Social capital and PTSD among PLWHA in China: the mediating role of resilience and internalized stigma

References

• Berger, B. E., Ferrans, C. E., & Lashley, F. R. (2001). Measuring stigma in people with HIV: Psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Research in Nursing & Health, 24(6), 518–529.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-240X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bunn, J. Y., Solomon, S. E., Miller, C., & Forehand, R. (2007). Measurement of stigma in people with HIV: A reexamination of the HIV stigma scale. AIDS Education and Prevention, 19(3), 198–208.10.1521/aeap.2007.19.3.198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cao, H., He, N., Jiang, Q., Yang, M., Liu, Z., Gao, M., … Ding, P. (2010). Stigma against HIV-infected persons among migrant women living in Shanghai. AIDS Education and Prevention, 22(5), 445–454.10.1521/aeap.2010.22.5.445
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Stanton, B., Gong, J., Fang, X., & Li, X. (2008). Personal social capital scale: An instrument for health and behavioral research. Health Education Research, 24(2), 306–317.10.1093/her/cyn020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Stanton, B., Kaljee, L., Fang, X., Xiong, Q., Lin, D., … Zhang, L. (2011). Social stigma, social capital reconstruction, and rural migrants in urban China: A population health perspective. Human Organization, 70(1), 22–32.10.17730/humo.70.1.k76047734m703500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, X., Wang, Y., & Yan, Y. (2015). The essential resilience scale: Instrument development and prediction of perceived health and behavior. Stress and Health, 32(5), 533–542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen, A. (2013). PTSD, resilience and posttraumatic growth among ex-prisoners of war and combat veterans. The Israel journal of psychiatry and related sciences, 50(2), 91–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuca, Y. P., Asher, A., Okonsky, J., Kaihura, A., Dawson-Rose, C., & Webel, A. (2017). HIV stigma and social capital in women living with HIV. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 28(1), 45–54.10.1016/j.jana.2016.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Silva, M. J., Huttly, S. R., Harpham, T., & Kenward, M. G. (2007). Social capital and mental health: A comparative analysis of four low income countries. Social Science & Medicine, 64(1), 5–20.10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.08.044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV Axis I disorders: Clinician version (SCID-CV). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press.
   Google Scholar
• Flores, E. C., Carnero, A. M., & Bayer, A. M. (2014). Social capital and chronic post-traumatic stress disorder among survivors of the 2007 earthquake in Pisco, Peru. Social Science & Medicine, 101, 9–17.10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.11.012
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galvan, F. H., Davis, E. M., Banks, D., & Bing, E. G. (2008). HIV stigma and social support among African Americans. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 22(5), 423–436.10.1089/apc.2007.0169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hussen, S. A., Tsegaye, M., Argaw, M. G., Andes, K., Gilliard, D., & del Rio, C. (2014). Spirituality, social capital and service: Factors promoting resilience among expert patients living with HIV in Ethiopia. Global Public Health, 9(3), 286–298.10.1080/17441692.2014.880501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, B., Raphael, B., Judd, F., Perdices, M., Kernutt, G., Burnett, P., … Dunne, M. (1998). Posttraumatic stress disorder in response to HIV infection. General Hospital Psychiatry, 20(6), 345–352.10.1016/S0163-8343(98)00042-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, L., Lin, C., Wu, Z., Wu, S., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Detels, R., & Jia, M. (2007). Stigmatization and shame: Consequences of caring for HIV/AIDS patients in China. AIDS Care, 19(2), 258–263.10.1080/09540120600828473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li, Z., Wang, K., & Ying, Y. (2015). The reliability and validity of the Chinese version of Berger HIV stigma scale. Chinese Journal of Nursing, 50(7), 882–885 . [In Chinese].
   Google Scholar
• Mak, W. W., Cheung, R. Y., Law, R. W., Woo, J., Li, P. C., & Chung, R. W. (2007). Examining attribution model of self-stigma on social support and psychological well-being among people with HIV+/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 64(8), 1549–1559.10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.12.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meichenbaum, D. (2011). Resiliency building as a means to prevent PTSD and related adjustment problems in military personnel (p. 325). Treating PTSD in military personnel: A clinical handbook.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, S. W., Li, D., Carpiano, R. M., Spittal, P. M., & Ruan, Y. (2016). Ethnicity and HIV epidemiology research in China. The Lancet, 388(10049), 1052–1053.10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31541-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pence, B. W. (2009). The impact of mental health and traumatic life experiences on antiretroviral treatment outcomes for people living with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, 63(4), 636–640.10.1093/jac/dkp006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24(1), 1–24.10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Portes, A. (2000). The two meanings of social capital. In Sociological forum (Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 1–12). Netherlands: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Sawyer, A., Ayers, S., & Field, A. P. (2010). Posttraumatic growth and adjustment among individuals with cancer or HIV/AIDS: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(4), 436–447.10.1016/j.cpr.2010.02.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiltz, M. A., & Sandfort, T. G. (2000). HIV-positive people, risk and sexual behaviour. Social Science & Medicine, 50(11), 1571–1588.10.1016/S0277-9536(99)00466-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tingley, D., Yamamoto, T., Hirose, K., Keele, L., & Imai, K. (2014). Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuno, K., Oshima, K., Kubota, K., & Kawakami, N. (2014). Personal resilience and post-traumatic stress symptoms of local government employees: Six months after the 2011 Magnitude 9.0 East Japan Earthquake. Sangyo eiseigaku zasshi=. Journal of occupational health, 56(6), 245–258.
   Google Scholar
• Valeri, L., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2013). Mediation analysis allowing for exposure–mediator interactions and causal interpretation: Theoretical assumptions and implementation with SAS and SPSS macros. Psychological Methods, 18(2), 137.10.1037/a0031034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang, M., Sui, S., Li, J., & Dai, X. (2009). Factor structure of PTSD checklist: A confirmatory factor analysis study in adolescents from earthquake region. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology, 17(4), 420–423. [In Chinese]
   Google Scholar
• Wang, P., Chen, X., Gong, J., & Jacques-Tiura, A. J. (2014). Reliability and validity of the personal social capital scale 16 and personal social capital scale 8: Two short instruments for survey studies. Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1133–1148.10.1007/s11205-013-0540-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane T. M. (1993). The PTSD check-list: Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX.
   Google Scholar
• Weiss, N. H., Tull, M. T., Borne, M. E., & Gratz, K. L. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity and HIV-risk behaviors among substance-dependent inpatients. AIDS Care, 25(10), 1219–1226.10.1080/09540121.2013.764381
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitzer, R. L, & Williams, J. B. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. American Psychiatric Association, Washington Google Scholar.
   Google Scholar
• Yiaslas, T. A., Kamen, C., Arteaga, A., Lee, S., Briscoe-Smith, A., Koopman, C., & Gore-Felton, C. (2014). The relationship between sexual trauma, peritraumatic dissociation, posttraumatic stress disorder, and HIV-related health in HIV-positive men. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 15(4), 420–435.10.1080/15299732.2013.873376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar