Ineffective initiation contributes to deficient verbal and non-verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia

References

• Anderson, R. M. (1994). Practitioner’s guide to clinical neuropsychology. New York, NY: Plenum Press.
   Google Scholar
• Becker, H. E., Nieman, D. H., Dingemans, P. M., van der Fliert, J. R., De Haan, L., & Linszen, D. H. (2010). Verbal fluency as a possible predictor of psychosis. European Psychiatry, 25, 105–110. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2009.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benton, A. L., Hamsher, K. deS, & Sivan, A. B. (1994). Multilingual aphasia examination (3rd ed.). San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
   Google Scholar
• Berberian, A. A., Moraes, G. V., Gadelha, A., Brietzke, E., Fonseca, A. O., Scarpato, B. S., … Lacerda, A. L. (2016). Is semantic verbal fluency impairment explained by executive function deficits in schizophrenia? Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria,38. Epub April 19. doi: 10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bokat, C. E., & Goldberg, T. E. (2003). Letter and category fluency in schizophrenic patients: A meta-analysis. Schizophrenia Research, 64, 73–78. doi: 10.1016/S0920-9964(02)00282-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borkowska, A. (2012). Zaburzenia funkcji poznawczych w schizofrenii. Aspekty neuropsychiatryczne i neuropsychologiczne. Kraków: Polskie Towarzystwo Psychiatryczne.
   Google Scholar
• Campellone, T. R., Sanchez, A. H., & Kring, A. M. (2016). Defeatist performance beliefs, negative symptoms, and functional outcome in schizophrenia: A meta-analytic review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 42, 1343–1352. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbw026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmo, J. C., Duarte, E., Pinho, S., Marques, J. F., & Filipe, C. N. (2015). Verbal fluency as a function of time in autism spectrum disorder: An impairment of initiation process? Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 37(7), 710–721. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1062082
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X. J., Wang, Y., Wang, Y., Yang, T. X., Zou, L. Q., Huang, J., … Chan, R. C. K. (2016). Neural correlates of prospective memory impairments in schizophrenia. Neuropsychology, 30, 169–180. doi: 10.1037/neu0000225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowe, S. F. (1998). Decrease in performance on the verbal fluency test as a function of time: Evaluation in a young healthy sample. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 20, 391–401. doi: 10.1076/jcen.20.3.391.810
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias, N. M, & Seabra, A. G. (2014). The FAS fluency test in Brazilian children and teenagers: Executive demands and the effects of age and gender. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, 72, 55–62. doi: 10.1590/0004-282X20130213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fish, S. C., & Granholm, E. (2008). Easier tasks can have higher processing loads: Task difficulty and cognitive resources in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 355–363. doi: 10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.355
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovannetti, T. G., Goldstein, R. Z., Schullery, M., Barr, W. B., & Bilder, R. M. (2003). Category fluency in first-episode schizophrenia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 384–393. doi: 10.1017/S1355617703930049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gold, J. M., Goldberg, R. W., McNary, S. W., Dixon, L. B., & Lehman, A. F. (2002). Cognitive correlates of job tenure among patients with severe mental illness. American Journal of Psychiatry, 159, 1395–1402. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1395
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldman, H. H., Skodol, A. E., & Lave, T. R. (1992). Revising axis V for DSM-IV: A review of measures of social functioning. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 1148–1156. doi: 10.1176/ajp.149.8.1119-a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Granholm, E., Verney, S. P., Perivoliotis, D., & Miura, T. (2007). Effortful cognitive resource allocation and negative symptom severity in chronic schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(3), 831–842. doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbl040
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harciarek, M., Michałowski, J. M., Biedunkiewicz, B., Williamson, J. B., Dębska-Slizien, A., Rutkowski, B., & Heilman, K. M. (2016). Disorders of the anterior attentional-intentional system in patients with end-stage renal disease. Brain and Cognition, 107, 1–9. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2016.05.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henry, J., & Crawford, J. (2005). A meta-analytic review of verbal fluency deficits in schizophrenia relative to other neurocognitive deficits. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 10, 1–33. doi: 10.1080/13546800344000309
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hurks, P. P., Vles, J. S., Hendriksen, J. G., Kalff, A. C., Feron, F. J., Kroes, M., … Jolles, J. (2004). Verbal fluency over time as a measure of automatic and controlled processing in children with ADHD. Brain and Cognition, 55, 535–544. doi: 10.1016/j.bandc.2004.03.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hurks, P. P., Vles, J. S., Hendriksen, J. G., Kalff, A. C., Feron, F. J., Kroes, M., … Jolles, J. (2006). Semantic category fluency versus initial letter fluency over 60 seconds as a measure of automatic and controlled processing in healthy school-aged children. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 684–695. doi: 10.1080/13803390590954191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahlaoui, K., Di Sante, G., Barbeau, J., Maheux, M., Lesage, F., Ska, B., & Joanette, Y. (2012). Contribution of NIRS to the study of prefrontal cortex for verbal fluency in aging. Brain and Language, 121, 164–173. doi: 10.1016/j.bandl.2011.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keefe, R. S. E., Goldberg, T. E., Harvey, P. D., Gold, J. M., Poe, M., & Coughenour, L. (2004). The brief assessment of cognition in schizophrenia: Reliability, sensitivity, and comparison with a standard neurocognitive battery. Schizophrenia Research, 68, 283–297. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kochunov, P., Coyle, T., Lancaster, J., Robin, D., Hardies, J., Kochunov, V., … Fox, P. (2010). Processing speed is correlated with cerebral health markers in the frontal lobes as quantified by neuro-imaging. Neuroimage, 49, 1190–1199. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.09.052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuperberg, G. R. (2010). Language in schizophrenia part 1: An introduction. Language and Linguistics Compass, 4, 576–589. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-818X.2010.00216.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Landrø, N. I., & Ueland, T. (2008). Verbal memory and verbal fluency in adolescents with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62, 653–661. doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2008.01864.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lemogne, C., Delaveau, P., Freton, M., Guionnet, S., & Fossati, P. (2012) Medial prefrontal cortex and the self in major depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 136, e1–e11. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.11.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assessment (4th ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moore, D. J., Savla, G. N., Woods, S. P., Jeste, D. V., & Palmer, B. W. (2006). Verbal fluency impairments among middle-aged and older outpatients with schizophrenia are characterized by deficient switching. Schizophrenia Research, 87, 254–260. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.06.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen, N. P., Ringstrom, R., Wiig, E. H., & Minthon, L. (2007). Associations between AQT processing speed and neuropsychological tests in neuropsychiatric patients. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementia, 22, 202–210. doi: 10.1177/1089253206300417
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Palmqvist, S., Minthon, L., Wattmo, C., Londos, E., & Hansson, O. (2010). A quick test of cognitive speed is sensitive in detecting early treatment response in Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer Research and Therapy, 2(5), 29. doi: 10.1186/alzrt53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawełczyk, A., Kotlicka-Antczak, M., Rabe-Jabłońska, J., Pawełczyk, T., Ruszpel, A., & Łojek, E. (2015). Figural fluency and immediate visual memory in patients with at-risk mental state for psychosis: Empirical study. Early Intervention in Psychiatry, 9, 324–330. doi: 10.1111/eip.12116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piskunowicz, M., Bieliński, M., Zgliński, A., & Borkowska, A. (2013). Verbal fluency tests—Application in neuropsychological assessment. Psychiatria Polska, 47, 475–485.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Premkumar, P., Fannon, D., Kuipers, E., Cooke, M. A., Simmons, A., & Kumari, V. (2008). Association between a longer duration of illness, age and lower frontal lobe grey matter volume in schizophrenia. Behavioural Brain Research, 193, 132–139. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu, W., Rolls, E. T., Guo, S., Liu, H., Yu, Y., Xue, Z., … Liu, Z. (2014). Altered functional connectivity links in neuroleptic-naïve and neuroleptic-treated patients with schizophrenia, and their relation to symptoms including volition. NeuroImage: Clinical, 6, 463–474. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2014.10.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276. doi: 10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271
   Google Scholar
• Revheim, N., Schechter, I., Kim, D., Silipo, G., Alligham, B., Butler, P., & Javitt, D. C. (2006). Neurocognitive and symptom correlates of daily problem-solving skills in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Research, 83, 237–245. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2005.12.849
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rinaldi, R., Lefebvre, L., & Trappeniers, J. (2013). Language, executive functioning and symptomatology—Is fluency a transversal tool in schizophrenia? Open Journal of Psychiatry, 3, 358–369. doi: 10.4236/ojpsych.2013.34038
   Google Scholar
• Robert, P. H., Lafont, V., Medecin, I., Berthet, L., Thauby, S., Baudu, C., & Darcourt, G. (1998). Clustering and switching strategies in verbal fluency tasks: Comparison between schizophrenics and healthy adults. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 4, 539–546. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/articles/10050358/ doi: 10.1017/S1355617798466025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruff, R. (1998). Ruff Figural Fluency Test. Odessa, FL: PAR.
