Psychosocial and physical long-term outcome in patients with a history of takotsubo cardiomyopathy or myocardial infarction - a multi-centered case control study

References

• Barth, J., Schneider, S., & Von Känel, R. (2010). Lack of social support in the etiology and the prognosis of coronary heart disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 72(3), 229–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borchert, T., Hubscher, D., Guessoum, C. I., Lam, T. D., Ghadri, J. R., Schellinger, I. N., & Streckfuss-Bömeke, K. (2017). Catecholamine-dependent beta-adrenergic signaling in a pluripotent stem cell model of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 70(8), 975–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullinger, M. (2000). Erfassung der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität mit dem SF-36-Health Survey. [journal article]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz, 43(3), 190–197.
   Google Scholar
• Burgdorf, C., Kurowski, V., Bonnemeier, H., Schunkert, H., & Radke, P. W. (2008). Long-term prognosis of the transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy): Focus on malignancies. European Journal of Heart Failure, 10(10), 1015–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgdorf, C., Nef, H. M., Haghi, D., Kurowski, V., & Radke, P. W. (2010). Tako-tsubo (stress-induced) cardiomyopathy and cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine, 152(12), 830–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Compare, A., Grossi, E., Bigi, R., Proietti, R., Shonin, E., Orrego, P. S., & Poole, L. (2014). Stress-induced cardiomyopathy and psychological wellbeing 1 year after an acute event. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings, 21(1), 81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cordes, A., Herrmann-Lingen, C., Büchner, B., & Hessel, A. (2009). Repräsentative Normierung des ENRICHD-Social-Support-Instrument (ESSI)-Deutsche Version. Klinische Diagnostik und Evaluation, 2(1), 16-32.
   Google Scholar
• Cordova, M. J., & Andrykowski, M. A. (2003). Responses to cancer diagnosis and treatment: Posttraumatic stress and posttraumatic growth. Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 8(4), 286–296.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Delmas, C., Lairez, O., Mulin, E., Delmas, T., Boudou, N., Dumonteil, N., … Carrié, D. (2013). Anxiodepressive disorders and chronic psychological stress are associated with Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy. Circulation Journal, 77(1), 175–180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh, A., Kumar, G., Pant, S., Rihal, C., Murugiah, K., & Mehta, J. L. (2012). Prevalence of Takotsubo cardiomyopathy in the United States. American Heart Journal, 164(1), 66–71 e61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl, M., Coyle, N., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (1996). Age and sex differences in strategies of coping and defense across the life span. Psychology and Aging, 11(1), 127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dimsdale, J. E. (2008). Psychological stress and cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 51(13), 1237–1246.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doyle, F., McGee, H., Conroy, R., Conradi, H. J., Meijer, A., Steeds, R., … de Jonge, P. (2015). Systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of sex differences in depression and prognosis in persons with myocardial infarction: A MINDMAPS study. Psychosomatic Medicine, 77(4), 419–428.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El Mahmoud, R., Mansencal, N., Pilliere, R., Leyer, F., Abbou, N., Michaud, P., & Dubourg, O. (2008). Prevalence and characteristics of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction in Tako-Tsubo syndrome. American Heart Journal, 156(3), 543–548.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elesber, A. A., Prasad, A., Lennon, R. J., Wright, R. S., Lerman, A., & Rihal, C. S. (2007). Four-year recurrence rate and prognosis of the apical ballooning syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 50(5), 448–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faller, H., Steinbüchel, T., Schowalter, M., Spertus, J. A., Störk, S., & Angermann, C. E. (2005). Der Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) - ein neues krankheitsspezifisches Messinstrument zur Erfassung der Lebensqualität bei chronischer Herzinsuffizienz. [The Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire (KCCQ) - A New Disease-Specific Quality of Life Measure for Patients with Chronic Heart Failure]. Psychother Psych Med, 55(03/04), 200–208.
   Google Scholar
• Freedland, K. E. (2017). A new era for Health Psychology. Health Psychology, 36(1), 1–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedland, K. E., Rich, M. W., Skala, J. A., Carney, R. M., Davila-Roman, V. G., & Jaffe, A. S. (2003). Prevalence of depression in hospitalized patients with congestive heart failure. Psychosomatic Medicine, 65(1), 119–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frustaci, A., Loperfido, F., Gentiloni, N., Caldarulo, M., Morgante, E., & Russo, M. A. (1991). Catecholamine-induced cardiomyopathy in multiple endocrine neoplasia. A histologic, ultrastructural, and biochemical study. Chest, 99(2), 382–385.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadri, J. R., Kato, K., Cammann, V. L., Gili, S., Jurisic, S., Di Vece, D., … Templin, C. (2018). Long-term prognosis of patients with Takotsubo syndrome. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(8), 874–882.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghadri, J.-R., Wittstein, I. S., Prasad, A., Sharkey, S., Dote, K., Akashi, Y. J., … Templin, C. (2018). International expert consensus document on takotsubo syndrome (part I): Clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, and pathophysiology. European Heart Journal, 39(22), 2032–2046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green, C. P., Porter, C. B., Bresnahan, D. R., & Spertus, J. A. (2000). Development and evaluation of the Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire: A new health status measure for heart failure. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 35(5), 1245–1255.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grodstein, F., & Stampfer, M. (1995). The epidemiology of coronary heart disease and estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases, 38(3), 199–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haghi, D., Roehm, S., Hamm, K., Harder, N., Suselbeck, T., Borggrefe, M., & Papavassiliu, T. (2010). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy is not due to plaque rupture: An intravascular ultrasound study. Clinical Cardiology, 33(5), 307–310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ionescu, C. N., Aguilar-Lopez, C. A., Sakr, A. E., Ghantous, A. E., & Donohue, T. J. (2010). Long-term Outcome of Tako-tsubo Cardiomyopathy. Heart, Lung and Circulation, 19(10), 601–605.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendel, F., Spaderna, H., Sieverding, M., Dunkel, A., Lehmkuhl, E., Hetzer, R., & Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (2011). Eine deutsche Adaptation des ENRICHD Social Support Inventory (ESSI). Diagnostica, 57(2), 99–106.
   Google Scholar
• Kessler, R. C. (2003). Epidemiology of women and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 74(1), 5–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalighi, K., Farooq, M. U., Aung, T. T., & Oo, S. (2015). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A long term follow-up shows benefit with risk factor reduction. Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease, 2(4), 273–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khubchandani, J., Brey, R., Kotecki, J., Kleinfelder, J., & Anderson, J. (2016). The Psychometric Properties of PHQ-4 Depression and Anxiety Screening Scale Among College Students. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 30(4), 457–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khullar, M., Datta, B. N., Wahi, P. L., & Chakravarti, R. N. (1989). Catecholamine-induced experimental cardiomyopathy–A histopathological, histochemical and ultrastructural study. Indian Heart Journal, 41(5), 307–313.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Klinceva, M., Widimsky, P., Pesl, L., Stasek, J., Tousek, F., Vambera, M., & Bílková, D. (2007). Prevalence of stress-induced myocardial stunning (Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy) among patients undergoing emergency coronary angiography for suspected acute myocardial infarction. International Journal of Cardiology, 120(3), 411–413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B., & Lowe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613–621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurisu, S., Sato, H., Kawagoe, T., Ishihara, M., Shimatani, Y., Nishioka, K., & Nakamura, S. (2002). Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction with ST-segment elevation: A novel cardiac syndrome mimicking acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal, 143(3), 448–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurowski, V., Kaiser, A., von Hof, K., Killermann, D. P., Mayer, B., Hartmann, F., & Radke, P. W. (2007). Apical and midventricular transient left ventricular dysfunction syndrome (Tako-Tsubo Cardiomyopathy) frequency, mechanisms, and prognosis. Chest, 132(3), 809–816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladwig, K.-H., Baumert, J., Marten-Mittag, B., Lukaschek, K., Johar, H., Fang, X., … Peters, A. (2017). Room for depressed and exhausted mood as a risk predictor for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality beyond the contribution of the classical somatic risk factors in men. Atherosclerosis, 257, 224–231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ladwig, K.-H., Lederbogen, F., Albus, C., Angermann, C., Borggrefe, M., Fischer, D., Fritzsche, K., Haass, M., Jordan, J. Jünger, J., Kindermann, I., Köllner, V., Kuhn, B., Scherer, M., Seyfarth, M., Völler, H., Waller, C. & Herrmann-Lingen, C.  (2013). Positionspapier zur Bedeutung psychosozialer Faktoren in der Kardiologie (Vol. 7).
   Google Scholar
• Lazarus, R. S. (2006). Stress and emotion: A new synthesis. Springer Publishing Company. New York.
   Google Scholar
• Lim, L. L., & Fisher, J. D. (1999). Use of the 12-item short-form (SF-12) health survey in an Australian heart and stroke population. Quality of Life Research, 8(1–2), 1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowe, B., Wahl, I., Rose, M., Spitzer, C., Glaesmer, H., Wingenfeld, K., … Brähler, E. (2010). A 4-item measure of depression and anxiety: Validation and standardization of the patient health questionnaire-4 (PHQ-4) in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 122(1–2), 86–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhavan, M., & Prasad, A. (2010). Proposed Mayo Clinic criteria for the diagnosis of Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy and long-term prognosis. Herz, 35(4), 240–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron, B. J., Towbin, J. A., Thiene, G., Antzelevitch, C., Corrado, D., Arnett, D., & Young, J. B. (2006). Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: An American heart association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, heart failure and transplantation committee; quality of care and outcomes research and functional genomics and translational biology interdisciplinary working groups; and council on epidemiology and prevention. Circulation, 113(14), 1807–1816.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwen, B. S. (2007). Physiology and neurobiology of stress and adaptation: Central role of the brain. Physiological Reviews, 87(3), 873–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michal, M., Schulz, A., Coldewey, M., Göbel, S., Prochaska, J., Ullmann, A., Beutel, M. E., Keller, K., Lamparter, H., Münzel, T., Reiner, I., Wild., P.S. (2015). PHQ-2 and GAD-2 scores predict mortality in patients undergoing oral anticoagulation (Vol. 78).
   Google Scholar
• Miller, G. E., Stetler, C. A., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., & Banks, W. A. (2002). Clinical depression and inflammatory risk markers for coronary heart disease. The American Journal of Cardiology, 90(12), 1279–1283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mostofsky, E., Maclure, M., Sherwood, J. B., Tofler, G. H., Muller, J. E., & Mittleman, M. A. (2012). Risk of acute myocardial infarction after the death of a significant person in one’s life: The determinants of myocardial infarction onset study. Circulation, 125(3), 491–496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd, J. O., Kapur, N. K., Champion, H. C., Schulman, S. P., & Wittstein, I. S. (2007). Patients with stress-induced (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy have an increased prevalence of mood disorders and antidepressant use compared to patients with acute myocardial infarction. Journal of Cardiac Failure, 13(6), S176.
   Google Scholar
• Müller-Nordhorn, J., Roll, S., & Willich, S. N. (2004). Comparison of the short form (SF)-12 health status instrument with the SF-36 in patients with coronary heart disease. Heart, 90(5), 523–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naqvi, T. Z., Naqvi, S. S., & Merz, C. N. (2005). Gender differences in the link between depression and cardiovascular disease. Psychosomatic Medicine, 67(Suppl 1), S15–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nguyen, S. B., Cevik, C., Otahbachi, M., Kumar, A., Jenkins, L. A., & Nugent, K. (2009). Do comorbid psychiatric disorders contribute to the pathogenesis of tako-tsubo syndrome? A review of pathogenesis. Congestive Heart Failure, 15(1), 31–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nübling, M., Andersen, H. H., & Mühlbacher, A. (2006). Entwicklung eines Verfahrens zur Berechnung der körperlichen und psychischen Summenskalen auf Basis der SOEP-Version des SF 12 (Algorithmus) (No. 16). DIW Data Documentation.Berlin.
   Google Scholar
• O’Leary, V. E., & Ickovics, J. R. (1995). Resilience and thriving in response to challenge: An opportunity for a paradigm shift in women’s health. Women’s Health, 1(2), 121–142.
   Google Scholar
• Parodi, G., Del Pace, S., Carrabba, N., Salvadori, C., Memisha, G., Simonetti, I., & Gensini, G. F. (2007). Incidence, clinical findings, and outcome of women with left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome. The American Journal of Cardiology, 99(2), 182–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Penninx, B. W. J. H. (2017). Depression and cardiovascular disease: Epidemiological evidence on their linking mechanisms. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 74, 277–286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrowski, K., Paul, S., Albani, C., & Brähler, E. (2012). Factor structure and psychometric properties of the Trier Inventory for Chronic Stress (TICS) in a representative German sample. BMC Medical Research Methodology, 12(1), 42.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pettersen, K. I., Kvan, E., Rollag, A., Stavem, K., & Reikvam, A. (2008). Health-related quality of life after myocardial infarction is associated with level of left ventricular ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 8, 28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim, T. M., & Wyss, T. R. (2008). Takotsubo cardiomyopathy or transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome: A systematic review. International Journal of Cardiology, 124(3), 283–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redfors, B., Vedad, R., Angeras, O., Ramunddal, T., Petursson, P., Haraldsson, I., … Omerovic, E. (2015). Mortality in takotsubo syndrome is similar to mortality in myocardial infarction - A report from the SWEDEHEART registry. International Journal of Cardiology, 185, 282–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnick, B., & Parker, R. (2001). Simplified scoring and psychometrics of the revised 12-item short-form health survey. Outcomes Management for Nursing Practice, 5(4), 161–166.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roebuck, A., Furze, G., & Thompson, D. R. (2001). Health‐related quality of life after myocardial infarction: An interview study. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34(6), 787–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roest, A. M., Carney, R. M., Freedland, K. E., Martens, E. J., Denollet, J., & de Jonge, P. (2013). Changes in cognitive versus somatic symptoms of depression and event-free survival following acute myocardial infarction in the Enhancing Recovery In Coronary Heart Disease (ENRICHD) study. Journal of Affective Disorders, 149(1–3), 335–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosengren, A., Hawken, S., Ôunpuu, S., Sliwa, K., Zubaid, M., Almahmeed, W. A., … Yusuf, S. (2004). Association of psychosocial risk factors with risk of acute myocardial infarction in 11 119 cases and 13 648 controls from 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): Case-control study. The Lancet, 364(9438), 953–962.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosman, L., Dunsiger, S., & Salmoirago-Blotcher, E. (2017). Cumulative impact of stressful life events on the development of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 51(6), 925–930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmoirago-Blotcher, E., Rosman, L., Wittstein, I. S., Dunsiger, S., Swales, H. H., Aurigemma, G. P., & Ockene, I. S. (2016). Psychiatric history, post-discharge distress, and personality characteristics among incident female cases of takotsubo cardiomyopathy: A case-control study. Heart & Lung : the Journal of Critical Care, 45(6), 503–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato, H. (1990). Tako-tsubo-like left ventricular dysfunction due to multivessel coronary spasm. Clinical Aspects of Myocardial Injury: from Ischemia to Heart Failure, 56–64.
   Google Scholar
• Scally, C., Rudd, A., Mezincescu, A., Wilson, H., Srivanasan, J., Horgan, G., & Dawson, D. K. (2018). Persistent long-term structural, functional, and metabolic changes after stress-induced (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Circulation, 137(10), 1039–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider, B., Athanasiadis, A., Schwab, J., Pistner, W., Scheidt, W. V., Gottwald, U., & Sechtem, U. (2010). Klinische Versorgung von Patienten mit Tako-Tsubo-Kardiomyopathie. [Clinical spectrum of tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy in Germany]. Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift (1946), 135(39), 1908–1913.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schofer, N., Hamm, C., Katus, H. A., Kelm, M., & Blankenberg, S. (2014). Kommentar zur dritten allgemeinen Definition des Myokardinfarktes der gemeinschaftlichen ESC/ACCF/AHA/WHF Task Force. Der Kardiologe, 8(1), 65–71.
   Google Scholar
• Schulz, P., & Schlotz, W. (1999). Trierer Inventar zur Erfassung von chronischem Streß (TICS): Skalenkonstruktion, teststatistische Überprüfung und Validierung der Skala Arbeitsüberlastung. Diagnostica, 45(1), 8–19.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharkey, S. W., Windenburg, D. C., Lesser, J. R., Maron, M. S., Hauser, R. G., Lesser, J. N., & Maron, B. J. (2010). Natural history and expansive clinical profile of stress (tako-tsubo) cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(4), 333–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sieverding, M., Kendel, F., & Böhmer, S. (2004). Kann Coping belasten? Bewältigungsstrategien bei Mann und Frau. Psychomed: Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Medizin, 16(1), 49–54.
   Google Scholar
• Singh, K., Carson, K., Usmani, Z., Sawhney, G., Shah, R., & Horowitz, J. (2014). Systematic review and meta-analysis of incidence and correlates of recurrence of takotsubo cardiomyopathy. International Journal of Cardiology, 174(3), 696–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeijers, L., Szabo, B. M., & Kop, W. J. (2016). Psychological distress and personality factors in takotsubo cardiomyopathy. Netherlands Heart Journal : Monthly Journal of the Netherlands Society of Cardiology and the Netherlands Heart Foundation, 24(9), 530–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smeijers, L., Szabo, B. M., van Dammen, L., Wonnink, W., Jakobs, B. S., Bosch, J. A., & Kop, W. J. (2015). Emotional, neurohormonal, and hemodynamic responses to mental stress in Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy. The American Journal of Cardiology, 115(11), 1580–1586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobue, Y., Watanabe, E., Ichikawa, T., Koshikawa, M., Yamamoto, M., Harada, M., & Ozaki, Y. (2017). Physically triggered Takotsubo cardiomyopathy has a higher in-hospital mortality rate. International Journal of Cardiology, 235, 87–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Summers, M. R., Lennon, R. J., & Prasad, A. (2010). Pre-morbid psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases in apical ballooning syndrome (tako-tsubo/stress-induced cardiomyopathy): Potential pre-disposing factors? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 55(7), 700–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamres, L. K., Janicki, D., & Helgeson, V. S. (2002). Sex differences in coping behavior: A meta-analytic review and an examination of relative coping. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 6(1), 2–30.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Templin, C., Ghadri, J. R., Diekmann, J., Napp, L. C., Bataiosu, D. R., Jaguszewski, M., & Lüscher, T. F. (2015). Clinical features and outcomes of takotsubo (stress) cardiomyopathy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 373(10), 929–938.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thygesen, K., Alpert, J. S., Jaffe, A. S., Chaitman, B. R., Bax, J. J., Morrow, D. A., & White, H. D. (2018). Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 72(18), 2231–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahia, V. N. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5: A quick glance. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(3), 220–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valbusa, A., Abbadessa, F., Giachero, C., Vischi, M., Zingarelli, A., Olivieri, R., & Visconti, L. O. (2008). Long-term follow-up of Tako-Tsubo-like syndrome: A retrospective study of 22 cases. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine, 9(8), 805–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. M. (1993). Development and psychometric evaluation of the resilience scale. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–178.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallström, S., Ulin, K., Määttä, S., Omerovic, E., & Ekman, I. (2016). Impact of long-term stress in Takotsubo syndrome: Experience of patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 15(7), 522–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ware, J., Jr., Kosinski, M., & Keller, S. D. (1996). A 12-item short-form health survey: Construction of scales and preliminary tests of reliability and validity. Medical Care, 34(3), 220–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wedekind, H., Möller, K., & Scholz, K. H. (2006). Tako-Tsubo-Kardiomyopathie. Herz Kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen, 31(4), 339–346.
   Google Scholar
• Wittstein, I. S. (2016). The sympathetic nervous system in the pathogenesis of takotsubo syndrome. Heart Failure Clinics, 12(4), 485–498.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar