Body satisfaction, eating disorders and suicide ideation in an Internet sample of self-harmers reporting and not reporting childhood sexual abuse

References

• Andrews , B. . Shame as a mediating factor between early abuse and psychiatric disorder . Paper presented to the British Psychological Society Conference . London.
   Google Scholar
• Baral , I. , Kora , K. , Yuksel , S. and Sezgin , U. 1998 . Self-mutilating behaviour of sexually abused females in Turkey . Journal of Interpersonal Violence , 13 ( 4 ) : 427 – 437 .
   Google Scholar
• Beautrais , A. L. 2000 . Risk factors for suicide and attempted suicide among young people . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 34 : 420 – 436 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bergen , H. A. , Martin , G. , Richardson , A. S. , Allison , S. and Roeger , L. 2003 . Sexual abuse and suicidal behaviour: A model constructed from a large community sample of adolescents . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 42 ( 11 ) : 1301 – 1309 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. , Fink , L. , Handelsman , L. , Foote , J. , Lovejoy , M. Wenzel , K. 1994 . Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect . American Journal of Psychiatry , 151 : 1132 – 1136 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernstein , D. P. , Stein , J. A. , Newcomb , M. D. , Walker , E. , Pogge , D. Ahluvalia , T. 2003 . Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire . Child Abuse and Neglect , 27 : 169 – 190 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boudewyn , A. C. and Liem , J. H. 1995 . Childhood sexual abuse as a precursor to depression and self-destructive behaviour in adulthood . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 8 : 445 – 459 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere , J. and Gil , E. 1998 . Self-mutilation in clinical and general population samples: Prevalence correlates and functions . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 68 ( 4 ) : 609 – 620 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briere , J. and Runtz , M. 1988 . Multivariate correlates of childhood psychological and physical maltreatment among university women . Child Abuse and Neglect , 12 : 331 – 341 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brodsky , B. S. , Cloitre , M. and Dulit , R. A. 1995 . Relationship of dissociation to self-mutilation and childhood abuse in borderline personality disorder . American Journal of Psychiatry , 152 : 1788 – 1792 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooksbank , D. J. 1985 . Suicide and parasuicide in childhood and early adolescence . British Journal of Psychiatry , 146 : 459 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calam , R. M. , Griffiths , R. and Slade , P. D. 1997 . Eating disorders, body satisfaction and unwanted sexual experience: U.K., Australian and U.S. data . European Eating Disorders Review , 5 ( 3 ) : 158 – 170 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calam , R. M. and Slade , P. D. 1994 . “ Eating patterns and unwanted sexual experiences ” . In Why women?: Gender issues and eating disorders , Edited by: Dolan , B. and Gitzinger , I. London : Athlone Press .
   Google Scholar
• Choquet , M. and Menke , H. 1989 . Suicidal thoughts during early adolescence: Prevalence, associated troubles and help-seeking behaviour . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinivica , 81 : 170 – 177 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors , M. E. and Morse , W. 1993 . Sexual abuse and eating disorders . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 13 : 1 – 11 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connors , R. 1996 . Self-injury in trauma survivors: 1. Functions and meanings . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 66 : 197 – 206 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conterio , K. and Lader , W. 1998 . Bodily Harm , New York : Hyperion .
   Google Scholar
• Crowe , M. and Bunclarke , J. 2000 . Repeated self-injury and its management . International Review of Psychiatry , 12 : 48 – 53 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deykin , E. Y. , Alpert , J. J. and McNamara , J. J. 1988 . A pilot study of the effect of exposure to child abuse or neglect on adolescent suicidal behaviour . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 1299 – 1330 .
   Google Scholar
• Dubo , E. D. , Zanarini , M. C. , Lewis , R. E. and Williams , A. A. 1997 . Childhood antecedents of self-destructiveness in borderline personality disorder . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 42 : 63 – 69 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans , E. , Hawton , K. and Rodham , K. 2005 . Suicidal phenomena and abuse in adolescents: A review of epidemiological studies . Child Abuse and Neglect , 29 : 45 – 58 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favazza , A. R. 1998 . The coming of age of self-mutilation . Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease , 186 : 259 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favazza , A. R. 1999 . “ Self-mutilation ” . In The Harvard Medical School guide to suicide assessment and intervention , Edited by: Jacobs , D. G. 125 – 145 . San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass .
   Google Scholar
• Favazza , A. R. and Conterio , K. 1989 . Female habitual self-mutilators . Acta Pschiatrica Scandinavia , 79 : 283 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favazza , A. R. , DeRosear , L. and Conterio , K. 1989 . Self-mutilation and eating disorders . Suicide and Life-threatening Behaviours , 19 ( 4 ) : 352 – 362 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favazza , A. R. and Rosenthal , R. 1993 . Diagnostic issues in self-mutilation . Hospital and Community Psychiatry , 44 : 134 – 140 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Finkelhor , D. 1988 . “ The trauma of child sexual abuse: Two models ” . In Lasting effects of child sexual abuse , Edited by: Wyatt , G. E. and Powell , C. J. 61 – 82 . Beverly Hills, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , D. L. and Cowry , R. W. 1985 . Suicidal and parasuicidal behaviour in borderline personality disorder . Psychiatric Clinics of North America , 8 ( 2 ) : 389 – 403 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel , P. E. , Moldofsky , H. and Garner , D. M. 1980 . The heterogeneity of anorexia nervosa. Bulimia as a distinct subgroup . Archives of General Psychiatry , 37 ( 9 ) : 1036 – 1040 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garfinkel , P. E. , Goldbloom , D. , Davis , R. , Olmstead , M. P. , Garner , D. M. and Halmi , K. A. 1992 . Body dissatisfaction in bulimia nervosa: Relationship to weight and shape concerns and psychological functioning . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 11 ( 2 ) : 151 – 161 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gleaves , D. H. and Eberenz , K. P. 1994 . Sexual abuse histories among treatment resistant bulimia nervosa patients . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 15 : 227 – 231 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratz , K. L. , Conrad , S. D. and Roemer , L. 2002 . Risk factors for deliberate self-harm in college students . American Journal of Orthopsychiatry , 72 ( 1 ) : 128 – 140 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green , A. H. 1978 . Self-destructive behaviour in battered children . American Journal of Psychiatry , 135 : 579 – 582 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hastings , T. and Kern , J. M. 1994 . Relationships between bulimia, childhood sexual abuse and family environment . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 15 : 103 – 111 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton , K. , Fagg , J. and Simkin , S. 1996 . Deliberate self-poisoning and self-injury in children and adolescents under 16 years of age in Oxford, 1976 – 1993 . British Journal of Psychiatry , 169 : 202 – 208 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton , K. , Kingsbury , S. , Steinhardt , K. , James , A. and Fagg , J. 1999 . Repetition of deliberate self-harm by adolescents: The role of psychological factors . Journal of Adolescence , 22 : 369 – 378 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawton , K. , Rodham , K. , Evans , E. and Weatherall , R. 2002 . Deliberate self-harm in adolescents: A self-report study in schools in England . British Medical Journal , 325 : 1207 – 1211 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herpetz , S. 1995 . Self-injurious behaviour: Psychopathological and nosological characteristics in sub-types of self-injurers . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinivica , 91 : 57 – 68 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones , I. H. , Congin , L. , Stevenson , J. , Straus , N. and Frei , D. Z. 1979 . A biological approach to two forms of human self-injury . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 167 : 74 – 78 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kann , L. , Kinchen , S. A. , Williams , B. I. , Ross , J. G. , Lowry , R. Grunbaum , J. A. 2000 . Youth risk behaviour surveillance-United States . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report , 49 : 1 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kopper , B. A. , Barrios , F. X. and Chiros , C. E. 1998 . The positive and negative suicide ideation inventory: Development and validation . Psychological Reports , 82 : 783 – 793 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linehan , M. M. 1993 . Cognitive – behavioural treatment of borderline personality disorder , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Lipschitz , D. S. , Bernstein , D. P. , Winegar , R. K. and Southwick , S. M. 1999 . Hospitalized adolescents' reports of sexual and physical abuse: A comparison of two self-report measures . Journal of Traumatic Stress , 12 : 510 – 537 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipschitz , D. S. , Winegar , R. K. , Nicolaou , A. L. , Hartnik , E. , Wolfson , M. and Sowthwick , S. M. 1999 . Perceived abuse and neglect as risk factors for suicidal behaviour in adolescent inpatients . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 187 ( 1 ) : 32 – 39 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Low , G. , Jones , D. , MacLeod , A. , Power , M. and Duggan , C. 2000 . Childhood trauma, dissociation and self-harming behaviour: A pilot study . British Journal of Medical Psychology , 73 : 269 – 278 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin , G. and Waite , S. 1994 . Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide . Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavia , 89 : 246 – 254 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , J. F. , Reid , F. and Lacey , J. H. 1999 . The SCOFF questionnaire: Assessment of a new screening tool for eating disorders . British Medical Journal , 319 : 1467 – 1468 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray , C. D. , Warm , A. and Fox , J. 2005 . An Internet survey of adolescent self-injurers . Australian e-Journal for the Advancement of Mental Health , 4 ( 1 ) 2005
   Google Scholar
• Oppenheimer , R. , Howells , K. , Palmer , R. L. and Challoner , D. 1985 . Adverse sexual experience in childhood and clinical eating disorders: A preliminary description . Journal of Psychiatric Research , 19 : 357 – 361 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paolucci , E. O. , Genuis , M. L. and Violato , C. 2001 . A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse . Journal of Psychology , 135 : 17 – 36 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattison , M. E. and Kahan , J. 1983 . The deliberate self-harm syndrome . American Journal of Psychiatry , 140 : 867 – 872 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patton , G. C. , Harris , R. , Carlin , J. B. , Hibbert , M. , Coffey , C. Schwartz , M. 1997 . Adolescent suicidal behaviours: A population based study of risk . Psychological Medicine , 27 : 715 – 724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pembroke , L. 1994 . Self-harm: Perspectives from personal experiences , London : Survivors Speak Out .
   Google Scholar
• Pope , H. G. and Hudson , J. I. 1992 . Is childhood sexual abuse a risk factor for bulimia nervosa? . American Journal of Psychiatry , 149 : 455 – 463 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Putnam , N. and Stein , M. 1985 . Self-inflicted injuries in childhood: A review and diagnostic approach . Clinical Paediatrics , 24 : 514 – 518 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers , J. R. 2003 . Sexual abuse and suicide: Why we may not know what we think we know . Archives of Suicide Research , 7 : 83 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenberg , M. S. 1987 . New directions for research on the psychological maltreatment of children . American Psychologist , 42 : 166 – 171 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , S. and Heath , N. 2002 . A study of the frequency of self-mutilation in a community sample of adolescents . Journal of Youth and Adolescence , 31 ( 1 ) : 67 – 77 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaff , K. K. and McCane , T. R. 1994 . Childhood abuse, body image disturbance and eating disorders . Child Abuse and Neglect , 18 : 607 – 615 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaffer , C. B. , Carroll , J. and Abramowitz , S. I. 1982 . Self-mutilation and the borderline personality . Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease , 170 : 468 – 473 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz , R. , Cohen , P. , Hoffman , N. G. and Meeks , J. E. 1989 . Self-harm behaviours (carving) in female adolescent drug abusers . Clinical Paediatrics , 28 : 340 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro , S. 1987 . Self-mutilation and self-blame in incest victims . American Journal of Psychotherapy , 41 : 46 – 54 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shearer , S. L. 1994 . Phenomenology of self-injury among inpatient women with borderline personality disorder . Journal of Mental and Nervous Disease , 182 : 524 – 526 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slade , P. D. , Dewey , M. E. , Newton , T. , Brodie , D. and Kiemle , G. 1990 . Development of the body satisfaction scale (BSS) . Psychology and Health , 4 : 213 – 226 .
   Google Scholar
• Solomon , Y. and Farrand , J. 1996 . “Why don't you do it properly?” Young women who self-injure . Journal of Adolescence , 19 ( 2 ) : 111 – 119 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taiminen , T. K. , Kallio-Soukainen , K. , Nokso-Koivisto , H. , Kaljonen , A. and Helenius , H. 1998 . Contagion of deliberate self-harm among adolescent inpatients . Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 37 : 211 – 217 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tantum , D. and Whittaker , J. 1992 . Personality disorder and self-wounding . British Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 451 – 464 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vajda , J. and Steinbeck , K. 2000 . Factors associated with repeat suicide attempts among adolescents . Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry , 34 : 437 – 445 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk , B. A. 1996 . “ The complexity of adaptation to trauma: Self-regulation, stimulus discrimination and characterological development ” . In Traumatic stress: The effects of overwhelming experience on mind body and society , Edited by: Van der Kolk , B. A. , McFarlane , A. C. and Weisaeth , L. 182 – 213 . New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Kolk , B. A. , Perry , J. C. and Herman , J. L. 1991 . Childhood origins of self-destructive behaviour . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 : 1665 – 1676 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller , G. 1992 . Sexual abuse and the severity of bulimic symptoms . British Journal of Psychiatry , 161 : 90 – 93 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waller , G. , Everill , J. and Calam , R. 1994 . “ Sexual abuse and the eating disorders ” . In Understanding eating disorders , Edited by: Alexander Mott , L. A. and Lumsden , D. B. Washington, DC : Taylor and Francis .
   Google Scholar
• Walsh , B. W. and Rosen , P. M. 1988 . Self-mutilation: Theory, research and treatment , New York : Guilford Press .
   Google Scholar
• Warm , A. , Murray , C. and Fox , J. 2003 . Why do people self-harm? . Psychology, Health and Medicine , 8 ( 1 ) : 71 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Wiederman , M. W. , Sansone , R. A. and Sansone , L. A. 1999 . Bodily self-harm and its relationship to childhood abuse among women in a primary care setting . Violence Against Women , 5 ( 2 ) : 155 – 163 .
   Google Scholar
• Winchel , R. M. and Stanley , M. 1991 . Self-injurious behaviour: A review of the behaviour and biology of self-mutilation . American Journal of Psychiatry , 148 ( 3 ) : 306 – 315 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yaryura-Tobias , J. , Neziroglu , F. and Kaplan , S. 1995 . Self-mutilation, anorexia, and dysmenorrea in obsessive compulsive disorder . International Journal of Eating Disorders , 17 ( 1 ) : 33 – 38 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , T. M. 2004 . The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behaviour: Compensatory regulation in post traumatic adaptation . Clinical Psychology Review , 24 : 35 – 74 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yates , T. M. and Carlson , E. A. . Fragile foundations: The developmental antecedents of self-injurious behaviour . Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development . Tampa, FL.
   Google Scholar
• Yeo , H. M. and Yeo , W. W. 1993 . Repeat deliberate self-harm: A link with childhood sexual abuse? . Archives of Emergency Medicine , 10 : 161 – 166 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. , Mattia , J. and Zimmerman , M. 2001 . Clinical features of survivors of sexual abuse with major depression . Child Abuse and Neglect , 25 ( 3 ) : 357 – 367 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zlotnick , C. , Shea , M. T. , Pearlstein , T. , Simpson , E. , Costello , E. and Begin , A. 1996 . The relationship between dissociative symptoms, alexithymia, impulsivity, sexual abuse and self-mutilation . Comprehensive Psychiatry , 37 : 12 – 16 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig-Frank , H. , Paris , J. and Guzder , J. 1994a . Psychological risk factors and self-mutilation in male patients with BPD . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 39 : 266 – 268 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig-Frank , H. , Paris , J. and Guzder , J. 1994b . Psychological risk factors for dissociation and self-mutilation in female patients with borderline personality disorder . Canadian Journal of Psychiatry , 39 : 259 – 264 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar