References
- Antinori, A., Arendt, G., Becker, J. T., Brew, B. J., Byrd, D. A., Cherner, M., Clifford, D. B., Cinque, P., Epstein, L. G., Goodkin, K., Gisslen, M. (2007). Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology, 69(18), 1789–1799. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b
- Boyle, P. A., Cohen, R. A., Paul, R., Moser, D., & Gordon, N. (2002). Cognitive and motor impairments predict functional declines in patients with vascular dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 17(2), 164–169. h tps://d oi.o rg/1 0.1002/gps.539
- Cahn, D. A., Sullivan, E. V., Shear, P. K., Pfefferbaum, A., Heit, G., & Silverberg, G. (1998). Differential contributions of cognitive and motor component processes to physical and instrumental activities of daily living in Parkinson’s disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 13(7), 575–583. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0887-6177(98)00024-9
- Cahn-Weiner, D. A., Boyle, P. A., & Malloy, P. F. (2002). Tests of executive function predict instrumental activities of daily living in community-dwelling older individuals. Applied Neuropsychology, 9(3), 187–191. h ttps://d oi.o rg/1 0.1207/S15324826AN0903_8
- Cahn-Weiner, D. A., Farias, S. T., Julian, L., Harvey, D. J., Kramer, J. H., Reed, B. R., Mungas, D., Wetzel, M., & Chui, H. (2007). Cognitive and neuroimaging predictors of instrumental activities of daily living. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 13(5), 747–757. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070853
- Cornelis, E., Gorus, E., Van Schelvergem, N., & De Vriendt, P. (2019). The relationship between basic, instrumental and advanced activities of daily living and executive functioning in geriatric patients with neurocognitive disorders. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 34(6), 889–899. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/gps.5087
- Corrêa, D. G., Zimmermann, N., Netto, T. M., Tukamoto, G., Ventura, N., de Castro Bellini Leite, S., Cabral, R. F., Fonseca, R. P., Bahia, P. R. V., & Gasparetto, E. L. (2016). Regional cerebral gray matter volume in HIV-positive patients with executive function deficits. Journal of Neuroimaging: Official Journal of the American Society of Neuroimaging, 26(4), 450–457. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/jon.12327
- Doyle, K. L., Morgan, E. E., Morris, S., Smith, D. M., Little, S., Iudicello, J. E., Blackstone, K., Moore, D. J., Grant, I., Letendre, S. L., & Woods, S. P. (2013). Real-world impact of neurocognitive deficits in acute and early HIV infection. Journal of Neurovirology, 19(6), 565–573. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-013-0218-2
- Friedman, N. P., & Miyake, A. (2017). Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex, 86, 186–204. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023
- Friedman, N. P., Miyake, A., Young, S. E., DeFries, J. C., Corley, R. P., & Hewitt, J. K. (2008). Individual differences in executive functions are almost entirely genetic in origin. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137(2), 201–225. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.137.2.201
- García-Torres, A., González-Andrade, A., Fernández-Muñoz, J. J., Pérez-García, M., & Vergara-Moragues, E. (2019). Objective memory as an indicator of functional impairment in native Spanish-speaking patients with HIV infection. AIDS Care, 31(12), 1540–1547. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2019.1601673
- García-Torres, A., Vergara-Moragues, E., Piñón-Blanco, A., & Pérez-García, M. (2015). HIV-related neuropsychological impairment in patients with previous substance use: A preliminary study. Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología, 47(3), 213–221. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rlp.2015.06.001
- Heany, S. J., Phillips, N., Brooks, S., Fouche, J. P., Myer, L., Zar, H., Stein DJ, & Hoare, J. (2019). Neural correlates of maintenance working memory, as well as relevant structural qualities, are associated with earlier antiretroviral treatment initiation in vertically transmitted HIV. Journal of Neurovirology, 6, 209–210. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-019-00792-5
- Hull, R., Martin, R. C., Beier, M. E., Lane, D., & Hamilton, A. C. (2008). Executive function in older adults: A structural equation modeling approach. Neuropsychology, 22(4), 508–522. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.22.4.508
- IBM Corp. (2017). IBM SPSS statistics for windows, Version 25.0. Released.
- Jiang, X., Barasky, R., Olsen, H., Riesenhuber, M., & Magnus, M. (2016). Behavioral and neuroimaging evidence for impaired executive function in “cognitively normal” older HIV-infected adults. AIDS Care, 28(4), 436–440. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2015.1112347
- Laverick, R., Haddow, L., Daskalopoulou, M., Lampe, F., Gilson, R., Speakman, A., Bruun, T., Vassilenko, A., Collins, S., Rodger, A., & Antinori, A. (2017). Self-reported decline in everyday function, cognitive symptoms, and cognitive function in people with HIV. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, 76(3), e74–e83. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001468
- Lawton, M. P., & Brody, E. M. (1969). Assessment of older people: Self-maintaining and instrumental activities of daily living. The Gerontologist, 9(3), 179–186. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/9.3_Part_1.179
- McAlister, C., & Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. (2016). Executive function subcomponents and their relations to everyday functioning in healthy older adults. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 38(8), 925–940. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2016.1177490
- Miyake, A., Friedman, N. P., Emerson, M. J., Witzki, A. H., Howerter, A., & Wager, T. D. (2000). The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology, 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734
- Mlinac, M. E., & Feng, M. C. (2016). Assessment of activities of daily living, self-care, and independence. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology the Official Journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 31(6), 506–516. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acw049
- Muñoz-Moreno, J. A., Prats, A., Pérez-Álvarez, N., Fumaz, C. R., Garolera, M., Doval, E., Negredo, E., Ferrer, M. J., & Clotet, B. (2013). A brief and feasible paper-based method to screen for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients: The NEU screen. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 63(5), 585–592. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0b013e31829e1408
- Nguyen, C. M., Copeland, C. T., Lowe, D. A., Heyanka, D. J., & Linck, J. F. (2019). Contribution of executive functioning to instrumental activities of daily living in older adults. Applied Neuropsychology. Adult, 8(2), 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2018.1550408
- Plessis, S. D., Vink, M., Joska, J. A., Koutsilieri, E., Stein, D. J., & Emsley, R. (2014). HIV infection and the fronto-striatal system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of fMRI studies. AIDS (London, England), 28(6), 803–811. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000000151
- Prats, A., López-Masramon, E., Pérez-Álvarez, N., Garolera, M., Fumaz, C. R., Ferrer, M. J., Clotet, B., & Muñoz-Moreno, J. A. (2019). NEU Screen show high accuracy in detecting cognitive impairment in older persons living with HIV. Journal of Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 30(1), 35–41. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1097/JNC.0000000000000003
- Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271
- Sedό, M. (2007). Test de los Cinco Digitos. T.E.A. Ediciones.
- Stuss, D. T. (2011). Functions of the frontal lobes: Relation to executive functions. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society:JINS, 17(5), 759–765. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617711000695
- Van Gorp, W. G., Rabkin, J. G., Ferrando, S. J., Mintz, J., Ryan, E., Borkowski, T., & McElhiney, M. (2007). Neuropsychiatric predictors of return to work in HIV/AIDS. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society: JINS, 13(1), 80–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S1355617707070117
- Walker, K. A., & Brown, G. G. (2018). HIV-associated executive dysfunction in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 40(4), 357–376. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13803395.2017.1349879
- Wechsler, D. 2012. WAIS-IV. Escala de inteligencia de Wechsler para adultos-IV. Manual de aplicación y corrección. NCS Pearson, Inc. Edición original, 2008.
- Woods, S. P., Moore, D. J., Weber, E., & Grant, I. (2009). Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychology Review, 19(2), 152–168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11065-009-9102-5
- Zigmond, A., & Snaith, R. (1983). The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67, 361–370. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x