   Google Scholar
• Spreen, O., & Benton, A. L. (1977). Neurosensory center comprehensive examination for aphasia. Victoria, BC: Neuropsychology Laboratory, University of Victoria.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss, J. S., & Carpenter, W. T., Jr. (1972). The prediction of outcome in schizophrenia: I. Characteristics of outcome. Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, 739–746. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.1972.01750300011002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss, E., Sherman, E. M. S., & Spreen, O. (2006). A compendium of neuropsychological tests: Administration, norms, and commentary (3rd ed.) New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Sturm, W., & Willmes, K. (2001). On the functional neuroanatomy of intrinsic and phasic alertness. Neuroimage, 14, S76–S84. doi: 10.1006/nimg.2001.0839
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss, D. T. (2011). Functions of the frontal lobes: Relation to executive functions. Journal of International Neuropsychological Society, 17, 759–765. doi: 10.1017/S1355617711000695
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss, D. T., & Alexander, M. P. (2007). Is there a dysexecutive syndrome? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 362, 901–915. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss, D. T., Alexander, M. P., Shallice, T., Picton, T. W., Binns, M. A., MacDonald, R., … Katz, D. (2005). Multiple frontal systems controlling response speed. Neuropsychologia, 43, 396–417. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stuss, D. T., Binns, M. A., Murphy, K. J., & Alexander, M. P. (2002). Dissociations within the anterior attentional system: Effects of task complexity and irrelevant information on reaction time speed and accuracy. Neuropsychology, 16, 500–513. doi: 10.1037/0894-4105.16.4.500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szöke, A., Trandafir, A., Dupont, M.-E., Méary, A., Schürhoff, F., & Leboyer, M. (2008). Longitudinal studies of cognition in schizophrenia: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 248–257. doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.106.029009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troyer, A. K. (2000). Normative data for clustering and switching on verbal fluency tasks. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 22, 370–378. doi: 10.1076/1380-3395(200006)22:3;1-V;FT370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tyburski, E., Sokołowski, A., Chęć, M., Pełka-Wysiecka, J., & Samochowiec, A. (2015). Neuropsychological characteristics of verbal and non-verbal fluency in schizophrenia patients. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 29, 33–38. doi: 10.1016/j.apnu.2014.09.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahid-Ansari, F., Lagace, D. C., & Albert, P. R. (2016). Persistent post-stroke depression in mice following unilateral medial prefrontal cortical stroke. Translational Psychiatry, 6, e863. doi: 10.1038/tp.2016.124
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beilen, M., Pijnenborg, M., van Zomeren, E. H., van den Bosch, R. J., Withaar, F. K., & Bouma, A. (2004). What is measured by verbal fluency tests in schizophrenia? Schizophrenia Research, 69, 267–276. doi: 10.1016/j.schres.2003.09.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiig, E. H., Nielsen, N. P., Minthon, L., & Warkentin, S. (2002). Alzheimer’s Quick Test: Assessment of parietal function. San Antonio, TX: Harcourt Assessment.
   Google Scholar
• Zakzanis, K. K., Troyer, A. K., Rich, J. B., & Heinrichs, W. (2000). Component analysis of verbal fluency in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology, and Behavioral Neurology, 13, 239–245. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1118615
   PubMedGoogle Scholar