Evaluation of H₂O₂ and pH in exhaled breath condensate samples: methodical and physiological aspects

References

• Antczak A, Nowak D, Shariati B, Krol M, Piasecka G, Kurmanowska Z. Increased hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid-reactive products in expired breath condensate of asthmatic patients. European Respiratory Journal 1997; 10: 1235–1241
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloemen K, Lissens G, Desager K, Schoeters G. Determinants of variability of protein content, volume and pH of exhaled breath condensate. Respiratory Medicine 2006; 101: 1331–1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borrill Z, Starkey C, Vestbo J, Singh D. Reproducibility of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European Respiratory Journal 2005; 25: 269–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyce PD, Kim JY, Weissman DN, Hunt J, Christiani DC. pH increase observed in exhaled breath condensate from welding fume exposure. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine 2006; 48: 353–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks SM, Haight RR, Gordon RL. Age does not affect airway pH and ammonia as determined by exhaled breath measurements. Lung 2006a; 184: 195–200
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks WM, Lash H, Kettle AJ, Epton MJ. Optimising hydrogen peroxide measurement in exhaled breath condensate. Redox Report 2006b; 11: 78–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunetti L, Francavilla R, Tesse R, Strippoli A, Polimeno L, Loforese A, Miniello VL, Armenio L. Exhaled breath condensate pH measurement in children with asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology 2006; 17: 422–427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caglieri A, Goldoni M, Acampa O, Andreoli R, Vettori MV, Corradi M, Apostoli P, Mutti A. The effect of inhaled chromium on different exhaled breath condensate biomarkers among chrome-plating workers. Environmental Health Perspectives 2006; 114: 542–546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carpagnano GE, Barnes PJ, Francis J, Wilson N, Bush A, Kharitonov SA. Breath condensate pH in children with cystic fibrosis and asthma: a new noninvasive marker of airway inflammation?. Chest 2004; 125: 2005–2010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carraro S, Folesani G, Corradi M, Zanconato S, Gaston B, Baraldi E. Acid-base equilibrium in exhaled breath condensate of allergic asthmatic children. Allergy 2005; 60: 476–481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deaton CM, Marlin DJ, Smith NC, Smith KC, Newton RJ, Gower SM, Cade SM, Roberts CA, Harris PA, Schroter RC, Kelly FJ. Breath condensate hydrogen peroxide correlates with both airway cytology and epithelial lining fluid ascorbic acid concentration in the horse. Free Radical Research 2004; 38: 201–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Benedetto F, Aceto A, Dragani B, Spacone A, Formisano S, Cocco R, Sanguinetti CM. Validation of a new technique to assess exhaled hydrogen peroxide: results from normals and COPD patients. Monaldi Archives of Chest Disease 2000; 55: 185–188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Benedetto F, Aceto A, Dragani B, Spacone A, Formisano S, Pela R, Donner CF, Sanguinetti CM. Long-term oral n-acetylcysteine reduces exhaled hydrogen peroxide in stable COPD. Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2005; 18: 41–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dommen J, Neftel A, Sigg A, Jacob DJ. Ozone and hydrogen peroxide during summer smog episodes over the Swiss Plateau: measurement and model simulations. Journal of Geophysical Research 1995; 100: 8953–8966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effros RM, Dunning MB, Biller J, Shaker R. The promise and perils of exhaled breath condensates. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular & Molecular Physiology 2004; 287: L1073–L1080
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effros RM, Su J, Casaburi R, Shaker R, Biller J, Dunning M. Utility of exhaled breath condensates in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a critical review. Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine 2005; 11: 135–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Effros RM, Casaburi R, Su J, Dunning M, Torday J, Biller J, Shaker R. 2006. The effects of volatile salivary acids and bases on exhaled breath condensate pH. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 173:386–392. [ Comment in: American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2006; 173:1047–1048].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forteza R, Salathe M, Miot F, Forteza R, Conner GE. Regulated hydrogen peroxide production by Duox in human airway epithelial cells. American Journal of Respiratory Cell & Molecular Biology 2005; 32: 462–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerritsen WB, Zanen P, Bauwens AA, van den Bosch JM, Haas FJ. Validation of a new method to measure hydrogen peroxide in exhaled breath condensate. Respiratory Medicine 2005; 99: 1132–1137
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gessner C, Hammerschmidt S, Kuhn H, Seyfarth HA, Sack U, Engelmann L, Schauer J, Wirtz H. Exhaled breath condensate acidification in acute lung injury. Respiratory Medicine 2003; 97: 1188–1194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goth L. The hydrogen peroxide paradox [Article in Hungarian]. Orvosi Hetilap 2006; 147: 887–893
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Griese M, Latzin P, Beck J. A noninvasive method to collect nasally exhaled air condensate in humans of all ages. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 2001; 31: 915–920
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrison CM, Andersen CC. Exhaled breath measures of inflammation: are they useful in neonatal chronic lung disease? Archives of Disease in Childhood. Fetal & Neonatal Edition 2005; 90: F6–F10
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirt RA, Gütl A, Delvaux F, Gustin P, Marlin D, Kirschvink N. Hydrogen peroxide and pH analysis in exhaled breath condensate of healthy dogs [abstract]. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 2003; 17: 746
   Google Scholar
• Hitka P, Vizek M, Wilhelm J. Hypoxia and reoxygenation increase H2O2 production in rats. Experimental Lung Research 2003; 29: 585–592
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horvath I, Donnely LE, Kiss A, Kharitonov SA, Lim S, Chung KF, Barnes PJ. Combined use of exhaled hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide in monitoring asthma. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 1998; 158: 1042–1046
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horváth I, Hunt J, Barnes PJ., Alving K, Antczak A, Baraldi E, Becher G, van Beurden WJ, Corradi M, Dekhuijzen R, Dweik RA, Dwyer T, Effros R, Erzurum S, Gaston B, Gessner C, Greening A, Ho LP, Hohlfeld J, Jobsis Q, Laskowski D, Loukides S, Marlin D, Montuschi P, Olin AC, Redington AE, Reinhold P, van Rensen EL, Rubinstein I, Silkoff P, Toren K, Vass G, Vogelberg C, Wirtz H. ATS/ERS Task Force on Exhaled Breath Condensate. 2005. Exhaled breath condensate: methodological recommendations and unresolved questions. European Respiratory Journal 2005; 26: 523–548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt J, Erwin E, Palmer L, Vaughan J, Malhotra N, Platts-Mills TAE, Gaston B. Expression and activity of pH-regulatory glutaminase in the human airway epithelium. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2002; 165: 101–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt JF, Fang K, Malik R, Snyder A, Malhotra N, Platts-Mills TAE, Gaston B. Endogenous airway acidification: implications for asthma pathophysiology. American Journal of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine 2000; 161: 694–699
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglis SK, Wilson SM, Olver RE. Secretion of acid and base equivalents by intact distal airways. American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular & Molecular Physiology 2003; 284: L855–L862
   Google Scholar
• Jacob P, Tavares TM, Rocha VC, Klockow D. Atmospheric H2O2 field measurements in a tropical environment: Bahia, Brazil. Atmospheric Environment 1990; 24A: 377–382
   Google Scholar
• Jobsis RQ, Schellekens SL, Fakkel-Kroesbergen A, Raatgeep RH, de Jongste JC. Hydrogen peroxide in breath condensate during a common cold. Mediators of Inflammation 2001; 10: 351–354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Biomarkers of some pulmonary diseases in exhaled breath. Biomarkers 2002; 7: 1–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kharitonov SA, Barnes PJ. Exhaled biomarkers. Chest 2006; 130: 1541–1546
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirschvink N, Delvaux F, Leemans J, Clercx C, Marlin D, Sparkes A, Gustin P. Collection of exhaled breath condensate and analysis of hydrogen peroxide as potential marker of lower airway inflammation in cats. Veterinary Journal 2005; 169: 385–396
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kostikas K, Papatheodorou G, Ganas K, Psathakis K, Panagou P, Loukides S. pH in exspired breath condensate of patients with inflammatory airway diseases. American Journal of Respiratory Cell & Molecular Biology 2002; 165: 1364–1370
   Google Scholar
• Kullmann T, Barta I, Lazar Z, Szili B, Barat E, Valyon M, Kollai M, Horvath I. Exhaled breath condensate pH standardised for CO2 partial pressure. European Respiratory Journal 2007; 29: 496–501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwiatkowska S, Szkudlarek U, Luczynska M, Nowak D, Zieba M. Elevated exhalation of hydrogen peroxide and circulating IL-18 in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Respiratory Medicine 2007; 101: 574–580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latzin P, Griese M. Exhaled hydrogen peroxide, nitrite and nitric oxide in healthy children: decrease of hydrogen peroxide by atmospheric nitric oxide. European Journal of Medical Research 2002; 7: 353–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latzin P, Beck J, Bartenstein A, Griese M. Comparison of exhaled breath condensate from nasal and oral collection. European Journal of Medical Research 2003; 8: 505–510
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leung TF, Li CY, Yung E, Liu EK, Lam CW, Wong GW. Clinical and technical factors affecting pH and other biomarkers in exhaled breath condensate. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006; 41: 87–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loukides S, Bouros D, Papatheodorou G, Lachanis S, Panagou P, Siafakas NM. Exhaled H2O2 in steady-state bronchiectasis: relationship with cellular composition in induced sputum, spirometry, and extent and severity of disease. Chest 2002; 121: 81–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luczynska M, Szkudlarek U, Dziankowska-Bartkowiak B, Waszczykowska E, Kasielski M, Sysa-Jedrzejowska A, Nowak D. Elevated exhalation of hydrogen peroxide in patients with systemic sclerosis. European Journal of Clinical Investigations 2003; 33: 274–279
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majewska E, Kasielski M, Luczynski R, Bartosz G, Bialasiewicz P, Nowak D. Elevated exhalation of hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Respiratory Medicine 2004; 98: 669–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCafferty JB, Bradshaw TA, Tate S, Greening AP, Innes JA. Effects of breathing pattern and inspired air conditions on breath condensate volume, pH, nitrite, and protein concentrations. Thorax 2004; 59: 694–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacGregor G, Ellis S, Andrews J, Imrie M, Innes A, Greening AP, Cunningham S. Breath condensate ammonium is lower in children with chronic asthma. European Respiratory Journal 2005; 26: 271–276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moeller D, Biermann UM, Wieprecht W, Acker K, Kalass D, Hofmeister W, Tian-Kunze X. 2003. New insights into atmospheric hydrogen peroxide under polluted and remote influence. 14th International Conference on Air Quality – Assessment and Policy at Local, Regional and Global Scale, Dubrovnik, Croatia, 6–10 October 2003.
   Google Scholar
• Montuschi P. Exhaled breath condensate analysis in patients with COPD. Clinica Chimica Acta 2005; 356: 22–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nowak D, Kalucka S, Bialasiewicz P, Krol M. Exhalation of H2O2 and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) by healthy subjects. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 2001; 30: 178–186
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niimi A, Nguyen LT, Usmani O, Mann B, Chung KF. Reduced pH and chloride levels in exhaled breath condensate of patients with chronic cough. Thorax 2004; 59: 608–612
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ojoo JC, Mulrennan SA, Kastelik JA, Morice AH, Redington AE. Exhaled breath condensate pH and exhaled nitric oxide in allergic asthma and in cystic fibrosis. Thorax 2005; 60: 22–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paget-Brown AO, Ngamtrakulpanit L, Smith A, Bunyan D, Hom S, Nguyen A, Hunt JF. Normative data for pH of exhaled breath condensate. Chest 2006; 129: 426–430
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Psathakis K, Mermigkis D, Papatheodorou G, Loukides S, Panagou P, Polychronopoulos V, Siafakas NM, Bouros D. Exhaled markers of oxidative stress in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. European Journal of Clinical Investigations 2006; 36: 362–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prince P, Boulay ME, Boulet LP. A fast, simple, and inexpensive method to collect exhaled breath condensate for pH determination. Annals of Allergy & Asthma Immunology 2006; 97: 622–627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Profita M, La Grutta S, Carpagnano E, Riccobono L, Di Giorgi R, Bonanno A, Pace E, Bonsignore G, Bousquet J, Vignola AM, Gjomarkaj M. Noninvasive methods for the detection of upper and lower airway inflammation in atopic children. Journal of Allergy & Clinical Immunology 2006; 118: 1068–1074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman I, Biswas SK. Non-invasive biomarkers of oxidative stress: reproducibility and methodological issues. Redox Reports 2004; 9: 125–143
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnawati R, Morton J, Henry RL, Thomas PS. Exhaled breath condensate nitrite/nitrate and pH in relation to pediatric asthma control and exhaled nitric oxide. Pediatric Pulmonology 2006; 41: 929–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reinhold P, Deaton C, Marlin D. Potential for and limitations of exhaled breath analysis in animal models. Breath Analysis for Clinical Diagnosis and Therapeutic Monitoring, A Amann, D Smith. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, Singapore 2005; 503–514
   Google Scholar
• Reinhold P, Jaeger J, Schroeder C. Evaluation of methodological and biological influences on the collection and composition of exhaled breath condensate. Biomarkers 2006; 11: 118–142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosias PP, Dompeling E, Hendriks HJ, Heijnens JW, Donckerwolcke RA, Jöbsis Q. Exhaled breath condensate in children: pearls and pitfalls. Pediatric Allergy & Immunology 2004; 15: 4–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rysz J, Kasielski M, Apanasiewicz J, Krol M, Woznicki A, Luciak M, Nowak D. Increased hydrogen peroxide in the exhaled breath of uraemic patients unaffected by haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2004; 19: 158–163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scheideler L, Manke H-G, Schwulera U, Inacker O, Hammerle H. Detection of nonvolatile macromolecules in breath. A possible diagnostical tool?. American Review of Respiratory Disease 1993; 148: 778–784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schleiss MB, Holz O, Behnke M, Richter K, Magnussen H, Jorres RA. The concentration of hydrogen peroxide in exhaled air depends on expiratory flow rate. European Respiratory Journal 2000; 16: 1115–1118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder C. 2006. Untersuchung zu Inhaltsstoffen des Atemkondensates beim Kalb. Dissertation. Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin.
   Google Scholar
• Stolarek RA, Kasielski M, Rysz J, Bialasiewicz P, Nowak D. 2006. Differential effect of cigarette smoking on hydrogen peroxide and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances exhaled. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 65:19–25. [ Comment in: Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 2006 65:3–4].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Svensson S, Isacsson AC, Ljungkvist G, Torén K, Olin AC. Optimization and validation of an ion chromatographic method for the simultaneous determination of sodium, ammonium and potassium in exhaled breath condensate. Journal of Chromatography B 2005; 814: 173–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson S, Olin AC, Larstad M, Ljungkvist G, Toren K. Determination of hydrogen peroxide in exhaled breath condensate by flow injection analysis with fluorescence detection. Journal of Chromatography B 2004; 809: 199–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szkudlarek U, Maria L, Kasielski M, Kaucka S, Nowak D. Exhaled hydrogen peroxide correlates with the release of reactive oxygen species by blood phagocytes in healthy subjects. Respiratory Medicine 2003; 97: 718–725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tate S, MacGregor G, Davis M, Innes JA, Greening AP. Airways in cystic fibrosis are acidified: detection by exhaled breath. Thorax 2002; 57: 926–929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beurden WJC, Dekhuijzen PNR, Harff GA, Smeenk FWJM. 2002. Variability of exhaled hydrogen peroxide in stable COPD patients and matched healthy controls Respiration 69:211–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beurden WJ, Smeenk FW, Harff GA, Dekhuijzen PN. Markers of inflammation and oxidative stress during lower respiratory tract infections in COPD patients. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease 2003; 59: 273–280
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Hoydonck PG, Wuyts WA, Vanaudenaerde BM, Schouten EG, Dupont LJ, Temme EH. 2004. Quantitative analysis of 8-isoprostane and hydrogen peroxide in exhaled breath condensate. European Respiratory Journal 23:189–192. [ Comment in: European Respiratory Journal 2004 23:183–184].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughan J, Ngamtrakulpanit L, Pajewski TN, Turner R, Nguyen T, Smith A, Urban P, Hom S, Gaston B, Hunt J. Exhaled breath condensate pH is a robust and reproducible assay of airway acidity. European Respiratory Journal 2003; 22: 889–894
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh BK, Mackey DJ, Pajewski T, Yu Y, Gaston BM, Hunt JF. Exhaled-breath condensate pH can be safely and continuously monitored in mechanically ventilated patients. Respiratory Care 2006; 51: 1125–1131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissmann N, Vogels H, Schermuly RT, Ghofrani HA, Hanze J, Fink L, Rose F, Seeger W, Grimminger F. Measurement of exhaled hydrogen peroxide from rabbit lungs. Biological Chemistry 2004; 385: 259–264
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson WC, Laborde PR, Benumof JL, Taylor R, Swetland JF. Reperfusion injury and exhaled hydrogen peroxide. Anesthesia & Analgesia 1993; 77: 963–970
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyse CA, Hammond J, Arteaga A, Cumming D, Cooper JM, McEwan JD, Yam PS. Collection and analysis of exhaled breath condensate hydrogen peroxide in conscious healthy dogs. Veterinary Record 2004; 155: 744–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zappacosta B, Persichilli S, Mormile F, Minucci A, Russo A, Giardina B, De Sole P. A fast chemiluminescent method for H2O2 measurement in exhaled breath condensate. Clinica Chimica Acta 2001; 310: 187–191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar