698
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Loneliness and objective social isolation are differentially associated with anomalous perceptions in community-dwelling older adults

ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon, ORCID Icon & ORCID Icon
Pages 130-146 | Received 19 Apr 2022, Accepted 11 Nov 2022, Published online: 06 Feb 2023

References

  • Anderson, G. O. (2010). Loneliness among older adults: A national survey of adults 45 + . https://doi.org/10.26419/res.00064.001
  • Badcock, J. C., Dehon, H., & Larøi, F. (2017). Hallucinations in healthy older adults: An overview of the literature and perspectives for future research. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1134), https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01134
  • Badcock, J. C., Holt-Lunstad, J., Garcia, E., Bombaci, P., & Lim, M. H. (2022). Position statement: Addressing social isolation and loneliness and the power of human connection. In Global Initiative on Loneliness and Connection. www.gilc.global
  • Bell, V., Halligan, P. W., & Ellis, H. D. (2006). The cardiff anomalous perceptions scale (CAPS): A new validated measure of anomalous perceptual experience. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 32(2), 366–377. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbj014
  • Bentler, P. M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychological Bulletin, 107(2), 238–246. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.107.2.238
  • Beutel, M. E., Klein, E. M., Brähler, E., Reiner, I., Jünger, C., Michal, M., Wiltink, J., Wild, P. S., Münzel, T., Lackner, K. J., & Tibubos, A. N. (2017). Loneliness in the general population: Prevalence, determinants and relations to mental health. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1262-x
  • Brooks, B. A. (2019). The strength of weak ties. Nurse Leader, 17(2), 90–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2018.12.011
  • Byrne, B. M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with AMOS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Lawrence Erlbaum. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203726532.
  • Cacioppo, J. T., Cacioppo, S., & Boomsma, D. I. (2014). Evolutionary mechanisms for loneliness. Cognition and Emotion, 28(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.837379
  • Chiu, P. Y., Hsu, M. H., Wang, C. W., Tsai, C. T., & Pai, M. C. (2017). Visual hallucinations in Alzheimer’s disease is significantly associated with clinical diagnostic features of dementia with Lewy bodies. PLoS ONE, 12(10), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186886
  • Cornwell, B., Laumann, E. O., & Schumm, L. P. (2008). The social connectedness of older adults: A national profile. American Sociological Review, 73(2), 185–203. https://doi.org/10.1177/000312240807300201
  • Costa, M. V., Diniz, M. F., Nascimento, K. K., Pereira, K. S., Dias, N. S., Malloy-Diniz, L. F., & Diniz, B. S. (2016). Accuracy of three depression screening scales to diagnose major depressive episodes in older adults without neurocognitive disorders. Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria, 38(2), 154–156. https://doi.org/10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1818
  • Coyle, C. E., & Dugan, E. (2012). Social isolation, loneliness and health among older adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 24(8), 1346–1363. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264312460275
  • El Haj, M., Jardri, R., Larøi, F., & Antoine, P. (2016). Hallucinations, loneliness, and social isolation in Alzheimer’s disease. Cognitive Neuropsychiatry, 21(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/13546805.2015.1121139
  • Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state”. A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12(3), 189–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6
  • Gasca-Salas, C., Clavero, P., García-García, D., Obeso, J. A., & Rodríguez-Oroz, M. C. (2016). Significance of visual hallucinations and cerebral hypometabolism in the risk of dementia in Parkinson’s disease patients with mild cognitive impairment. Human Brain Mapping, 37(3), 968–977. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.23080
  • Hawkley, L. C. (2018). Loneliness. https://www.britannica.com/science/loneliness
  • Hawkley, L. C., Browne, M. W., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2005). How can I connect with thee? Let me count the ways. Psychological Science, 16(10), 798–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2005.01617.x
  • Hoffman, R. E. (2007). A social deafferentation hypothesis for induction of active schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33(5), 1066–1070. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbm079
  • Hoffman, R. E. (2008). Auditory/verbal hallucinations, speech perception neurocircuitry, and the social deafferentation hypothesis. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 39(2), 87–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/155005940803900213
  • Hom, M. A., Chu, C., Rogers, M. L., & Joiner, T. E. (2020). A meta-analysis of the relationship between sleep problems and loneliness. Clinical Psychological Science, 8(5), 799–824. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702620922969
  • Hsueh, Y. C., Chen, C. Y., Hsiao, Y. C., & Lin, C. C. (2019). A longitudinal, cross-lagged panel analysis of loneliness and depression among community-based older adults. Journal of Elder Abuse & Neglect, 31(4–5), 281–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/08946566.2019.1660936
  • Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 25.0.
  • Jaén-Moreno, M. J., Moreno-Diaz, M. J., Luque-Luque, R., & Bell, V. (2014). Validation of the spanish version of the cardiff anomalous perceptions scale in the general population. Actas Espanolas de Psiquiatria, 42(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1037/t29560-000
  • JASP Team. (2019). JASP (Version 0.11.1). https://jasp-stats.org/
  • Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1998). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Lawrence Erlbaum.
  • Kelsall-Foreman, I., Gavett, B. E., Bucks, R. S., Weinborn, M., & Badcock, J. C. (2020). Factor structure and age invariance of the cardiff anomalous perceptions scale (CAPS) in healthy older and younger adults. Psychological Assessment, 32(12), 1095–1105. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000947
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16(9), 606–613. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x
  • Laloyaux, J., Bless, J. J., Hugdahl, K., Kråkvik, B., Vedul-Kjelsås, E., Kalhovde, A. M., & Larøi, F. (2019). Multimodal hallucinations are associated with poor mental health and negatively impact auditory hallucinations in the general population: Results from an epidemiological study. Schizophrenia Research, 210, 319–322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.005
  • Li, L., Wister, A. V., & Mitchell, B. (2021). Social isolation among spousal and adult-child caregivers: Findings from the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(7), 1415–1429. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbaa197
  • Lim, M. H., Eres, R., & Vasan, S. (2020). Understanding loneliness in the twenty-first century: An update on correlates, risk factors, and potential solutions. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 55(7), 793–810. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00127-020-01889-7
  • Little, R. J. A. (1988). A test of missing completely at random for multivariate data with missing values. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 83(404), 1198–1202. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1988.10478722
  • Lubben, J. E. (1988). Assessing social networks among elderly populations. Family and Community Health, 11(3), 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/00003727-198811000-00008
  • Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2019). Examining individual and geographic factors associated with social isolation and loneliness using Canadian longitudinal study on aging (CLSA) data. PLoS ONE, 14(2), https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211143
  • Menon, G. J., Rahman, I., Menon, S. J., & Dutton, G. N. (2003). Complex visual hallucinations in the visually impaired: The charles bonnet syndrome. Survey of Ophthalmology, 48(1), 58–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6257(02)00414-9
  • Michael, J., & Park, S. (2016). Anomalous bodily experiences and perceived social isolation in schizophrenia: An extension of the social deafferentation hypothesis. Schizophrenia Research, 176(2–3), 392–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2016.06.013
  • Michalska Da Rocha, B., Rhodes, S., Vasilopoulou, E., & Hutton, P. (2018). Loneliness in psychosis: A meta-analytical review. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 44(1), 114–125. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx036
  • Moore, S., Teixeira, A., & Stewart, S. (2016). Do age, psychosocial, and health characteristics alter the weak and strong tie composition of network diversity and core network size in urban adults? SSM - Population Health, 2, 623–631. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.08.009
  • Muthén, L. (2013). Negative residual variance message. http://www.statmodel.com/cgi-bin/discus/show.cgi?9/17688
  • Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2017). Mplus user’s guide (8th ed.). Muthén & Muthén.
