School corporal punishment in global perspective: prevalence, outcomes, and efforts at intervention

References

• Alyahri, A., & Goodman, R. (2008). Harsh corporal punishment of Yemeni children: Occurrence, type and associations. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 766–773. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.01.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, S., & Payne, M. A. (1994). Corporal punishment in elementary education: Views of Barbadian schoolchildren. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 377–386. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90040-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bailey, C., Robinson, T., & Coore-Desai, C. (2014). Corporal punishment in the Caribbean: Attitudes and practices. Social and Economic Studies, 63, 207–233.
   Google Scholar
• Baker-Henningham, H., Meeks-Gardner, J., Chang, S., & Walker, S. (2009). Experiences of violence and deficits in academic achievement among urban primary school children in Jamaica. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 296–306. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.01
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ba-Saddik, A. S., & Hattab, A. S. (2013). Physical abuse in basic-education schools in Aden governorate, Yemen: A cross-sectional study. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 19, 333–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beazley, H., Bessell, S., Ennew, J., & Waterson, R. (2006). What children say: Results of comparative research on the physical and emotional punishment of children in Southeast Asia and the Pacific, 2005. Save the Children Sweden Southeast Asia and the Pacific.
   Google Scholar
• Bezinque, A., Meldrum, J., Darling-Churchill, K., & Stuart-Cassel, V. (2015). Compendium of school discipline laws and regulations for the 50 states, Washington, D.C. and the U.S. Territories. National Center on Safe Supportive Learning Environments. Retrieved from http://safesupportivelearning.ed.gov/school-discipline-compendium
   Google Scholar
• Block, N. (2013). Breaking the paddle: Ending school corporal punishment. Columbus, OH: Center for Effective Discipline.
   Google Scholar
• Breen, A., Daniels, K., & Tomlinson, M. (2015). Children’s experiences of corporal punishment: A qualitative study in an urban township of South Africa. Child Abuse & Neglect, 48, 131–139. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.04.022
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• C. A. ex rel G.A. v. Morgan Co. Bd. of Educ., 577 F. Supp. 2d 886, 888 (E.D. Ky. 2008).
   Google Scholar
• Chianu, E. (2000). Two deaths, one blind eye, one imprisonment: Child abuse in the guise of corporal punishment in Nigerian schools. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 1005–1009. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00154-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clacherty, G., Donald, D., & Clacherty, A. (2005a). Zambian children’s experience of corporal and humiliating punishment: A quantitative and qualitative survey. Pretoria: Save the Children Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Clacherty, G., Donald, D., & Clacherty, A. (2005b). Children’s experience of corporal and humiliating punishment in Swaziland. Auckland Park: Save the Children Sweden.
   Google Scholar
• Covell, K., & Becker, J. (2011). Five Years on: A global update on violence against children, report for the NGO advisory council for follow-up to the UN Secretary-General’s Study on violence against Children. New York, NY: United Nations.
   Google Scholar
• Csorba, J., Rózsa, S., Vetro, A., Gadoros, J., Makra, J., Somogyi, E., … Kapornay, K. (2001). Family- and school-related stresses in depressed Hungarian children. European Psychiatry, 16, 18–26.10.1016/S0924-9338(00)00531-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVries, K. M., Knight, L., Child, J. C., Mirembe, A., Nakuti, J., Jones, R., … Naker, .D. (2015). The Good School Toolkit for reducing physical violence from school staff to primary school students: A cluster-randomised controlled trial in Uganda. The Lancet Global Health, 3, e378–e386.10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00060-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunne, M., Humphreys, S., & Leach, F. (2006). Gender violence in schools in the developing world. Gender and Education, 18, 75–98. doi:10.1080/09540250500195143
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elbla, A. I. F. (2012). Is punishment (corporal or verbal) an effective means of discipline in schools? Case study of two basic schools in Greater Khartoum/Sudan. Procedia: Social and Behavioral Sciences, 69, 1656–1663. doi:10.1016/j.spspro.2012.12.112
   Google Scholar
• Feinstein, S., & Mwahombela, L. (2010). Corporal punishment in Tanzania’s schools. International Review of Education, 56, 399–410. doi:10/1007/11159-010-9169-5
   Google Scholar
• Garcia ex rel. Garcia v. Miera, 817 F.2d 650, 652–53 (10th Cir. 1987).
   Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T. (2013). Spanking and child development: We know enough now to stop hitting our children. Child Development Perspectives, 7, 133–137. doi:10.1111/cdep.12038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T., & Font, S. A. (2016). Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools: Prevalence, disparities in use, and status in state and federal policy. SRCD Social Policy Report, 30(1), 1–25.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T., & Grogan-Kaylor, A. (2016). Spanking and child outcomes: Old controversies and new meta-analyses. Journal of Family Psychology, 30, 453–469. doi:10.1037/fam0000191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Lansford, J. E., Chang, L., Zelli, A., Deater-Deckard, K., & Dodge, K. A. (2010). Parent discipline practices in an international sample: Associations with child behaviors and moderation by perceived normativeness. Child Development, 81, 487–502. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01409.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T., Lansford, J. E., Sexton, H. R., Davis-Kean, P. E., & Sameroff, A. J. (2012). Longitudinal links between spanking and children’s externalizing behaviors in a national sample of White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian American families. Child Development, 83, 838–843. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01732.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershoff, E. T., Purtell, K. M., & Holas, I. (2015). Corporal punishment in U.S. public schools: Legal precedents, current practices, and future policy. Springer Briefs in Psychology Series, Advances in Child and Family Policy and Practice Subseries, 1, 1–105. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14818-2
   Google Scholar
• Global Advocacy Team, Plan International. (2012). Plan’s Learn Without Fear campaign: Third progress report. Retrieved from https://plan-international.org/learn-without-fear-third-progress-report
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2015). Towards non-violence schools: Prohibiting all corporal punishment. Global report 2015. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/resources/thematic-reports/schools-report-2015.html
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016a). Corporal punishment of children: Summarizes of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years – Africa. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/research/prevalence-research/
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016b). Corporal punishment of children: Summarizes of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years – Caribbean. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/research/prevalence-research/
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016c). Corporal punishment of children: Summarizes of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years – East Asia and the Pacific. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/research/prevalence-research/
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016d). Corporal punishment of children: Summarizes of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years – Europe and Central Asia. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/research/prevalence-research/
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016e). Corporal punishment of children: Summarizes of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years – Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/research/prevalence-research/
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016f). Corporal punishment of children: Summarizes of prevalence and attitudinal research in the last 10 years – South Asia. Retrieved from http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/research/prevalence-research/
   Google Scholar
• Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children. (2016g). Global progress towards prohibiting all corporal punishment. Retrieved from http://endcorporalpunishment.org/assets/pdfs/legality-tables/Global%20progress%20table%20with%20terrs%20%28alphabetical%29.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gwirayi, P. (2011). Functions served by corporal punishment: Adolescent perspectives. Journal of Psychology in Africa, 21, 121–124. doi:10.1080/14330237.2011.10820437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy, K. (2013, October 20). Spare the rod, spoil the student? 19 states still allow paddling at school, Tennessee is among them. Chattanooga Times Free Press. Retrieved from http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2013/oct/20/spare-the-rod-spoil-the-student19-states-still/
   Google Scholar
• Hecker, T., Hermenau, K., Isele, D., & Elbert, T. (2014). Corporal punishment and children’s externalizing problems: A cross-sectional study of Tanzanian primary school aged children. Child Abuse and Neglect, 38, 884–892. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Human Rights Watch and the ACLU. (2008). A violent education: Corporal punishment in US public schools. Retrieved from http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/us0808_1.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Hyman, I. A. (1995). Corporal punishment, psychological maltreatment, violence, and punitiveness in America: Research, advocacy, and public policy. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 4, 113–130. doi:10.1016/S0962-1849(05)80084-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ingraham v. Wright, 430 U.S. 651 (1977).
   Google Scholar
• Lee, J. H. (2015). Prevalence and predictors of self-reported student maltreatment by teachers in South Korea. Child Abuse and Neglect, 46, 113–120. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.03.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makwanya, P., Moyo, W., & Nyenya, T. (2012). Perceptions of the stakeholders towards the use of corporal punishment in Zimbabwean schools: A case study of Bulawayo. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 2, 1231–1239.
   Google Scholar
• Medway, F. J., & Smircic, J. M. (1992). Willingness to use corporal punishment among school administrators in South Carolina. Psychological Reports, 71, 63–66. doi:10.2466/pr0.1992.71.1.65
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell, C. (2010). Corporal punishment in the public schools: An analysis of federal constitutional claims. Law and Contemporary Problems, 73, 321–341.
   Google Scholar
• Mississippi Code § 37-11-57(2) (2013).
   Google Scholar
• Morrow, V., & Singh, R. (2014). Corporal punishment in schools in Andhra Pradesh, India: Children’s and parents’ views. Oxford: Young Lives.
   Google Scholar
• Naz, A., Khan, W., Daraz, U., Hussain, M., & Khan, Q. (2011). The impacts of corporal punishment on students’ academic performance/career and personality development up-to secondary level education in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2, 130–140.
   Google Scholar
• Ogando Portela, M. J., & Pells, K. (2015). Corporal punishment in schools: Longitudinal evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Viet Nam ( Innocenti Discussion Paper No. 2015-02). Florence: UNICEF Office of Research. Retrieved from https://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/series/22/
   Google Scholar
• Parkes, J., & Heslop, J. (2013). Stop violence against girls in school: A cross-country analysis of change in Ghana, Kenya, and Mozambique. Washington, DC: ActionAid International. Retrieved from http://www.actionaidusa.org/sites/files/actionaid/svags_review_final.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Payet, J., & Franchi, V. (2008). The Rights of the Child and ‘the Good of the Learners’: A comparative ethnographical survey on the abolition of corporal punishment in South African schools. Childhood, 15, 157–176. doi:10.1177/0907568207088420
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereznieto, P., Harper, C., Clench, B., & Coarasa, J. (2010). The economic impact of school violence. London: Plan International & Overseas Development Institute. Retrieved from plan-international.org/learnwithoutfear
   Google Scholar
• Pickens County Board of Education. (2015). The Pickens County Board of Education Board policy manual. Retrieved from http://www.pickenscountyschools.net/?DivisionID=11923&DepartmentID=12384
   Google Scholar
• Pinheiro, P. S. (2006). World report on violence against children. Geneva: United Nations. Retrieved from http://www.unviolencestudy.org/
   Google Scholar
• Save the Children. (2011). Violence against children in schools: A regional analysis of Lebanon, Morocco, and Yemen. Beirut: Save the Children Sweden, Regional Office for the Middle East and North Africa.
   Google Scholar
• Schmitt, M. T., Branscombe, N. R., Postmes, T., & Garcia, A. (2014). The consequences of perceived discrimination for psychological well-being: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 140, 921–948. doi:10.1037/a0035754
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smalls, C., White, R., Chavous, T., & Sellers, R. (2007). Racial ideological beliefs and racial discrimination experiences as predictors of academic engagement among African American Adolescents. Journal of Black Psychology, 33, 299–330. doi:10.1177/0095798407302541
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Society for Adolescent Medicine. (2003). Corporal punishment in schools: Position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine. Journal of Adolescent Health, 32, 385–393. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(03)00042-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talwar, V., Carlson, S. M., & Lee, K. (2011). Effects of a punitive environment on children’s executive functioning: A natural experiment. Social Development, 20, 805–824. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2011.00617.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tennessee Statutes and Codes, 49-6-4103 – Corporal punishment. [Acts 1979, ch. 131, § 1; T.C.A., §§ 49-903, 49-9-103 (2016).
   Google Scholar
• United Nations. (1989, November 20). Convention on the rights of the child, G.A. Res. 44/25, U.N. GAOR, 44th Sess., at 3 ( U.N. Doc. A/RES/44/25). Retrieved from http://www.unicef.org/crc/
   Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund Kenya County Office, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics. (2012). Violence against Children in Kenya: Findings from a 2010 national survey. Summary report on the prevalence of sexual, physical and emotional violence, context of sexual violence, and health and behavioral consequences of violence experienced in childhood. Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Children’s Fund Kenya Country Office. Retrieved from http://resourcecentre.savethechildren.se/sites/default/files/documents/vac_in_kenya.pdf
   Google Scholar
• United Nations, Committee on the Rights of the Child (CRC). (2007, March 2). CRC General Comment No. 8 (2006): The Right of the Child to Protection from Corporal Punishment and Other Cruel or Degrading forms of Punishment ( U.N. CRC/C/GC/8). Retrieved from http://www.refworld.org/docid/460bc7772.html
   Google Scholar
• United States Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights. (2015). Regulations enforced by the Office for Civil Rights. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/policy/rights/reg/ocr/index.html
   Google Scholar
• Youssef, R. M., Attia, M. S., & Kamel, M. I. (1998). Children experiencing violence II: prevalence and determinants of corporal punishment in schools. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 975–985. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00084-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar