Habitus of informality in small scale society agrifood chains – filling the knowledge gap using a socio-culturally focused value chain analysis tool

References

• Asian Development Bank (ADB). 2001. “Financial Sector Development in the Pacific Developing Member Countries.” Regional Report, Vol. 1, ADB, Philippines.
   Google Scholar
• Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR). 2011. PARDI Annual Report, 2010-2011. Accessed December 13, 2018. https://www.aciar.gov.au/file/76726.
   Google Scholar
• Bayliss-Smith, T. 1993. Time, Food and Money in Marovo Lagoon, Solomon Islands: Village Surveys in a Proposed World Heritage Site. London: Commonwealth Science Council.
   Google Scholar
• Beamon, B. 1999. “Measuring Supply Chain Performance.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management 19 (3): 275–292. doi:10.1108/01443579910249714.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehlje, M. 1999. “Structural Changes in the Agricultural Industries: How Do we Measure, Analyze and Understand Them?” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 81 (5): 1028–1028. doi:10.2307/1244080.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Booth, D. 2012. “Aid Effectiveness: Bringing Country Ownership (and Politics) Back in.” Conflict Security and Development 12 (5): 537–558. doi:10.1080/14678802.2012.744184.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1977. Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P. 1986. “The Forms of Capital”. In Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education, edited by J. G. Richardson, 241–258. New York: Greenward Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bourdieu, P., and L. J. D. Wacquant. 1989. “Towards a Reflexive Sociology: A Workshop with Pierre Bourdieu.” Sociological Theory 7 (1): 26–63. doi:10.2307/202061.
   Google Scholar
• Brown, R. P. C., and J. Connell. 1993. “The Global Flea Market: Migration, Remittances and the Informal Economy in Tonga.” Development and Change 24 (4): 611–647. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7660.1993.tb00499.x.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryceson, K. P. 2003. “EBusiness Impacts on the Peanut Industry in Queensland: A Case Study.” Queensland Review 10 (1):103–122. doi:10.1017/S1321816600002555.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, K. P. 2006. E' Issues for Agribusiness: the 'What','Why','How'.Wallingford, UK: CABI International.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, K. P., and D. Brown. 2010. “Models of Indigenous Engagement for Sustainable Livelihood Development in Indigenous Floriculture.” The Centre for Native Floriculture Discussion Paper, 1–26. The University of Queensland, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Bryceson, K. P., and G. Slaughter. 2010. “Alignment of Performance Metrics in a Multi-Enterprise Agribusiness: A Case of Integrated Autonomy?” International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management 59 (4): 325–250. doi:10.1108/17410401011038892.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, I. C. 2001. Island kingdom: Tonga Ancient and Modern, 2nd ed. Christchurch, New Zealand: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Campbell, R. 2008. Key elements of the Value Chain Approach. USAID Briefing Paper. Accessed December 13, 2018. https://www.marketlinks.org/library/key-elements-value-chain-approach.
   Google Scholar
• Carney, D. 1999. “Approaches to Sustainable Livelihoods for the Rural Poor. Features and Challenges in Applying the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach.” Overseas Development Insitute (ODI), Poverty Briefing, No. 2. Accessed December 2018. http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/2276.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Chambers, R. and G. R. Conway. 1992. “Sustainable Rural Livelihoods: Practical Concepts for the 21st Century.” Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Discussion Paper, 296, Brighton, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Chen, K. Z., and K. G. Stamoulis. 2008. “The Changing Nature and Structure of Agrifood Systems in Developing Countries: Beyond the Farmgate.” In The Transformation of Agrifood Systems: Globalisation, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, edited by E. B. McCullough, P. L. Pringali, and K. G. Stamoulis, 143–158. London, UK: FAO and Earthscan Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Christopher, M. 2005. Logistics and Supply Chain Management. London, UK: Prentice Hall.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper, M. C., D. M. Lambert, and J. D. Pagh. 1997. “Supply Chain Management: More than a New Name for Logistics.” The International Journal of Logistics Management 8 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1108/09574099710805556.
   Google Scholar
• Cox, A. 1999. “Power, Value and Supply Chain Management.” Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 4 (4): 167–175. doi:10.1108/13598549910284480.
   Google Scholar
• Davenport, T. H. 1997. Information Ecology: Mastering the Information and Knowledge Environment. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Department of International Development (DFID). 2008. Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: A Toolbook for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis. Agricultural Development International, Phnom Penh, Cambodia. Accessed December 18, 2018. http://www.fao.org/sustainable-food-value-chains/library/details/en/c/265290/.
   Google Scholar
• Dolan, C., J. Humphrey, and C. Harris-Pascal. 1999. “Horticulture Commodity Chains: The Impact of the UK Market on the African Fresh Vegetable Industry.” Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Working Paper 96. Brighton, UK. Accessed December 13, 2018. https://www.ids.ac.uk/files/Wp96.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Dzansi, D. Y., and R. Tasssin-Njike. 2014. “Understanding the Transition from Informal to Formal Business: A Conceptual Framework.” Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 5 (20): 664–670. doi:10.5901/mjss.2014.v5n20p664.
   Google Scholar
• Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU). 2009. “The Demand-Driven Supply Chain: A Holistic Approach.” Economist Intelligence Unit. Accessed December 18, 2018. http://www.eiu.com/report_dl.asp?mode=fiandfi=1304214915.PDF.
   Google Scholar
• Economic Intelligence Unit (EIU). 2010. “Digital Economy Rankings Report.” Economic Intelligence Unit.” Accessed December 18, 2018: http://www-935.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/pdf/eiu_digital-economy-rankings-2010_final_web.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Elayah, M. 2016. “Lack of Foreign Aid Effectiveness in Developing Countries between a Hammer and an Anvil.” Contemporary Arab Affairs 9 (1): 82–99. doi:10.1080/17550912.2015.1124519.
   Google Scholar
• Englebert, P., and D. M. Tull. 2008. “Post Conflict Resolution in Africa: Flawed Ideas about Failed States.” International Security 32 (4): 106–139. doi:10.1162/isec.2008.32.4.106.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyben, R. 2005. “Donors’ Learning Difficulties: Results, Relationships and Responsibilities.” Institute of Development Studies (IDS) Bulletin, No. 36, 98–107. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.2005.tb00227.x.
   Google Scholar
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2009. Climate Change and Food Security in the Pacific. Policy brief, November 2009. FAO, Rome, Italy.
   Google Scholar
• Feller, A., D. Shunk, and T. Callarman. 2006. “Value Chains Versus Supply Chains.” BPTRends, March 2006. 1–7. Accessed December 13, 2018. http://www.bptrends.com/publicationfiles/03-06-ART-ValueChains-SupplyChains-Feller.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Haque, T. A. 2018. “A 'Good Governance' Paradox? Re-examining Reform of Economic Institutions in Post-Conflict Contexts.” Discussion Paper No. 68, Development Policy Centre, Canberra, Australia.
   Google Scholar
• Harland, C. M. 1996. “Supply Chain Management: Relationships, Chains and Networks.” British Journal of Management 7 (s1): S63–S80. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8551.1996.tb00148.x.
   Google Scholar
• Hartwich, F., and P. Kormwa. 2009. “Value Chain Diagnostics for Industrial Development: Building Blocks for a Holistic and Rapid Analytical Tool.” United Nations Industrial Development Organisation (UNIDO) Working Papers. Accessed December 13, 2018. http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/user_media/Publications/Pub_free/Value_chain_diagnostics_for_industrial_development.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Hoffstaedter, G., and C. Roche. 2011. “All the World’s a Stage’: Structure, Agency and Accountability in International Aid.” Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 16 (4): 529–543. doi:10.1080/13547860.2011.610886.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hosley, S., and C. H. Wee. 1988. “Marketing and Economic Development: Focusing on the Less Developed Countries.” Journal of Macromarketing 8 (1): 43–53. doi:10.1177/027614678800800105.
   Google Scholar
• Hughes, H. 2012. “Pacific Resources Wasted by Reliance Mentality.” Pacific Islands Report, April 2012. Accessed December 13, 2018. http://archives.pireport.org/archive/2012/April/04-18-an.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Humphrey J., and O. Memedovic. 2006. “Global Value Chains in the Agrifood Sector.” United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) Working Papers. Accessed December 18, 2018. http://www.unido.org/fileadmin/import/60026_01_global_value_chains_agrifood_sector.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• International Labor Organization (ILO). 2000. “The Informal Sector”, ILO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.” Accessed December 18, 2018. http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/feature/inf_sect.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Joy, A., and C. A. Ross. 1989. “Marketing and Development in Third World Contexts: An Evaluation and Future Directions.” Journal of Macromarketing 9 (2): 17–31. doi:10.1177/027614678900900204.
   Google Scholar
• Jüttner, U., M. Christopher, and S. Baker. 2007. “Demand Chain Management-Integrating Marketing and Supply Chain Management.” Industrial Marketing Management 36 (3): 377–392. doi:10.1016/j.indmarman.2005.10.003.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• La Porta, R., and A. Shleifer. 2014. “Informality and Development.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 28 (3): 109–126. doi:10.1257/jep.28.3.109.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee, H. L., K. C. So, and C. S. Tang. 2000. “The Value of Information Sharing in a Two-Level Supply Chain.” Management Science 46 (5): 626–643. doi:10.1287/mnsc.46.5.626.12047.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin, H.H. 2011. “Determinants of Remittances: Evidence from Tonga.” International Monetary Fund Working Paper, No. 11/18, 1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Madhani, P.M. 2013. “Demand Chain Management: Enhancing Customer Value Proposition.” The European Business Review, March/April 2013, 50–54. Accessed December 18, 2018. http://ssrn.com/abstract=2235973.
   Google Scholar
• McCullough, E. B., P. L. Pringali, and K. G. Stamoulis. 2008. “Small Farms and the Transformation of Food Systems: An Overview.” In The Transformation of Agrifood Systems: Globalisation, Supply Chains and Smallholder Farmers, edited by E. B. McCullough, P. L. Pringali, and K. G. Stamoulis, 143–158. London, UK: FAO and Earthscan Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• McGillivray, M., S. Feeny, N. Hermes, and R. Lensink. 2005. It Works; It Doesn’t; It Can But That Depends? 50 Years of Controversy Over the Macroeconomic Impact of Development Aid. World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER), Helsinki. Accessed December 13, 2018. http://www.wider.unu.edu/publications/working-papers/research-papers/2005/en_GB/rp2005-54/.
   Google Scholar
• Moyo, D. 2009. Dead Aid, 3–182. New York: Farrer, Straus and Giraux.
   Google Scholar
• New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade (NZMFAT). 2012. “The Kingdom of Tonga.” Accessed December 13. 2018. http://www.mfat.govt.nz/Countries/Pacific/Tonga.php.
   Google Scholar
• Porter, M. E. 1985. Competitive Advantage, Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance. New York: The Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Protopappa-Sieke, M., and R. W. Seifert. 2011. “Interrelating Operational and Financial Performance Measurements in a Multi-Product Inventory System.” International Journal of Services and Operations Management 10 (3):328–347. doi:10.1504/IJSOM.2011.042925.
   Google Scholar
• Putnam, R. D. 1993. “The Prosperous Community: Social Capital and Public Life.” The American Prospect 4 (13):35–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ram, M., P. Edwards, T. Jones, and M. Villares-Varela. 2017. “From the Informal Economy to the Meaning of Informality: Developing Theory on Firms and Their Workers.” International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 37 (7/8):361–373. doi:10.1108/IJSSP-06-2016-0075.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsay, J. 2005. “The Real Meaning of Value in Trading Relationships.” International Journal of Operations & Production Management 25 (6):549–565. doi:10.1108/01443570510599719.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reardon, T., and C. Timmer. 2007. “Transformation of Markets for Agricultural Output in Developing Countries Since 1950: How has Thinking Changed?” In Handbook of Agricultural Economics, edited by R. Everson and P. Pingali, 2808–2855. Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
   Google Scholar
• Reardon, T., C. B. Barrett, J. A. Berdegué, and J. Swinnen. 2009. “Agrifood Industry Transformation and Farmers in Developing Countries.” World Development 37 (11): 1717–1727. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2008.08.023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ring, P. S., and A. H. Van de Ven. 1992. “Structuring Cooperative Relationships between Organizations.” Strategic Management Journal 13 (7): 483–498.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross, A., and K. Bryceson. 2019. “Traditional Thinking: The Impact of International Aid on Social Structures and Cultural Traditions in Agrifood Chains in Tonga and Solomon Islands.” Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy 24 (3): 402–429. doi:10.1080/13547860.2019.1614254.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruzek, W. 2015. “The Informal Economy as a Catalyst for Sustainability.” Sustainability 7 (1): 23–34. http://doi.org/10.3390/su7010023 doi:10.3390/su7010023.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwandt, T. A. 1994. “Constructivist, Interpretivist Approaches to Human Inquiry.” In Handbook of Qualitative Research, edited by N. K. Denzin and Y. S. Lincoln, 118–137. Thousand Oaks, USA: Sage Publications, Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Sharma, K. L. (2006), “Food Security in the South Pacific Island Countries with Special Reference to the Fiji Islands.” World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU-WIDER), Research Paper, 2006/68, Helsinki, Finland.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, R., and P. Kotler. 2009. “Rethinking the Chain: Make Marketing Leaner, Faster and Better.” Marketing Management 18 (4):18–23.
   Google Scholar
• Seifert, R. W., and D. Seifert. 2011. “Financing the Chain.” International Commerce Review 10 (1): 32–44. doi:10.1007/s12146-011-0065-0.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, N. C. 1996. Community Adaptation and Sustainable Livelihoods: Basic Issues and Principles, 1–32. Winnipeg, Canada: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
   Google Scholar
• Sun, S., and J. Yen. 2005, May. “Information Supply Chain: A Unified Framework for Information Sharing.” In Intelligence and Security Informatics: ISI 2005, LNCS 3495,edited by P. Kantor, 422–428. IEEE International Conference on Intelligence and Security Informatics, Atlanta, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Susomrith, P., and Y. Suseno. 2017. “Social Capital and the Social Context of Business Networks”, In: Business Networks in East Asian Capitalisms, edited by J. Nolan, C. Rowley, and M. Warner, Ch 12:269–288. Oxford, UK: Elsevier Ltd. http://doi.org/10.1016/C2015-0-00239-8
   Google Scholar
• Underhill, S. J. R., R. Stringer, K. Bryceson, B. C. Prasad, and D. Shearer. 2010. “The Pacific Agribusiness Research for Development Initiative (PARDI): A Novel Approach to Horticultural Development in the Pacific.” Acta Horticulturae 921:17–24. Accessed December 13, 2018. http://www.actahort.org/books/921/921_1.htm. doi:10.17660/ActaHortic.2011.921.1.
   Google Scholar
• Viswanathan, M., S. Sridharan, R. Ritchie, S. Venugopal, and K. Jung. 2012. “Marketing Interactions in Subsistence Marketplaces: A Bottom-up Approach to Designing Public Policy.” Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 31 (2): 159–177. doi:10.1509/jppm.11.049.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vorley, B. 2013. “Meeting small-scale farmers in their markets: understanding and improving the institutions and governance of informal agrifood trade” International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), HIVOS/Mainumby, London/The Hague/La Paz. Accessed December 18. 2018. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270285604.
   Google Scholar
• Waller, A. 1998. “The Globalisation of Business: The Role of Supply Chain Management.” Management Focus No. 11.
   Google Scholar
• Walters, D., and M. Rainbird. 2004. “The Demand Chain as an Integral Component of the Value Chain.” Journal of Consumer Marketing 21 (7): 465–475. doi:10.1108/07363760410568680.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, O. E. 1993. “Transaction Cost Economics and Organization Theory.” Industrial and Corporate Change 2 (2): 107–156. doi:10.1093/icc/2.2.107.
   Google Scholar
• Williamson, O. E. 1979. “Transaction-Cost Economics: The Governance of Contractual Relations.” The Journal of Law and Economics 22 (2): 233–261. doi:10.1086/466942.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Bank. 2018. Accessed December 2018. http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/tonga-population/.
   Google Scholar
• Yin, R. 2003. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 3rd ed. Applied Social Research Methods Series (5). Thousand Oaks, USA: Sage Publications Inc.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang, X., and L. H. Aramyan. 2009. “A Conceptual Framework for Supply Chain Governance: An Application to Agrifood Chains in China.” China Agricultural Economic Review 1 (2): 136–154. doi:10.1108/17561370910927408.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar