Gender-sensitive epidemiological research: suggestions for a gender-sensitive approach towards problem definition, data collection and analysis in epidemiological research

References

• Agenda for Research on Women's Health 1999 Reports of the task force on the NIH women's health research agenda for the 21st century, 6 volumes Bethesda, MD: US National Institutes of Health, Also available on the Internet: http://www4.od.nih.gov/orwh/pubs.html. Latest date of access on website: 11-06-2003
   Google Scholar
• American Psychological Association 1996 Research agenda for the psychosocial and behavioral factors in women's health Washington: APA
   Google Scholar
• Arber , S . 1997 . Comparing inequalities in women's and men's health: Britain in the 1990s . Social Science & Medicine , 44 : 773 – 787 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashton , WA and Fuehrer , A . 1993 . Effects of gender role and gender role identification of participant and type of social support resource on support seeking . Sex Roles , 28 : 461 – 476 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman R Saltzman LE 1995 Violence against women: Estimates from the resigned survey USA Bureau of Justice Statistics, Aug. Special Report, NCJ-1543
   Google Scholar
• Ballantyne , PJ . 1999 . The social determinants of health: a contribution to the analysis of gender differences in health and illness . Scandinavian Journal of Public Health , 27 : 290 – 295 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beery , TA . 1995 . Diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease. Gender bias in the diagnosis and treatment of coronary artery disease . Heart & Lung , 24 : 427 – 435 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bekker , MHJ . 2003 . Investigating gender within health research is more than sex disaggregation of data: a Multi-Facet Gender and Health Model . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 8 : 231 – 244 .
   Google Scholar
• Bendelow G 2000 Pain and gender Harlow: Prentice Hall
   Google Scholar
• Birdwell , BG . 1993 . Evaluating chest pain. The patient's presentation style alters the physician's diagnostic approach . Archives of Internal Medicine , 153 : 1991 – 1995 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bouma , J , Broer , J , Bleeker , J , Van Sonderen , E , Meyboom-de Jong , B and DeJongste , M . 1999 . Longer pre-hospital delay in acute myocardial infarction in women because of longer doctor decision time . Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health , 53 : 459 – 464 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brayne , C , Matthews , FE , McGee , MA and Jagger , C . 2001 . Health and ill-health in the older population in England and Wales . Age & Ageing , 30 : 53 – 62 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bussey , K and Bandura , A . 1999 . Social cognitive theory of gender development and differentiation . Psychological Review , 106 : 676 – 713 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castle DJ McGrath J Kulkarni J (eds.) 2000 Women and schizophrenia Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Charney P (ed.) 1999 Coronary artery disease in women. What all physicians need to know Philadelphia: American College of Physicians
   Google Scholar
• Chiamvimonvat , V and Sternberg , L . 1998 . Coronary artery disease in women . Canadian Family Physician , 44 : 2709 – 2717 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• De Ridder DT 2000 Gender, Stress and Coping: Do Women Handle Stressful Situations Differently from Men? In: L. Sherr & J. S. St Lawrence (Eds), Women, Health and the Mind (pp. 115 – 135) London: Wiley & Sons
   Google Scholar
• Doyal , L . 2001 . Sex, gender, and health: the need for a new approach . British Medical Journal , 323 : 1061 – 1063 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fava , M , Abraham , M , Alpert , J , Nierenberg , AA , Pava , JA and Rosenbaum , JF . 1996 . Gender differences in Axis I comorbidity among depressed outpatients . Journal of Affective Disorders , 38 : 129 – 133 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gijsbers van Wijk , CMT , Huisman , H and Kolk , AM . 1999 . Gender differences in physical symptoms and illness behavior. A health diary study . Social Science & Medicine , 49 : 1061 – 1074 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grisso , JA , Wishner , AR , Schwartz , DF , Weene , BA , Holmes , JH and Sutton , RL . 1991 . A population-based study of injuries in inner-city women . American Journal of Epidemiology , 134 : 59 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Häfner , H , Hambrecht , M , Löffler , W , Munk-Jorgens , P and Riecher-Rossler , A . 1998 . Is schizophrenia a disorder of all ages? A comparison of first episodes and early course across the life cycle . Psychological Medicine , 28 : 351 – 365 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hall , JA , Irish , JT , Roter , DL , Ehrlich , CM and Miller , LH . 1994 . Gender in medical encounters: An analysis of physician and patient communication in a primary care setting . Health Psychology , 13 : 384
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbard , JH and Pope , CR . 1983 . Gender roles, illness orientation and use of medical services . Social Science & Medicine , 17 : 129 – 137 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hochman , JS , Tamis , JE , Thompson , BS , Weaver , WD , White , HD , Van de Werf , F , Aylward , P , Topol , E and Califf , RM . 1999 . Sex, clinical presentation, and outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes . New England Journal of Medicine , 341 : 226 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunt , K and Annandale , E . 1999 . Relocating gender and morbidity: examining men's and women's health in contemporary Western societies. Introduction to Special Issue on Gender and Health . Social Science & Medicine , 48 : 1 – 5 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inhorn , MC and Whittle , KL . 2001 . Feminism meets the ‘new’ epidemiologies: toward an appraisal of antifeminist biases in epidemiological research on women's health . Social Science & Medicine , 53 : 553 – 567 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Committee of Medical Journal Editors 2001 Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals Latest update October 2001. http://www.icmje.org/index.html. Latest date of access on website: 17-06-2003
   Google Scholar
• Kerssens , JJ , Bensing , JM and Andela , MG . 1997 . Patient preferences for genders of health professionals . Social Science & Medicine , 44 : 1531 – 1540 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klinge I Bosch M 2001 Gender in research. Gender Impact Assessment of the specific programmes of the Fifth Framework Programme—Quality of Life and Management of Living Resources Brussels: European Commission, (EUR 20017)
   Google Scholar
• Kroenke , K and Spitzer , RL . 1998 . Gender differences in the reporting of Physical and Somatoform Symptoms . Psychosomatic Medicine , 60 : 150 – 155 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupers TA Ross R Grances A Widiger TA 1997 Is there gender bias in the 1994 ‘Diagnostic and Statistic Manual’ (DSM-IV)? In: M. R. Walsh (ed.). Women, men, & gender: Ongoing debates (pp. 337 – 357) New Haven: Yale University Press
   Google Scholar
• Lard , LR , Huizinga , TWJ , Hazes , JMW and Vliet Vlieland , TPM . 2001 . Delayed referral of female patients with rheumatoid arthritis . Journal of Rheumatology , 28 : 2190 – 2192 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindsay , KA and Widiger , TA . 1995 . Sex and gender bias in self-report personality disorder inventories: item analyses of the MCMI-II, MMPI and PDQ-R . Journal of Personality Assessment , 65 : 1 – 20 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacIntyre , S , Ford , G and Hunt , K . 1999 . Do women ‘over-report’ morbidity? Men's and women's responses to structured prompting on a standard question on long-standing illness . Social Science & Medicine , 48 : 89 – 98 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manor , O , Matthews , S and Power , C . 1997 . Comparing measures of health inequality . Social Science & Medicine , 45 : 761 – 771 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marrocco , A and Stewart , D . 2001 . We've come a long way, maybe: recruitment of women and analysis of results by sex in clinical research . Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine , 10 : 175 – 179 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Messing , K , Punnett , L , Bond , M , Alexanderson , K , Pyle , J , Zahm , S , Wegman , D , Stock , SR and de Grosbois , S . 2003 . Be the fairest of them all: challenges and recommendations for the treatment of gender in occupational health research . American Journal of Industrial Medicine , 43 : 618 – 629 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health 1994 NIH guidelines on the inclusion of women and minorities as subjects in clinical research NIH guide Volume 23, Number 11, March 18. http://grants1.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/not94-100.html. Latest date of access on website: 04-12-2002
   Google Scholar
• Newman , AB and Brach , JS . 2001 . Gender gap in longevity and disability in older persons . Epidemiologic Reviews , 23 : 343 – 350 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orth-Gomér , K . 2000 . New light on the Yentl syndrome . European Heart Journal , 21 : 874 – 875 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pinn , VW . 2003 . Sex and gender factors in medical studies. Implications for health and clinical practice . Journal of the American Medical Association , 289 : 397 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramasubbu , K , Gurm , H and Litaker , D . 2001 . Gender bias in clinical trials: do double standards still apply? . Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine , 10 : 757 – 764 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rathore , SS , Wang , Y and Krumholz , HM . 2002 . Sex-based differences in the effect of digoxin for the treatment of heart failure . New England Journal of Medicine , 347 : 1403 – 1411 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson , ME , Riley , JL , Myers , CD , Papas , R , Wise , E , Waxenberg , LB and Fillingim , R . 2001 . Gender role expectations of pain: relationship to sex differences in pain . Journal of Pain , 2 : 252 – 257 .
   Google Scholar
• Robinson GE 2002 Women and psychopharmacology Medscape Women's Health eJournal 7 http://www. medscape.com/viewarticle/423938?srcmp = wh-030102. Latest date of access on website: 17-06-2003
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez , I , Kilborn , MJ , Liu , XK , Pezzullo , JC and Woosley , RL . 2001 . Drug-induced QT prolongation in women during the menstrual cycle . Journal of the American Medical Association , 285 : 1322 – 1326 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott JW 1988 Gender: a useful category for historical analysis In J. W. Scott. Gender and the politics of history, New York: Columbia University Press
   Google Scholar
• Simons-Morton , DG . 2001 . Effects of physical activity counseling in primary care: The activity counseling trial: a randomized controlled trial . Journal of the American Medical Association , 286 : 677 – 687 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strathdee , SA , Galai , N , Safaiean , M , Celentano , DD , Vlahov , D , Johnson , L and Nelson , KE . 2001 . Sex differences in risk factors for hiv seroconversion among injection drug users: a 10-year perspective . Archives of Internal Medicine , 161 : 1281 – 1288 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twenge , JM . 1999 . Mapping gender. The Multifactorial Approach and the Organization of Gender-Related Attributes . Psychology of Women Quarterly , 23 : 485 – 502 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United States General Accounting Office 2001 Drug safety: most drugs withdrawn in recent years had greater health risks for women Washington DC: The Office, Jan. Report No: GAO-01-286R
   Google Scholar
• Wamala , SP , Mittleman , MA , Horsten , M , Schenk-Gustafsson , K and Orth-Gomér , K . 2000 . Job stress and the occupational gradient in coronary heart disease risk in women. The Stockholm Female Coronary Risk Study . Social Science & Medicine , 51 : 481 – 489 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , CL and Heiles , EJ . 1993 . The importance of researcher's gender in the in-depth interview: Evidence from two case studies of male nurses . Gender and Society , 7 : 280 – 291 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar