Is sense of belonging at school associated with cannabis use among secondary school students in Barbados?

References

• Atkinson, U. (2012). Substance use among youth in Jamaica: A review of research conducted by national council on drug abuse. Retrieved from http://ncda.org.jm/images/pdf/researchday/substance.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson, U., Abel, W. D., & Whitehorne-Smith, P. (2015). Current trends in adolescent substance use in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal, 2, 1.
   Google Scholar
• Blum, R. W., Halcón, L., Beuhring, T., Pate, E., Campell-Forrester, S., & Venema, A. (2003). Adolescent health in the Caribbean: Risk and protective factors. American Journal of Public Health, 93(3), 456–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Branstetter, S. A., Low, S., & Furman, W. (2011). The influence of parents and friends on adolescent substance use: A multidimensional approach. Journal of Substance Use, 16(2), 150–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, D. B., Kirisci, L., Mezzich, A., & Chung, T. (2008). Parental supervision and alcohol use in adolescence: Developmentally specific interactions. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics : JDBP, 29(4), 285–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cotto, J. H., Davis, E., Dowling, G. J., Elcano, J. C., Stanton, A. B., & Weiss, S. R. B. (2010). Gender effects on drug use, abuse, and dependence: A special analysis of results from the national survey on drug use and health. Gender Medicine, 7(5), 402–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daley, R. C. (2018). Marijuana Misuse as told by the Adolescent User: Reasons, Perceptions and Experiences. MSc Thesis Submitted to The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica, in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirement for the MSc Degree in Clinical Social Work.
   Google Scholar
• De Wit, D. I., Adiaf, E. M., Offord, D. R., & Ogborne, A. C. (2000). Age at first alcohol use: A risk factor for the development of alcohol disorder. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 157, 745–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dougherty, D. M., Mathias, C. W., Dawes, M. A., Furr, R. M., Charles, N. E., Liguori, A., … Acheson, A. (2013). Impulsivity, attention, memory, and decision-making among adolescent Marijuana users. Psychopharmacology, 226(2), 307–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7, 117–140.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fosco, G. M., Stormshak, E. A., Dishion, T. J., & Winter, C. (2012). Family relationships and parental monitoring during middle school as predictors of early adolescent problem behavior. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(2), 202–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodenow, C., & Grady, K. (1993). The relationship of school belonging and friends’ values to academic motivation among urban adolescent students. The Journal of Experimental Education, 62, 60–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant, B. F. (1998). Age at smoking onset and its association with alcohol consumption and DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 10(1), 59–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grant, B. F., & Dawson, D. A. (1997). Age of alcohol onset and its association with DSM–IV alcohol abuse and dependence: Results from the national longitudinal alcohol epidemiologic survey. Journal of Substance Abuse, 9, 103–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenfield, S. F., Back, S. E., Lawson, K., & Brady, K. T. (2010). Substance abuse in women. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 33(2), 339–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hargerty, B. M., Lynch- Sauer, J., Patusky, K. L., Bousema, M., & Collier, P. (1992). Sense of belonging a vital mental health concept. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 6(3), 172–177.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Maslow, A. (1962). Toward a psychology of belonging. Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand.
   Google Scholar
• Murray-Harvey, R., & Slee, P. T. (2007). Supportive and stressful relationships with teachers, peers and family and their influence on students’ social/emotional and academic experience of school. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 17, 126–147.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napoli, M., Marsiglia, F. F., & Kulis, S. (2003). Sense of belonging in school as a protective factor against drug abuse among native american urban adolescents. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 3(2), 25–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• National Council on Substance Abuse. (2013). Barbados secondary school survey, 2013. Bridgetown: Barbados.
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2018, July 12). Substance use in women. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/substance-use-in-women
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse. (Undated). Marijuana. Retrieved from https://www.drugabuse.gov/drugs-abuse/marijuana
   Google Scholar
• National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), (2014, January 14). Principles of adolescent substance use disorder treatment: A research based-guide. Retrieved from http://www.drugabuse.gov.publications/principles-adolescent-substance-use-disorder-treatment-research-based-guide
   Google Scholar
• Organization of American States/Inter-American Drug Control commission (OAS/CICAD). (2010). Comparative analysis of student drug use in Caribbean Countries: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, and Suriname: A Report on Student drug use in 12 Caribbean Countries, OEA/Ser.L/XIV.6.4. 978-0-8270-5633-6.
   Google Scholar
• Oshi, D. C., Abel, W. D., Ricketts-Roomes, T., Agu, C. F., Oshi, S. N., Harrison, J., & Whitehorne-Smith, P. (2017). Associations between Cannabis use and multiple substance use among high school students in Jamaica. West Indian Medical Journal. doi:10.7727/wimj.2017.213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oshi, S. N., Abel, W. D., Ricketts-Roomes, T., Meka, I. A., Harrison, J., Weaver, S., ., & Oshi, D. C. (2018). Does risk perception affect alcohol consumption among secondary school students in Jamaica? Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 19, 13–18, Alcohol and Tobacco Use in the Caribbean.
   Google Scholar
• Pan American Health Organization [PAHO]. (2007). Alcohol, gender, culture and harms in the Americas: PAHO Multicentric study final report. Washington, D.C: PAHO.
   Google Scholar
• Sartor, C. F., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., Jacob, T., & True, W. (2007). The role of childhood risk factors in initiation of alcohol use and progression to dependence. Addiction, 102, 216–225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schepis, T. S., Desai, R. A., Cavallo, D. A., Smith, A. E., McFetridge, A., Liss, T. B., & Krishnan-Sarin, S. (2011). Gender differences in adolescent cannabis use and associated psychosocial characteristics. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 1022. 5(1), 65–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soldera, M., Dalgalarrondo, P., Filho, H. R. C., & Silvac, C. A. M. (2004). Heavy alcohol use among elementary and high-school students in downtown and outskirts of Campinas City – São Paulo: Prevalence and related factors. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 26, 174–179.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, (SAMHSA). (2016). Center for behavioral health statistics and quality. Treatment episode data set (TEDS): 2004-2014. National admissions to substance abuse treatment services. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Retrieved from https://wwwdasis.samhsa.gov/dasis2/teds_pubs/2014_teds_rpt_natl.pdf
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994, Apr 14). Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: Author.
   Google Scholar
• U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2000, Apr 14). Reducing tobacco use: A report of the surgeon general. Atlanta: Author.
   Google Scholar
• United Nations International Drug Control Programme (UNDCP). (2002). What do youth in Barbados think of drugs? Focus group study on the perception of young Barbedians towards drug use and drug prevention strategies. (UNDCP). Barbados: Caribbean Region Office, Marine Office.
   Google Scholar
• Wills, T. A., & Yaeger, A. M. (2003). Family factors and adolescent substance use: Models and mechanisms. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 12(6), 222–226.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windle, M. (2003). Alcohol use among adolescents and young adults. Retrieved from https://pubs.niaaa.nih.gov/publications/arh27-1/79-86.htm
   Google Scholar