Healthcare Workers Beliefs about COVID-19; a Longitudinal, Mixed Methods Analysis

References

• Alshekaili, M., Hassan, W., Al Said, N., Al Sulaimani, F., Jayapal, S. K., Al-Mawali, A., Chan, M. F., Mahadevan, S., & Al-Adawi, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes across healthcare settings in Oman during COVID-19: Frontline versus non-frontline healthcare workers. BMJ Open, 10(10), e042030. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-042030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bettinsoli, M. L., Di Riso, D., Napier, J. L., Moretti, L., Bettinsoli, P., Delmedico, M., Moretti, L., Piazzolla, A., & Moretti, B. (2020). Mental health conditions of Italian healthcare professionals during the COVID-19 Disease Outbreak. Applied Psychology. Health and Well-being, 12(4), 1054–1073. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bish, A., Yardley, L., Nicoll, A., & Michie, S. (2011). Factors associated with uptake of vaccination against pandemic influenza: A systematic review. Vaccine, 29(38), 6472–6484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent, E., Petrie, K. J., Main, J., & Weinman, J. (2006). The brief illness perception questionnaire. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(6), 631–637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.10.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent, E., Schoones, J. W., Tiemensma, J., & Kaptein, A. A. (2019). A systematic review of patients’ drawing of illness: Implications for research using the common sense model. Health Psychology Review, 13(4), 406–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2018.1558088
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broadbent, E., Wilkes, C., Koschwanez, H., Weinman, J., Norton, S., & Petrie, K. J. (2015). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the brief illness perception questionnaire. Psychology & Health, 30(11), 1361–1385. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2015.1070851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brooks, J., McCluskey, S., Turley, E., & King, N. (2015). The utility of template analysis in qualitative psychology research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 12(2), 202–222. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2014.955224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chong, Y. Y., Chien, W. T., Cheng, H. Y., Chow, K. M., Kassianos, A. P., Karekla, M., & Gloster, A. (2020). The role of illness perceptions, coping, and self-efficacy on adherence to precautionary measures for COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(18), 6540. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17186540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conway, M. (2000). On sex roles and representations of emotional experience: Masculinity, femininity and emotional awareness. Sex Roles, 43(9/10), 687–698. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007156608823
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cox, C. L. (2020). ‘Healthcare Heroes’: Problems with media focus on heroism from healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Medical Ethics, 46(8), 510. https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2020-106398
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dias Neto, D., Nunes da Silva, A., Roberto, M. S., Lubenko, J., Constantinou, M., Nicolaou, C., Lamnisos, D., Papacostas, S., Höfer, S., Presti, G., Squatrito, V., Vasiliou, V. S., McHugh, L., Monestès, J.-L., Baban, A., Alvarez-Galvez, J., Paez-Blarrina, M., Montesinos, F., Valdivia-Salas, S., … Kassianos, A. P. (2021). Illness perceptions of COVID-19 in Europe: Predictors, impacts and temporal evolution. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 640955. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640955
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drury, J. (2020). Recent developments in the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour. Current Opinion in Psychology, 35, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenberry, K. T., Berg, C. A., King, P. S., Stump, T., Butler, J. M., Pham, P. K., & Wiebe, D. J. (2014). Longitudinal trajectories of illness perceptions among adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 39(7), 687–696. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsu043
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, N., Weston, D., Hall, C., Caulfield, T., Williamson, V., & Fong, K. (2021). Mental health of staff working in intensive care during COVID-19. Occup Med (Lond), 9 71(2), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqaa220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., Koch, S., Chatzisarantis, N. L. D., & Orbell, S. (2017). The common sense model of self-regulation: Meta-analysis and test of a process model. Psychological Bulletin, 143(11), 1117–1154. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000118
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagger, M. S., & Orbell, S. (2021). The common sense model of illness self-regulation: A conceptual review and proposed extended model. Health Psychology Review, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2021.1878050
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 outbreak in China: A web-based cross-sectional survey. Psychiatry Research, 288, 112954. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112954
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly, A., Tymms, K., de Wit, M., Bartlett, S. J., Cross, M., Dawson, T., De Vera, M., Evans, V., Gill, M., Hassett, G., Lim, I., Manera, K., Major, G., March, L., O’Neill, S., Scholte-Voshaar, M., Sinnathurai, P., Sumpton, D., Teixeira‐Pinto, A., … Tong, A. (2020). Patient and caregiver priorities for medication adherence in gout, osteoporosis, and rheumatoid arthritis: nominal group technique. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken), 72(10), 1410–1419. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koh, Y., Hegney, D. G., & Drury, V. (2011). Comprehensive systematic review of healthcare workers’ perceptions of risk and use of coping strategies towards emerging respiratory infectious diseases. International Journal of Evidence-Based Healthcare, 9(4), 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1609.2011.00242.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai, J., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., Hu, J., Wei, N., Hu, J., Wu, J., Du, H., Chen, T., Li, R., Tan, H., Kang, L., Yao, L., Huang, M., Wang, H., Wang, G., Liu, Z., & Hu, S. (2020). Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Network Open, 3(3), e203976–e203976. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal, H., Brissette, I., & Leventhal, E. A. (2003). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness. In L. D. Cameron & H. Leventhal (Eds.), The self-regulation of health & illness behaviour (pp. 42–60). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Leventhal, H., Diefenbach, M., & Leventhal, E. A. (1992). Illness cognition: Using common sense to understand treatment adherence and affect cognition interactions. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16(2), 143–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01173486
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leventhal, H., Phillips, L. A., & Burns, E. (2016). The Common-Sense Model of Self-Regulation (CSM): A dynamic framework for understanding illness self-management. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 39(6), 935–946. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-016-9782-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima, V. (2021). The pandemic one year on: Trends and statistics between three waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in Ireland. UCD Geary Institute for Public Policy, University College Dublin, Accessed 20.May.2021. Website: https://www.ucd.ie/geary/
   Google Scholar
• Liu, H., Li, X., Chen, Q., Li, Y., Xie, C., Ye, M., & Huang, J. (2020). Illness perception, mood state and disease-related knowledge level of COVID-19 family clusters, Hunan, China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 30–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.045
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lukoševičiūtė, J., & Šmigelskas, K. (2019). Illness perception and its changes during six months after cardiac rehabilitation: Relevance of biopsychosocial factors. European Journal of Health Psychology, 26(3), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000034
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man, M. A., Toma, C., Motoc, N. S., Necrelescu, O. L., Bondor, C. I., Chis, A. F., Lesan, A., Pop, C. M., Todea, D. A., Dantes, E., Puiu, R., & Rajnoveanu, R. M. (2020). Disease perception and coping with emotional distress during COVID-19 Pandemic: A survey among medical staff. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(13), 4899. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134899
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mimoun, E., Ben Ari, A., & Margalit, D. (2020). Psychological aspects of employment instability during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 12(S1), S183–S185. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000769
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss-Morris, R., Weinman, J., Petrie, K., Horne, R., Cameron, L., & Buick, D. (2002). The revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Psychology & Health, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870440290001494
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neville, F. G., Templeton, A., Smith, J. R., & Louis, W. R. (2021). Social norms, social identities and the COVID‐19 pandemic: Theory and recommendations. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 15(5), e12596. https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12596
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappa, S., Ntella, V., Giannakas, T., Giannakoulis, V. G., Papoutsi, E., & Katsaounou, P. (2020). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 88, 901–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.026
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Fuentes, M. D. C., Molero Jurado, M. D. M., Oropesa Ruiz, N. F., Martos Martinez, Á., Simon Marquez, M. D. M., Herrera-Peco, I., & Gazquez Linares, J. J. (2020). Questionnaire on perception of threat from COVID-19. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(4), 1196. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9041196
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reicher, S., Hopkins, N., Stevenson, C., Pandey, K., Shankar, S., and Tewari, S. (2021), Identity enactment as collective accomplishment: Religious identity enactment at home and at a festival. British Journal of Social Psychology 60(2), 678–699. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjso.12415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salk, R. H., Hyde, J. S., & Abramson, L. Y. (2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Serrano-Ripoll, M. J., Meneses-Echavez, J. F., Ricci-Cabello, I., Fraile-Navarro, D., Fiol-deroque, M. A., Pastor-Moreno, G., Castro, A., Ruiz-Pérez, I., Zamanillo Campos, R., & Gonçalves-Bradley, D. C. (2020). Impact of viral epidemic outbreaks on mental health of healthcare workers: A rapid systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277, 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.034
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shahzad, F., Du, J., Khan, I., Fateh, A., Shahbaz, M., Abbas, A., & Wattoo, M. U. (2020). Perceived threat of COVID-19 contagion and frontline paramedics’ agonistic behaviour: employing a stressor-strain-outcome perspective. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma, M., Creutzfeldt, C. J., Lewis, A., Patel, P. V., Hartog, C., Jannotta, G. E.,andWahlster, S. (2020). Healthcare professionals’ perceptions of critical care resource availability and factors associated with mental well-beingduring COVID-19: Results from a US survey. Clinical Infectious Diseases: An Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 72(10), e566–e576. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa1311
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• She, R., Luo, S., Lau, M. M., & Lau, J. T. F. (2021). The mechanisms between illness representations of COVID-19 and behavioral intention to visit hospitals for scheduled medical consultations in a Chinese general population. Journal of Health Psychology, 13591053211008217. https://doi.org/10.1177/13591053211008217
   Google Scholar
• Skapinakis, P., Bellos, S., Oikonomou, A., Dimitriadis, G., Gkikas, P., Perdikari, E., & Mavreas, V. (2020). Depression and its relationship with coping strategies and illness perceptions during the COVID-19 lockdown in Greece: a cross-sectional survey of the population. Depression Research and Treatment, 2020, 3158954. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3158954
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Spears, R. (2021). Social Influence and Group Identity. Annual Review of Psychology, 72(1), 367–390. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-070620-111818
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoorthy, M. S., Pratapa, S. K., & Mahant, S. (2020). Mental health problems faced by healthcare workers due to the COVID-19 pandemic-A review. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51, 102119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2020.102119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor, S., Landry, C. A., Rachor, G. S., Paluszek, M. M., & Asmundson, G. J. G. (2020). Fear and avoidance of healthcare workers: An important, under-recognized form of stigmatization during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 75, 102289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weinman, J., Petrie, K. J., Moss-morris, R., & Horne, R. (1996). The illness perception questionnaire: A new method for assessing the cognitive representation of illness. Psychology & Health, 11(3), 431–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870449608400270
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., Yang, L., Liu, S., Ma, S., Wang, Y., Cai, Z., … Zhang, B. (2020). Survey of insomnia and related social psychological factors among medical staff involved in the 2019 novel coronavirus disease outbreak. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(306). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00306
   Google Scholar