  • Nakagawa, S., Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Nouchi, R., Sekiguchi, A., Kotozaki, Y., Miyauchi, C. M., Iizuka, K., Yokoyama, R., Shinada, T., Yamamoto, Y., Hanawa, S., Araki, T., Hashizume, H., Kunitoki, K., Sassa, Y., & Kawashima, R. (2015). White matter structures associated with loneliness in young adults. Scientific Reports, 5(1), 17001. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep17001
  • Newall, N. E., & Menec, V. H. (2019). Loneliness and social isolation of older adults: Why it is important to examine these social aspects together. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 36(3), 925–939. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407517749045
  • Nunnally, J. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • O’Bryant, S. E., Humphreys, J. D., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., Graff-Radford, N. R., Petersen, R. C., & Lucas, J. A. (2008). Detecting dementia with the mini-mental state examination in highly educated individuals. Archives of Neurology, 65(7), 963–967. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.65.7.963
  • Östling, S., Bäckman, K., Waern, M., Marlow, T., Braam, A. W., Fichter, M., Lawlor, B. A., Lobos, A., Reischies, F. M., Copeland, J. R. M., & Skoog, I. (2013). Paranoid symptoms and hallucinations among the older people in Western Europe. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(6), 573–579. https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.3861
  • Paulik, G., Badcock, J. C., & Maybery, M. T. (2006). The multifactorial structure of the predisposition to hallucinate and associations with anxiety, depression and stress. Personality and Individual Differences, 41(6), 1067–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.04.012
  • Pellas, J., & Damberg, M. (2021). Accuracy in detecting major depressive episodes in older adults using the Swedish versions of the GDS-15 and PHQ-9. Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences, 126, 7848. https://doi.org/10.48101/ujms.v126.7848
  • Pendlebury, S. T., Welch, S. J. V., Cuthbertson, F. C., Mariz, J., Mehta, Z., & Rothwell, P. M. (2013). Telephone assessment of cognition after transient ischemic attack and stroke: Modified telephone interview of cognitive status and telephone Montreal cognitive assessment versus face-to-face Montreal cognitive assessment and neuropsychological battery. Stroke, 44(1), 227–229. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.112.673384
  • Perissinotto, C., Holt-Lunstad, J., Periyakoil, V. S., & Covinsky, K. (2019). A practical approach to assessing and mitigating loneliness and isolation in older adults. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 67(4), 657–662. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgs.15746
  • Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA loneliness scale (version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
  • Santini, Z. I., Jose, P. E., York Cornwell, E., Koyanagi, A., Nielsen, L., Hinrichsen, C., Meilstrup, C., Madsen, K. R., & Koushede, V. (2020). Social disconnectedness, perceived isolation, and symptoms of depression and anxiety among older Americans (NSHAP): A longitudinal mediation analysis. The Lancet Public Health, 5(1), e62–e70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(19)30230-0
  • Scarmeas, N., Brandt, J., Albert, M., Hadjigeorgiou, G., Papadimitriou, A., Dubois, B., Sarazin, M., Devanand, D., Honig, L., Marder, K., Bell, K., Wegesin, D., Blacker, D., & Stern, Y. (2005). Delusions and hallucinations are associated with worse outcome in Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 62(10), 1601–1608. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.62.10.1601
  • Scott, J., Welham, J., Martin, G., Bor, W., Najman, J. M., O’Callaghan, M., Williams, G., Aird, R., & McGrath, J. (2008). Demographic correlates of psychotic-like experiences in young Australian adults. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 118(3), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2008.01214.x
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092–1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 173–180. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. Allyn and Bacon. https://lccn.loc.gov/2017040173
  • Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
  • van den Broek, T. (2017). Gender differences in the correlates of loneliness among Japanese persons aged 50–70. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 36(3), 234–237. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajag.12448
  • Vandervoort, D. (2000). Social isolation and gender. Current Psychology, 19(3), 229–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-000-1017-5
  • Vasileiou, K., Barnett, J., Barreto, M., Vines, J., Atkinson, M., Lawson, S., & Wilson, M. (2017). Experiences of loneliness associated with being an informal caregiver: A qualitative investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(APR), 585. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00585
  • Wild, B., Eckl, A., Herzog, W., Niehoff, D., Lechner, S., Maatouk, I., Schellberg, D., Brenner, H., Müller, H., & Löwe, B. (2014). Assessing generalized anxiety disorder in elderly people using the GAD-7 and GAD-2 scales: Results of a validation study. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22(10), 1029–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2013.01.076
  • Yu, C. Y. (2002). Evaluating cutoff criteria of model fit indices for latent variable models with binary and continous outcomes.
  • Zmigrod, L., Garrison, J. R., Carr, J., & Simons, J. S. (2016). The neural mechanisms of hallucinations: A quantitative meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 69, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.05.037