1,012
Views
157
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Short-term Memory for Verbal and Visuospatial Information in Down’s Syndrome

Pages 101-122 | Received 01 Sep 2001, Published online: 29 Jun 2010

References

  • Awh , E , Jonides , J , Smith , E.E , Schumacher , E.H , Koeppe , R.A and Katz , S . 1996 . Dissociation of storage and retrieval in verbal working memory: Evidence from positron emission tomography . Psychological Science , 7 : 25 – 31 .
  • Azari , N.P , Horwitz , B , Pettigrew , K.D , Grady , C.L , Haxby , J.V , Giacometti , K.R and Schapiro , M.B . 1994 . Abnormal pattern of cerebral glucose metabolic rates involving Language areas in young adults with Down syndrome . Brain and Language , 46 : 1 – 20 .
  • Baddeley , A.D . 1993 . Verbal and visual subsystems of memory . Current Biology , 3 : 563 – 565 .
  • Baddeley , A.D and Hitch , F.J . 1974 . “ Working memory ” . In The psychology of learning and motivation , Edited by: Bower , G . 47 – 90 . New York : Academic Press . pp
  • Baddeley , A.D , Thompson , N and Buchanan , M . 1975 . Word length and the structure of short-term memory . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 14 : 575 – 589 .
  • Bilovsky , D and Shoare , J . 1965 . The ITPA and Down’s syndrome: An exploratory study . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 70 : 78 – 82 .
  • Bower , A and Hayes , A . 1994 . Short-term memory deficits and Down’s syndrome: A comparative study . Down’s Syndrome: Research and Practice , 2 : 47 – 50 .
  • Brandimonte , M.A , Hitch , G.J and Bishop , D.V.M . 1992 . Influence of short-term memory codes on visual image processing: Evidence from image transformation tasks . Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition , I8 : 157 – 165 .
  • Broadley , L and MacDonald , J . 1993 . Teaching short term memory skills to children with Down’s syndrome . Down’s Syndrome: Research and Practice , 1 : 56 – 62 .
  • Broadley , I , MacDonald , J and Buckley , S . 1994 . Are children with Down’s syndrome able to maintain skills learned from a short-term memory training programme . Down’s Syndrome: Research and Practice , 2 : 116 – 122 .
  • Burr , D.B and Rohr , A . 1978 . Patterns of psycholinguistic development in the severely mentally retarded: A hypothesis . Social Biology , 25 : 15 – 22 .
  • Carr , J . 1985 . “ The development of intelligence ” . In Current approaches to Down’s syndrome , Edited by: Lane , D and Stratford , B . 167 – 186 . London : Cassell . pp
  • Comblain , A . 1994 . Working memory in Down’s syndrome: Training the rehearsal strategy . Down’s Syndrome: Research and Practice , 2 : 123 – 126 .
  • Conrad , R . 1971 . The chronology of the development of covert speech in children . Developmental Psychology , 5 : 398 – 405 .
  • Conrad , R and Hull , A.J . 1964 . Information, acoustic confusion, and memory span . British Journal of Psychology , 55 : 429 – 432 .
  • Das , J.P and Mishra , R.K . 1995 . Assessment of cognitive decline associated with aging. A comparison of individuals with Down syndrome and other etiologies . Research in Development Disabilities , I6 : 11 – 25 .
  • Davies , B . 1996 . “ Auditory disorders ” . In New approaches to Down’s syndrome , Edited by: Stratford , B and Gunn , P . 100 – 121 . London : Cassell . pp
  • Deb , S . 1995 . Brain imaging in mental retardation . Current Opinion in Psychiatry , 8 : 280 – 285 .
  • Deb , S , de Silva , P.N , Gemmell , H.G , Besson , J.A.O , Smith , F.W and Ebmeier , K.P . 1992 . Alzheimer’s disease in adults with Down’s syndrome: the relationship between regional cerebral blood flow equivalents and dementia . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavtca , 86 : 340 – 345 .
  • Dunn , L.M , Dunn , L.M , Whetton , C and Pintilie , D . 1982 . British Picture Vocabulary Scale , Windsor , UK : NFER-Nelson .
  • Elliot , C.D . 1990 . Differential ability scales , San Diego , CA : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Gathercole , S.E and Baddeley , A.D . 1989 . Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children. A longitudinal study . Journal of Memory and Language , 28 : 200 – 215 .
  • Gathercole , S.E and Hitch , F.J . 1993 . “ Developmental changes in short-term memory: A revised working memory perspective ” . In Theories of memory , Edited by: Collins , A , Gathercole , S.E , Conway , M.A and Morris , P.E . 189 – 209 . Hove , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd . pp
  • Gathercole , S.E , Willis , C.S , Emslie , H and Baddeley , A.D . 1992 . Phonological memory and vocabulary development during the early school years: A longitudinal study . Developmental Psychology , 5 : 887 – 898 .
  • Gunn , P and Crombie , M . 1996 . “ Language and speech ” . In New approaches to Down’s syndrome , Edited by: Stratford , B and Gunn , P . 249 – 267 . London : Cassell . pp
  • Haggard , M.P , Hind , S.E , Wade , A.R , Bennett , K.E and Greenwood , D.C . 1996 . Optimising an outcome battery for OME in 5–7 year olds , Florida , USA : Poster presented at the ARO .
  • Haier , R.J , Chueh , D , Touchette , P , Lott , L , Buchsbaum , M.S , MacMillan , D , Sandman , C , LaCasse , L and Sosa , E . 1995 . Brain size and cerebral glucose metabolic rate in nonspecific mental retardation and Down syndrome . Intelligence , 20 : 191 – 120 .
  • Haier , R.J , Hazen , K , Fallon , J , Alkire , M.T , Schell , M.J and Lott , I . “ Brain imaging and classification of mental retardation ” . In Perspectives on fundamental processes in intellectual functioning , Edited by: Soraci , S and McIlvane , W . Norwood , NJ : Ablex . in press
  • Hanley , J.R , Young , A.W and Pearson , N.A . 1991 . Impairment of the visuo-spatial sketch pad . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 43A : 101 – 125 .
  • Haxby , J.V . 1989 . Neuropsychological evaluation of adults with Down’s syndrome: patterns of selective impairment in non-demented old adults . Journal of Mental Deficiency Research , 33 : 193 – 210 .
  • Henry , L.A and Millar , S . 1993 . Why does memory span increase with age? A review of the evidence of two current hypotheses . European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , 5 : 241 – 287 .
  • Hitch , G.J , Halliday , M. S , Dodd , A and Littler , J.E . 1989 . Development of rehearsal in short-term memory: Differences between pictorial and spoken stimuli . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 7 : 347 – 363 .
  • Hitch , G.J , Halliday , M.S , Schaafstal , A.M and Heffernan , T.M . 1991 . Speech, `inner speech’, and the development of short-term memory: Effects of picture-labelling on recall . Journal of Experimental Child Psychology , 52 : 220 – 234 .
  • Holland , A.J and Oliver , C . 1995 . Down’s syndrome and the links with Alzheimer’s disease . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry , 59 : 111 – 114 .
  • Horwitz , B , Schapiro , M.B , Grady , C.L and Rapoport , S.I . 1990 . Cerebral metabolic pattern in young adult Down’s syndrome subjects: altered intercorrelations between regional rates of glucose of utilization . Journal of Mental Deficiency Research , 34 : 237 – 252 .
  • Hulme , C and Mackenzie , S . 1992 . Working memory and severe learning difficulties , Hove , UK : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Ltd .
  • Isaacs , E.B and Vargha-Khadem , F . 1989 . Differential course of development of spatial and verbal memory span: A normative study . British Journal of Developmental Psychology , 7 : 377 – 380 .
  • Jones , D.M . 1993 . “ Objects, streams and threads of auditory attention ” . In Attention: Selection, awareness and control , Edited by: Baddeley , A.D and Weiskrantz , L . 87 – 104 . Clarendon : Oxford . pp
  • Jones , D , Farrand , P , Stuart , G and Morris , N . 1995 . Functional equivalence of verbal and spatial information in serial short-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: . Learning, Memory, and Cognition , 2I : 1008 – 1018 .
  • Kay-Raining Bird , E and Chapman , R.S . 1994 . Sequential recall in individuals with Down syndrome . Journal of Speech and Hearing Research , 37 : 1369 – 1380 .
  • Kirk , S.A , McCarthy , J.J and Kirk , W.D . 1968 . Examiner’s manual for the Illinois test of psycholinguistic abilities , Urbana , IL : University of Illinois Press .
  • Laws , G , MacDonald , J , Buckley , S and Broadley , I . 1995 . Long-term maintenance of memory skills taught to children with Down’s syndrome . Down’s Syndrome: Research and Practice , 3 : 103 – 109 .
  • Logie , R.H , Zucco , G and Baddeley , A.D . 1990 . Interference with visual short-term memory . Acta Psychologia , 75 : 55 – 74 .
  • Longoni , A.M , Richardson , J.T.E and Aiello , A . 1993 . Articulatory rehearsal and phonological storage in working memory . Memory and Cognition , 2I : 11 – 22 .
  • MacKay , D.N and McDonald , G . 1976 . The effects of varying digit message structures on their recall by mongols and non-mongol subnormals . Journal ofMental Deficiency Research , 20 : 191 – 196 .
  • Mackenzie , S and Hulme , C . 1987 . Memory span development in Down’s syndrome, severely subnormal and normal subjects . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 4 : 303 – 319 .
  • Marcell , M.M and Armstrong , V . 1982 . Auditory and visual sequential memory of Down syndrome and nonretarded children . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 87 : 86 – 95 .
  • Marcell , M.M and Cohen , S . 1992 . Hearing abilities of Down syndrome and other mentally handicapped adolescents . Research in Developmental Disabilities , I5 : 533 – 551 .
  • Marcell , M.M , Harvey , C.F and Cothran , L.P . 1988 . An attempt to improve auditory short-term memory in Down’s syndrome individuals through reducing distractors . Research in Develop-mental Disabilities , 9 : 405 – 417 .
  • Marcell , M.M , Ridgeway , M.M , Sewell , D.H and Whelan , M.L . 1995 . Sentence imitation by adolescents and young adults with Down’s syndrome and other intellectual disabilities . Journal of lntellectual Disability Research , 39 : 215 – 232 .
  • Marcell , M.M and Weeks , S.L . 1988 . Short-term memory difficulties and Down’s syndrome . Journal of Mental Deficiency Research , 32 : 153 – 162 .
  • McCormick , B . 1977 . The Toy Discrimination Test: an aid for screening the hearing of children above a mental age of two years . Public Health, London , 97 : 67 – 69 .
  • McDade , H.L and Adler , S . 1980 . Down syndrome and short-term memory impairment: A storage or retrieval deficit? . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 84 : 561 – 567 .
  • Milner , B . 1971 . Interhemispheric differences in the Localisation of psychological processes in man . Cortex , 27 : 272 – 277 .
  • Morris , R.G and Baddeley , A.D . 1988 . Primary and working memory functioning in Alzheimer-type dementia . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 70 : 279 – 296 .
  • Mueller , M.W and Weaver , S.J . 1964 . Psycholinguistic abilities of institutionalized trainable mental retardates . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 68 : 775 – 783 .
  • Oliver , C and Holland , A.J . 1986 . Down’s syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease: a review . Psychological Medicine , 76 : 307 – 322 .
  • Paulesu , E , Frith , C.d and Frackowiak , R.S.J . 1993 . The neural correlates of the verbal memory component of working memory . Nature , 362 : 343 – 345 .
  • Petrides , M , Alivisatos , B , Meyer , E and Evans , A.C . 1993 . Functional activation of the human frontal cortex during the performance of verbal working memory tasks . Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA , 90 : 878 – 882 .
  • Pickering , S , Gathercole , S.E and Peaker , S.M . Verbal and visuo-spatial short-term memory in children: evidence for common and distinct mechanisms (submitted)
  • Pueschel , S.M , Gallagher , P.L , Zartler , A.S and Pezzullo , J.C . 1987 . Cognitive and learning processes in children with Down syndrome . Research in Developmental Disabilities , 8 : 21 – 37 .
  • Rabbitt , P.M.A . 1968 . Channel capacity, intelligibility and immediate memory . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 20 : 241 – 248 .
  • Rondal , J.A . 1995 . Exceptional language development in Down’s syndrome , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Rohr , A and Burr , D.B . 1978 . Etiological differences in patterns of psycholinguistic development of children of IQ 30 to 60 . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 82 : 549 – 553 .
  • Schapiro , M.B , Haxby , J.V and Grady , C.L . 1992 . Nature of mental retardation and dementia in Down syndrome: study with PET, CT, and neuropsychology . Neurobiology of Aging , 73 : 723 – 734 .
  • Shallice , T and Vallar , G . 1990 . “ The impairment of auditory-verbal short-term memory ” . In Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory , Edited by: Vallar , G and Shallice , T . 11 – 53 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . pp
  • Shallice , T and Warrington , E.K . 1970 . Independent functioning of verbal memory stores: A neuropsychological study . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 22 : 261 – 273 .
  • Smith , E.E , Jonides , J and Koeppe , R.A . 1996 . Dissociating verbal and spatial working-memory using PET . Cerebral Cortex , 6 : 11 – 20 .
  • Spinnler , H , Della Sala , S , Bandera , R and Baddeley , A . 1988 . Dementia, ageing, and the structure of human memory . Cognitive Neuropsychology , 5 : 193 – 211 .
  • Steele , J . 1996 . “ Epidemiology: incidence, prevalence and size of the Down’s syndrome population ” . In New approaches to Down’s syndrome , Edited by: Stratford , B and Gunn , P . 45 – 72 . London : Cassell .
  • Summerfield , Q , Palmer , A.R , Foster , J.R , Marshall , D.H and Twomey , T . 1994 . Clinical evaluation and test-retest reliability of the IHR-M cCormick Automated Toy Discrimination Test . British Journal of Audiology , 28 : 165 – 179 .
  • Vallar , G and Baddeley , A.D . 1984 . Fractionation of working memory: Neuropsychological evidence for ashort-term store . Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , 23 : 151 – 161 .
  • Vallar , G and Papagno , C . 1993 . Preserved vocabulary acquisition in Down’s syndrome: The role of phonological short-term memory . Cortex , 29 : 467 – 483 .
  • Varnhagen , C.K , Das , J.P and Vamhagen , S . 1987 . Auditory and visual memory span: Cognitive processing by TMR individuals with Down syndrome or other etiologies . American Journal of Mental Deficiency , 91 : 398 – 405 .
  • Vicari , S , Carlesimo , A and Caltagirone , C . 1995 . Short-term memory in persons with intellectualdisabilities and Down’s syndrome . Journal of Intellectual Disability Research , 39 : 532 – 537 .
  • Wang , P.P and Bellugi , U . 1994 . Evidence from two genetic syndromes for a dissociation between verbal and visual-spatial short-term memory . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 16 : 317 – 322 .
  • Wisniewski , H.M and Silverman , W . 1996 . “ Alzheimer’s disease, neuropathology and dementia in Down’s syndrome ” . In Down’s syndrome. Psychological psychobiological, and socio-educational perspectives , Edited by: Rondal , J.A , Peres , J , Nadel , L and Comblain , A . 43 – 50 . London : Whurr .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.