Implicit attitudes towards people with visible difference: findings from an Implicit Association Test

References

• Bogart, K. R. (2015). ‘People are all about appearances’: A focus group of teenagers with Moebius Syndrome. Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 1579–1588. doi:10.1177/1359105313517277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, R., & Rumsey, N. (1988). The social psychology of facial appearance. London: Springer-Verlag.10.1007/978-1-4612-3782-2
   Google Scholar
• Goode, A., Ellis, R., Coutinho, W., & Partridge, J. (2008) .The face equality campaign – The evidence. Public attitudes survey. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from www.changingfaces.org.uk/downloads/FE%20Campaign,%20Public%20Attitudes%20survey.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Grandfield, T. A., Thompson, A. R., & Turpin, G. (2005). An attitudinal study of responses to a range of dermatological conditions using the Implicit Association Test. Journal of Health Psychology, 10, 821–829. doi:10.1177/1359105305057316
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.102.1.4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., Banaji, M. R., & Nosek, B. A. (2015). Statistically small effects of the Implicit Association Test can have societally large effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 108, 553–561. doi:10.1037/pspa0000016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. K. L. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464–1480.10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197–216. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.197
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamlet, C., & Harcourt, D. (2015). Older adults’ experiences of living with cleft lip and palate: A qualitative study exploring aging and appearance. Cleft Palate- Craniofacial Journal, 52, e32–e40. doi:10.1597/13-308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston, V., & Bull, R. (1994). Do people avoid sitting next to someone who is facially disfigured? European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 279–284. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420240205
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livneh, H. (2012). On the origins of negative attitudes towards people with disabilities. In I. Marini & M. Stebnicki (Eds.), Psychological and social impact of illness and disability (6th ed., pp. 13–25). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Macgregor, F. M. C. (1990). Facial disfigurement: Problems and management of social interaction and implications for mental health. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery, 14, 249–257. doi:10.1007/BF01578358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masnari, O., Schiestl, C., Weibel, L., Wuttke, F., & Landolt, M. A. (2013). How children with facial differences are perceived by non-affected children and adolescents: Perceived effects on stereotypical attitudes. Body Image, 10, 515–523. doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2013.05.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosek, B. A., Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (2005). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: II. Method variables and construct validity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 31, 166–180. doi:10.1177/0146167204271418
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pausch, N. C., Winter, K., Halama, D., Wirtz, C., Yildirim, V., & Sirintawat, N. (2015). Psychosocial acceptance of cleft patients: Has something changed? Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Published online 28 July, 2015. doi:10.1007/s10006-015-0518-1
   Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. M. (2014). Discrimination among adults with craniofacial conditions. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 25, 77–81. doi:10.1097/SCS.0b013e3182a2e005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts, R. M., & Gierasch, A. (2013). The effect of visible facial difference on personal space during encounters with the general public. Plastic Surgical Nursing, 33, 71–80. doi:10.1097/PSN.0b013e31829adddc
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roberts, R. M., & Shute, R. (2011). The experience of living with a craniofacial condition: Perspectives of children and parents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 16, 317–334. doi:10.1177/1359104509355021
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rumsey, N., Bull, R., & Gahagan, D. (1982). The effect of facial disfigurement on the proxemic behaviour of the general public. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 137–150. doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1982.tb00855.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumsey, N., & Harcourt, D. (2005). The psychology of appearance. New York, NY: Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Stevenage, S. V., & Furness, C. (2008). The influence of disfigurement on conversational recall. Journal of Health Psychology, 13, 1113–1118. doi:10.1177/1359105308095965
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stock, N. M., Whale, K., Jenkinson, E., Rumsey, N., & Fox, F. (2013). Young people’s perceptions of visible difference. Diversity and Equality in Health and Care, 10, 41–51.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, A., & Wright, T. (2012). Evaluations of people depicted with facial disfigurement compared to those with mobility impairment. Basic and Applied Psychology, 34, 212–225. doi:10.1080/01973533.2012.674420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar