198
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Reliability of using urinary and blood trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to chlorinated drinking water disinfection byproducts

, , , , &
Pages 355-365 | Received 12 Mar 2009, Accepted 30 May 2009, Published online: 07 Jul 2009

References

  • Adibi JJ, Whyatt RM, Williams PL, Calafat AM, Camann D, Herrick R, Nelson H, Bhat HK, Perera FP, Silva MJ, Hauser R. (2008). Characterization of phthalate exposure among pregnant women assessed by repeat air and urine samples. Environ Health Perspect 116:467–73.
  • Aitio A. (2002). Biological monitoring in the occupational environment. In: Ballantyne B, Marrs TC, Yverson T, eds. General and Applied Toxicology. New York: Grove’s Dictionaries, 1899–944.
  • Bader EL, Hrudey SE, Froese KL. (2004). Urinary excretion half life of trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to chlorinated drinking water disinfection by-products. Occup Environ Med 61: 715–16.
  • Breimer DD, Ketelaars HCJ, van Rossum JM. (1974). Gas chromatographic determination of chloral hydrate, trichloroethanol and trichloroacetic acid in blood and in urine employing head-space analysis. J Chromatography 88:55–63.
  • Cleek RL, Bunge AL. (1993). A new method for estimating dermal absorption from chemical exposure. 1. General approach. Pharm Res 10:497–506.
  • Cronbach LJ. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika 16:297–334.
  • Fisher JW, Gargas ML, Allen BC, Andersen ME. (1991). Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling with trichloroethylene and its metabolite, trichloroacetic acid, in the rat and mouse. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 109:183–95.
  • Froese KL, Sinclair MI, Hrudey SE. (2002). Trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to disinfection by-products in drinking water: a human exposure trial in Adelaide, Australia. Environ Health Perspect 110:679–87.
  • Green T, Prout MS. (1985). Species differences in response to trichloroethylene. II. Biotransformation in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 79:401–11.
  • Health Canada. (1995). A National Survey of Chlorinated Disinfection By-products in Canadian Drinking Water. CAT. H46-2/95-197E. Ottawa, Ontario: Health Canada.
  • Health Canada. (1996). A One-year Survey of Halogenated Disinfection By-products in the Distribution System of Treatment Plants Using Three Different Disinfection Processes. CAT. H46-2/96-206E. Ottawa, Ontario: Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch, Health Canada.
  • Hrudey SE. (2009). Chlorination disinfection by-products, public health risk tradeoffs and me. Water Res 43:2057–92,
  • Humbert L, Jacquemont MC, Leroy E, Leclerc F, Houdret N, Lhermitte M. (1994). Determination of chloral hydrate and its metabolites (trichloroethanol and trichloracetic acid) in human plasma and urine using electron capture gas chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 8:273–7.
  • Kim H, Haltmeier P, Klotz JB, Weisel CP. (1999). Evaluation of biomarkers of environmental exposures: urinary haloacetic acids associated with ingestion of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Res 80:187–95.
  • Larson JL, Bull RJ. (1992). Metabolism and lipoperoxidative activity of trichloroacetate and dichloroacetate in rats and mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 115:268–77.
  • Liang L, Singer PC. (2003). Factors influencing the formation and relative distribution of haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes in drinking water. Environ Sci Technol 37:2920–8.
  • Lumpkin MH, Bruckner JV, Campbell JL, Dallas CE, White CA, Fisher JW. (2003). Plasma binding of trichloroacetic acid in mice, rats, and humans under cancer bioassay and environmental exposure conditions. Drug Metab Dispos 31:1203–7.
  • Marshall EK Jr, Owens AH Jr. (1954). Absorption, excretion and metabolic fate of chloral hydrate and trichloroethanol. Bull Johns Hopkins Hosp 95:1–18.
  • Mayeux R. (2004). Biomarker: potential uses and limitation. J Am Soc Exp Neuro Ther 1:182–8.
  • McDowell I. (2006). Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questionnaires. 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Muller G, Spassovski M, Henschler D. (1974). Metabolism of trichloroethylene in man. II. Pharmacokinetics of metabolites. Arch Toxicol 32:283–95.
  • Nomiyama H, Nomiyama K. (1979). Pathway and rates of metabolism of trichloroethylene in rats and rabbits. Ind Health, 17:29–37.
  • Paykoc ZV, Powell JF. (1945). The excretion of sodium trichloaceticetate. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 85:289–293.
  • Raman A, Schoeller DA, Subar AF, Troiano RP, Schatzkin A, Harris T, Bauer D, Bingham SA, Everhart JE, Newman AB, Tylavsky FA. (2004). Water turnover in 458 American adults 40–79 yr of age. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 286:F394–401.
  • Richardson SD, Plewa MJ, Wagner ED, Schoeny R, Demarini DM. (2007). Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: a review and roadmap for research. Mutat Res 636:178–242.
  • Rosenberg J, Fiserova-Bergerova V, Lowry LK. (1989). Biological monitoring: measurements in urine. Appl Ind Hyg 4:F16–21.
  • Rosner BA. (2006). Fundamentals of Biostatistics. Pacific Grove, CA: Duxbury Press.
  • Savitz DA, Singer PC, Herring AH, Hartmann KE, Weinberg HS, Makarushka C. (2006). Exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products and pregnancy loss. Am J Epidemiol 164:1043–51.
  • Schultz IR, Merdink JL, Gonzalez-Leon A, Bull RJ. (1999). Comparative toxicokinetics of chlorinated and brominated haloacetates in F344 rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 158:103–14.
  • Sellers EM, Koch-Weser J. (1971). Kinetics and clinical importance of displacement of warfarin from albumin by acidic drugs. Ann N Y Acad Sci 179:213–25.
  • Sellers EM, Lang M, Koch-Weser J, LeBlanc E, Kalant H. (1972). Interaction of chloral hydrate and ethanol in man. I. Metabolism. Clin Pharmacol Ther 13:37–49.
  • Shrout PE, Fleiss JL. (1979). Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rator reliability. Psychol Bull 86:420–8.
  • Stites DP. (1991). Laboratory evaluation of immune competence. In: Stites DP, Tree AI, eds. Basic and Clinical Immunology. Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton and Lang, 312–18.
  • Swan SH, Waller K. (1998). Disinfection by-products and adverse pregnancy outcomes: what is the agent and how should it be measured? Epidemiology 9:479–81.
  • Tardiff RG, Carson ML, Ginevan ME. (2006). Updated weight of evidence for an association between adverse reproductive and developmental effects and exposure to disinfection by-products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:185–205.
  • Teitelbaum SL, Britton JA, Calafat AM, Ye X, Silva MJ, Reidy JA, Galvez MP, Brenner BL, Wolff MS. (2008). Temporal variability in urinary concentrations of phthalate metabolites, phytoestrogens and phenols among minority children in the United States. Environ Res 106:257–69.
  • Tworoger SS, Hankinson SE. (2006). Use of biomarkers in epidemiologic studies: minimizing the influence of measurement error in the study design and analysis. Cancer Causes Control 17:889–99.
  • USEPA (US Environmental Protection Agency). (2002). The Occurrence of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs) of Health Concern in Drinking Water: Results of a Nationwide DBP Occurrence Study. EPA/600/R-02/068. Athens, GA: USEPA.
  • Weisel CP, Kim H, Haltmeier P, Klotz JB. (1999). Exposure estimates to disinfection by-products of chlorinated drinking water. Environ Health Perspect 107:103–10.
  • Westerterp KR, Plasqui G, Goris AH. (2005). Water loss as a function of energy intake, physical activity and season. Br J Nutr 93:199–203.
  • WHO (World Health Organization). (2004). Rolling Revision of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Geneva: WHO.
  • Williams BL, Florez Y, Pettygrove S. (2001). Inter- and intra-ethnic variation in water intake, contact, and source estimates among Tucson residents: Implications for exposure analysis. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 11:510–21.
  • Wu F, Gabryelski W, Froese K. (2002). Improved gas chromatography methods for micro-volume analysis of haloacetic acids in water and biological matrices. Analyst 127:1318–23.
  • Xu X, Mariano TM, Laskin JD, Weisel CP. (2002). Percutaneous absorption of trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, and haloketones. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 184:19–26.
  • Xu X, Weisel CP. (2003). Inhalation exposure to haloacetic acids and haloketones during showering. Environ Sci Technol 37:569–576.
  • Zhang W, Gabos S, Schopflocher D, Li XF, Gati WP, Hrudey SE. (2009). Validation of urinary trichloroacetic acid as a biomarker of exposure to drinking water disinfection by-products. J Water Health 7: 359–371.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.