ” . Hove , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc .
  • Evans , JStBT. 2000 . “ Thinking and believing ” . In Mental models in reasoning , Edited by: A.Garcia-Madruga , J , Carriedo , N and Gonzales-Labra , M J . 41 – 56 . Madrid : UNED .
  • Evans , JStBT. 2006 . On the resolution of conflict in dual process theories of reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 13 : 321 – 339 .
  • Evans , JStBT. 2007a . “ Hypothetical thinking: Dual processes in reasoning and judgement ” . Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Evans , JStBT. 2007b . On the resolution of conflict in dual-process theories of reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 13 : 321 – 329 .
  • Evans , JStBT. 2008 . Dual-processing accounts of reasoning, judgment and social cognition . Annual Review of Psychology , 59 : 255 – 278 .
  • Evans, J. St. B. T. (2012). Questions and challenges for the new psychology of reasoning. Thinking & Reasoning, 18, 5–31
  • Evans , JStBT. , Barston , J L and Pollard , P. 1983 . On the conflict between logic and belief in syllogistic reasoning . Memory & Cognition , 11 : 295 – 306 .
  • Evans , JStBT. , Handley , S J and Harper , C. 2001 . Necessity, possibility and belief: A study of syllogistic reasoning . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54A , : 935 – 958 .
  • Evans , JStBT. , Handley , S J. , Harper , C and Johnson-Laird , P N. 1999 . Reasoning about necessity and possibility: A test of the mental model theory of deduction . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition , 25 : 1495 – 1513 .
  • Fong , G T. , Krantz , D H and Nisbett , R E. 1986 . The effects of statistical training on thinking about everyday problems . Cognitive Psychology , 18 : 253 – 292 .
  • Gilinsky , A S and Judd , B B. 1994 . Working memory and bias in reasoning across the life-span . Psychology and Aging , 9 : 356 – 371 .
  • Goel , V and Dolan , R J. 2003 . Explaining modulation of reasoning by belief . Cognition , 87 : B11 – B22 .
  • Hahn, U., & Oaksford, M. (2007) The rationality of informal argumentation: A Bayesian approach to reasoning fallacies. Psychological Review, 114, 704–732
  • Harris, A. J. L., Hsu, A. S., & Madsen, J. K. (2012 this issue). Because Hitler did it! Quantitative tests of Bayesian argumentation using ad hominem. Thinking & Reasoning, 18, 311–343
  • Hoeken, H., Timmers, R., & Schellens, P. J. (2012 this issue). Arguing about desirable consequences: What constitutes a convincing argument? Thinking & Reasoning, 18, 394–416
  • Howson, C., & Urbach, P. (1993). Scientific reasoning (2nd ed.). Chicago: Open Court
  • Klaczynski , P A and Lavallee , K L. 2005 . Domain-specific identity, epistemic regulation, and intellectual ability as predictors of belief-biased reasoning: A dual-process perspective . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 92 : 1 – 24 .
  • Klaczynski , P A and Robinson , B. 2000 . Personal theories, intellectual ability and epistemological beliefs: Adult age differences in everyday reasoning biases . Psychology and Aging , 15 : 400 – 416 .
  • Klauer , K C and Kellen , D. 2011 . Assessing the belief bias effect with ROCs: Reply to Dube, Rotello & Heit (2010) . Psychological Review , 118 : 164 – 173 .
  • Klauer , K C. , Musch , J and Naumer , B. 2000 . On belief bias in syllogistic reasoning . Psychological Review , 107 : 852 – 884 .
  • Lucas , E J and Ball , L J. 2005 . Think-aloud protocols and the selection task: Evidence for relevance effects and rationalisation processes . Thinking and Reasoning , 11 : 35 – 66 .
  • Neilens , H. , Handley , S and Newstead , S. E. 2009 . Effects of training and instruction on analytic and belief-based reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 15 : 37 – 68 .
  • Newstead , S E. , Pollard , P. , Evans , JStBT and Allen , J L. 1992 . The source of belief bias in syllogistic reasoning . Cognition , 78 : 257 – 284 .
  • Nisbett , R E and Wilson , T D. 1977 . Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes . Psychological Review , 84 : 231 – 295 .
  • Oakhill , J and Johnson-Laird , P N. 1985 . The effects of belief on the spontaneous production of syllogistic conclusions . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 37A , : 553 – 569 .
  • Oakhill , J. , Johnson-Laird , P N and Garnham , A. 1989 . Believability and syllogistic reasoning . Cognition , 31 : 117 – 140 .
  • Oaksford , M and Hahn , U. 2004 . A Bayesian approach to the argument from ignorance . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 58 : 75 – 85 .
  • Over , D E. 2009 . New paradigm psychology of reasoning . Thinking & Reasoning , 15 : 431 – 438 .
  • Popper , K R. 1959 . “ The logic of scientific discovery ” . London : Hutchinson .
  • Sa , W C. , West , R F and Stanovich , K E. 1999 . The domain specificity and generality of belief bias: Searching for a generalisable critical thinking skill . Journal of Educational Psychology , 91 : 497 – 510 .
  • Stanovich , K E and West , R F. 1997 . Reasoning independently of prior belief and individual dfferences in actively open-minded thinking . Journal of Educational Psychology , 89 : 342 – 357 .
  • Stupple, E. J. N., Ball, L. J., Evans, J. St. B. T., & Kamal-Smith, E. (2011). When logic and belief collide: Individual differences in reasoning times support a selective processing model. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 23, 931–941
  • Thompson , V A. 1996 . Reasoning from false premises: The role of soundness in making logical deductions . Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology , 50 : 315 – 319 .
  • Thompson , V A. 2000 . The task-specific nature of domain-general reasoning . Cognition , 76 ( 3 ) : 209 – 268 .
  • Thompson , V A. , Newstead , S E and Morley , N J. 2011 . “ Methodological and theoretical issues in belief bias: Implications for dual-process theories ” . In The science of reason: A festschrift for Jonathan St. B. T. Evans , Edited by: Manktelow , K I , Over , D E and Elqayam , S . 309 – 338 . Hove , UK : Psychology Press .
  • Thompson , V A. , Striemer , C L. , Reikoff , R. , Gunter , R W and Campbell , J ID. 2003 . Syllogistic reasoning time: Disconfirmation disconfirmed . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review , 10 : 184 – 189 .
  • Tsujii , T and Watanabee , S. 2009 . Neural correlates of dual-task effect on belief-bias syllogistic reasoning: A near-infrared spectroscopy study . Brain Research , 1287 : 118 – 125 .
  • Wason , P C and Evans , JStBT. 1975 . Dual processes in reasoning . Cognition , 3 : 141 – 154 .
  • Wilson , T D. 2002 . “ Strangers to ourselves ” . Cambridge , MA : Belknap Press .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.