Non-equivalence of direct and indirect measures of unrealistic optimism

References

• Burger , JM and Burns , L . 1988 . The illusion of unique invulnerability and the use of effective contraception . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 14 : 264 – 270 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buunk , BP . 1998 . Social comparison and optimism about one's relational future: order effects in social judgment . European Journal of Social Psychology , 28 : 777 – 786 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers , JR , Windschitl , PD and Suls , J . 2003 . Egocentrism, event frequency, and comparative optimism: When what happens frequently is ‘more likely to happen to me . Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin , 29 : 1343 – 1356 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiser , JR , Pahl , S and Prins , YRA . 2001 . Optimism, pessimism, and the direction of self-other comparisons . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 37 : 77 – 84 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finn , P and Bragg , BWE . 1986 . Perception of the risk of an accident by young and older drivers . Accident Analysis and Prevention , 18 : 289 – 298 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzaniga MS Heatherton TF 2003 Psychological science: Mind, brain, and behavior New York: W. W. Norton & Company
   Google Scholar
• Gerrard , M , Gibbons , FX and Warner , TD . 1991 . Effects of reviewing risk-relevant behavior on perceived vulnerability among women marines . Health Psychology , 10 : 173 – 179 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerrard , M and Luus , CAE . 1995 . Judgments of vulnerability to pregnancy: the role of risk factors and individual differences . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 21 : 160 – 171 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heine , SJ and Lehman , DR . 1995 . Cultural variation in unrealistic optimism: does the West feel more invulnerable than the East . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 68 : 595 – 607 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helweg-Larsen , M and Shepperd , JA . 2001 . Do moderators of the optimistic bias affect personal or target risk estimates? A review of the literature . Personality & Social Psychology Review , 5 : 74 – 95 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hick , WE . 1952 . On the rate of gain of information . Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology , 4 : 11 – 26 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahneman D 1973 Attention and effort Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall
   Google Scholar
• Klar , Y and Giladi , EE . 1999 . Are most people happier than their peers, or are they just happy? . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 25 : 585 – 594 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein , CTF and Helweg-Larsen , M . 2002 . Perceived control and the optimism bias: A meta-analytic review . Psychology & Health , 17 : 437 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein WM Weinstein ND 1997 Social comparison and unrealistic optimism about personal risk In Bram P. Buunk, & Frederick X. Gibbons (Eds.) Health, coping, and well-being: Perspectives from social comparison theory (pp. 25 – 61)
   Google Scholar
• Kruger , J . 1999 . Lake Wobegon be gone The ‘below-average effect’ and the egocentric nature of comparative ability judgments . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 77 : 221 – 232 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larwood , L and Wittaker , W . 1977 . Managerial myopia: Self-serving biases in organizational planning . Journal of Applied Psychology , 62 : 194 – 198 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price , PC , Pentecost , HC and Voth , RD . 2002 . Perceived event frequency and the optimistic bias: Evidence for a two-process model of personal risk judgements . Journal of Experimental Social Psychology , 38 : 242 – 252 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reppucci , JD , Revenson , TA , Aber , M and Reppucci , ND . 1991 . Unrealistic optimism among adolescent smokers and nonsmokers . Journal of Primary Prevention , 11 : 227 – 236 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schwarz , N . 1999 . Self-reports: How the questions shape the answers . American Psychologist , 54 ( 2 ) : 93 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sternberg RJ 1985 Beyond IQ: A triarchic theory of human intelligence Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Van der Velde , FW , Van der Pligt , J and Hooykaas , C . 1994 . Perceiving AIDS-related risk: accuracy as a function of differences in actual risk . Health Psychology , 13 : 25 – 33 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , ND . 1980 . Unrealistic Optimism about future life events . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 39 : 806 – 820 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , ND . 1982 . Unrealistic Optimism about susceptibility to health problems . Journal of Behavioral Medicine , 5 : 441 – 460 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein , ND . 1983 . Reducing unrealistic optimism about illness susceptibility . Health Psychology , 2 : 11 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , ND . 1984 . Why it won't happen to me: Perceptions of risk factors and susceptibility . Health Psychology , 3 : 431 – 457 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinstein ND 1989 Perceptions of personal susceptibility to harm In V. M. Mays, G. W. Albee, & S. F. Schneider (Eds.), Primary Prevention of AIDS: Psychological Approaches 13 pp. 142 – 169 Thousand Oaks CA, US: Safe Publications
   Google Scholar
• Weinstein , ND and Klein , WM . 1995 . Resistance of personal risk perception to debiasing interventions . Health Psychology , 14 : 132 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitley , BE and Hern , AL . 1991 . Perceptions of vulnerability to pregnancy and the use of effective contraception . Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 17 : 104 – 110 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar