Intrapersonal predictors of internalized stigma among school going adolescents living with HIV in southwestern Uganda

References

• Abubakar, A., Van de Vijver, F. J., Fischer, R., Hassan, A. S., Gona, J. K., Dzombo, J. T., Bomu, G., Katana, K., & Newton, C. R. (2016). ‘Everyone has a secret they keep close to their hearts’: Challenges faced by adolescents living with HIV infection at the Kenyan coast. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2854-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Andren, J., Menon, A., McPherson, A., Ngoma, M., Nair, R., Garrud, P., Degun, S., & Glazebrook, C. (2011). Implications of Zambian adolescents’ knowledge about HIV and AIDS for adherence to treatment and perceived stigma. Pediatric Research, 70(5), 443. https://doi.org/10.1038/pr.2011.668
   Google Scholar
• Andrinopoulos, K., Kerrigan, D., Figueroa, J. P., Reese, R., & Ellen, J. M. (2010). HIV coping self-efficacy: A key to understanding stigma and HIV test acceptance among incarcerated men in Jamaica. AIDS Care, 22(3), 339–347. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120903193633
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C., Maling, S., Rukundo, G., Akena, D., & Tsai, A. (2018). Internalized HIV stigma, bullying, major depressive disorder, and high-risk suicidality among HIV-positive adolescents in rural Uganda. Global Mental Health (Cambridge, England), 5, e22. https://doi.org/10.1017/gmh.2018.15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Maling, S., Satinsky, E. N., Baguma, C., Akena, D., Nansera, D., Bajunirwe, F., & Tsai, A. C. (2021). Childhood trauma, major depressive disorder, suicidality, and the modifying role of social support among adolescents living with HIV in rural Uganda. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 4, 100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100094
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ashaba, S., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Vořechovská, D., Rukundo, G. Z., Maling, S., Akena, D., & Tsai, A. C. (2019). Community beliefs, HIV stigma, and depression among adolescents living with HIV in rural Uganda. African Journal of AIDS Research, 18(3), 169–180. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085906.2019.1637912
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashaba, S., Zanoni, B. C., Baguma, C., Tushemereirwe, P., Nuwagaba, G., Kirabira, J., Nansera, D., Maling, S., & Tsai, A. C. (2022). Challenges and fears of adolescents and young adults living with hiv facing transition to adult HIV care. AIDS and Behavior, 27(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-022-03856-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashaba, S., Zanoni, B. C., Baguma, C., Tushemereirwe, P., Nuwagaba, G., Nansera, D., Maling, S., & Tsai, A. C. (2022). Perspectives about transition readiness among adolescents and young people living with perinatally acquired HIV in Rural, Southwestern Uganda: A Qualitative Study. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 10.1097.
   Google Scholar
• Basinska, M. A., & Andruszkiewicz, A. (2012). Health locus of control in patients with Graves-Basedow disease and Hashimoto disease and their acceptance of illness. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 10(3), 537. https://doi.org/10.5812/ijem.3932
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Birungi, H., Obare, F., Katahoire, A., & Kibenge, D. (2011). HIV infection and schooling experiences of adolescents in Uganda. In Gobopamang Letamo (Ed.), Social and Psychological Aspects of HIV/AIDS and their Ramifications (pp. 73–88). InTech.
   Google Scholar
• Brodsky, A. E., & Cattaneo, L. B. (2013). A transconceptual model of empowerment and resilience: Divergence, convergence and interactions in kindred community concepts. American Journal of Community Psychology, 52(3–4), 333–346. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-013-9599-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casale, M., Carlqvist, A., & Cluver, L. (2019). Recent interventions to improve retention in HIV care and adherence to antiretroviral treatment among adolescents and youth: A systematic review. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 33(6), 237–252. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2018.0320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervia, J. S. (2013). Easing the transition of HIV-infected adolescents to adult care. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 27(12), 692–696. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2013.0253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chesney, M. A., Neilands, T. B., Chambers, D. B., Taylor, J. M., & Folkman, S. (2006). A validity and reliability study of the coping self‐efficacy scale. British Journal of Health Psychology, 11(3), 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1348/135910705X53155
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denison, J. A., Banda, H., Dennis, A. C., Packer, C., Nyambe, N., Stalter, R. M., Mwansa, J. K., Katayamoyo, P., & McCarraher, D. R. (2015). “The sky is the limit”: Adhering to antiretroviral therapy and HIV self‐management from the perspectives of adolescents living with HIV and their adult caregivers. Journal of the International AIDS Society, 18(1), 19358. https://doi.org/10.7448/IAS.18.1.19358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earnshaw, V. A., Smith, L. R., Cunningham, C. O., & Copenhaver, M. M. (2015). Intersectionality of internalized HIV stigma and internalized substance use stigma: Implications for depressive symptoms. Journal of Health Psychology, 20(8), 1083–1089. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105313507964
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folayan, M. O., Odetoyinbo, M., Brown, B., & Harrison, A. (2014). Addressing the socio-development needs of adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Nigeria: A call for action: Perspectives paper. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 18(1), 93–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gottert, A., Friedland, B., Geibel, S., Nyblade, L., Baral, S., Kentutsi, S., Mallouris, C., Sprague, L., Hows, J., Anam, F., Amanyeiwe, U., & Pulerwitz, J. (2019). The People Living with HIV (PLHIV) Resilience Scale: Development and validation in three countries in the context of the PLHIV Stigma Index. AIDS and Behavior, 23(2), 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-019-02594-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Harrison, S. E., Xiaoming, L., & Vermund, S. H. (2019). From surviving to thriving: The role of resilience in meeting global HIV goals. AIDS (London, England), 33(Suppl 1), S1. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0000000000002242
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Inzaule, S. C., Hamers, R. L., Kityo, C., Rinke de Wit, T. F., & Roura, M. (2016). Long-term antiretroviral treatment adherence in HIV-infected adolescents and adults in Uganda: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 11(11), e0167492. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167492
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobi, C. A., Atanga, P. N., Bin, L. K., Fru, A. J. C., Eppel, G., Mbome, V. N., Etonde, H. E. M., Bogner, J. R., & Malfertheiner, P. (2020). “My Friend with HIV Remains a Friend”: HIV/AIDS Stigma Reduction through Education in Secondary Schools—A Pilot Project in Buea, Cameroon. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC), 19, 2325958219900713. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325958219900713
   Google Scholar
• Johnson, M. O., Neilands, T. B., Dilworth, S. E., Morin, S. F., Remien, R. H., & Chesney, M. A. (2007). The role of self-efficacy in HIV treatment adherence: Validation of the HIV Treatment Adherence Self-Efficacy Scale (HIV-ASES). Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30(5), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-007-9118-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Judd, A., Sohn, A. H., & Collins, I. J. (2016). Interventions to improve treatment, retention and survival outcomes for adolescents with perinatal HIV-1 transitioning to adult care: Moving on up. Current Opinion in HIV and AIDS, 11(5), 477–486. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Cloete, A., Mthembu, P. P., Mkhonta, R. N., & Ginindza, T. (2009). Measuring AIDS stigmas in people living with HIV/AIDS: The Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale. AIDS Care, 21(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120802032627
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kihumuro, R. B., Muganzi, D. J., Wandira, E. G., Alinaiswe, R., Nanyunja, J. J., Kugumisiriza, R., Alele, P. E., & Mubangizi, V. (2021). Influence of boarding secondary school environment on HIV positive students in South Western Uganda. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10380-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kimera, E., Vindevogel, S., Reynaert, D., Justice, K. M., Rubaihayo, J., De Maeyer, J., Engelen, A. -M., Musanje, K., Bilsen, J., & Taggart, T. (2020). Experiences and effects of HIV-related stigma among youth living with HIV/AIDS in Western Uganda: A photovoice study. PLoS One, 15(4), e0232359. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0232359
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurniawan, D., & Fitrio, D. (2019). Impact of HIV-Related Stigma: Self-Efficacy, Self-Esteem, and Social Isolation on ARV Medication Adherence among Persons Living with HIV in Turen. Malang Pakistan Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/339527275_Impact_of_HIVRelated_Stigma_Self-Efficacy_Self-Esteem_and_Social_Isolation_on_ARV_Medication_Adherence_among_Persons_Living_With_HIV_in_Turen_Malang
   Google Scholar
• MacCarthy, S., Saya, U., Samba, C., Birungi, J., Okoboi, S., & Linnemayr, S. (2018). “How am I going to live?”: Exploring barriers to ART adherence among adolescents and young adults living with HIV in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-018-6048-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madiba, S., & Josiah, U. (2019). Perceived stigma and fear of unintended disclosure are barriers in medication adherence in adolescents with perinatal HIV in Botswana: A Qualitative Study. BioMed Research International, 2019, 9623159. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/9623159
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, J., Harper, G., Carleton, R. A., Hosek, S., Bojan, K., Clum, G., Ellen, J., & Adolescent Medicine Trials, N. (2012). The impact of stigma on medication adherence among HIV-positive adolescent and young adult females and the moderating effects of coping and satisfaction with health care. AIDS Patient Care and STDs, 26(2), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1089/apc.2011.0178
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbonye, M., Nakamanya, S., Birungi, J., King, R., Seeley, J., & Jaffar, S. (2013). Stigma trajectories among people living with HIV (PLHIV) embarking on a life time journey with antiretroviral drugs in Jinja, Uganda. BMC Public Health, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-804
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McCann, T. V., Clark, E., & Lu, S. (2008). The self‐efficacy model of medication adherence in chronic mental illness. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17(11c), 329–340. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02354.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McHenry, M. S., Nyandiko, W. M., Scanlon, M. L., Fischer, L. J., McAteer, C. I., Aluoch, J., Naanyu, V., & Vreeman, R. C. (2017). HIV stigma: Perspectives from Kenyan child caregivers and adolescents living with HIV. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 16(3), 215–225. https://doi.org/10.1177/2325957416668995
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mekuria, L. A., Prins, J. M., Yalew, A. W., Sprangers, M. A., Nieuwkerk, P. T., & Pollakis, G. (2015). Retention in HIV care and predictors of attrition from care among HIV-infected adults receiving combination anti-retroviral therapy in Addis Ababa. PLoS One, 10(6), e0130649. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0130649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ministry of Health. (2021). Facts on HIV and AIDS in Uganda based on data ending December 2020
   Google Scholar
• Mostafavian, Z., Shaye, Z. A., Pour, A. F., & Hosseini, G. (2018). The data on health locus of control and its relationship with quality of life in HIV-positive patients. Data in Brief, 18, 1967–1971. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2018.04.131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mushavi, R. C., Burns, B. F., Kakuhikire, B., Owembabazi, M., Vořechovská, D., McDonough, A. Q., Cooper-Vince, C. E., Baguma, C., Rasmussen, J. D., Bangsberg, D. R., & Tsai, A. C. (2020). “When you have no water, it means you have no peace”: A mixed-methods, whole-population study of water insecurity and depression in rural Uganda. Social Science & Medicine, 245, 112561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mutwa, P. R., Van Nuil, J. I., Asiimwe-Kateera, B., Kestelyn, E., Vyankandondera, J., Pool, R., Ruhirimbura, J., Kanakuze, C., Reiss, P., Geelen, S., Wijgert, J. V. D., & Boer, K. R. (2013). Living situation affects adherence to combination antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected adolescents in Rwanda: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 8(4), e60073. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0060073
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nabukeera-Barungi, N., Elyanu, P., Asire, B., Katureebe, C., Lukabwe, I., Namusoke, E., Musinguzi, J., Atuyambe, L., & Tumwesigye, N. (2015). Adherence to antiretroviral therapy and retention in care for adolescents living with HIV from 10 districts in Uganda. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 520. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1265-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Náfrádi, L., Nakamoto, K., Schulz, P. J., & Asnani, M. R. (2017). Is patient empowerment the key to promote adherence? A systematic review of the relationship between self-efficacy, health locus of control and medication adherence. PLoS One, 12(10), e0186458. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0186458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nazareth, M., Richards, J., Javalkar, K., Haberman, C., Zhong, Y., Rak, E., Jain, N., Ferris, M., & van Tilburg, M. A. L. (2016). Relating health locus of control to health care use, adherence, and transition readiness among youths with chronic conditions. Preventing Chronic Disease 2015, 13. https://doi.org/10.5888/pcd13.160046
   Google Scholar
• Nyogea, D., Mtenga, S., Henning, L., Franzeck, F. C., Glass, T. R., Letang, E., Tanner, M., & Geubbels, E. (2015). Determinants of antiretroviral adherence among HIV positive children and teenagers in rural Tanzania: A mixed methods study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 15(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-0753-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Okonji, E. F., Mukumbang, F. C., Orth, Z., Vickerman Delport, S. A., & Van Wyk, B. (2020). Psychosocial support interventions for improved adherence and retention in ART care for young people living with HIV (10–24 years): A scoping review. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09717-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson, C., Micek, M., Pfeiffer, J., Montoya, P., Matediane, E., Jonasse, T., Cunguara, A., Rao, D., & Gloyd, S. (2009). One year after ART initiation: Psychosocial factors associated with stigma among HIV-positive Mozambicans. AIDS and Behavior, 13(6), 1189–1196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9596-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, E. S., Chamberlin, J., & Ellison, M. L. (1997). Measure empowerment among users of mental health services. Psychiatric Services, 48(8), 1042–1047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seghatol-Eslami, V. C., Dark, H., Raper, J. L., Mugavero, M. J., Turan, J. M., & Turan, B. (2017). Interpersonal and intrapersonal factors as parallel independent mediators in the association between internalized HIV stigma and ART adherence. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 74(1), e18. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000001177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shogren, K. A., Kennedy, W., Dowsett, C., & Little, T. D. (2014). Autonomy, psychological empowerment, and self-realization: Exploring data on self-determination from NLTS2. Exceptional Children, 80(2), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1177/001440291408000206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steele, M. M., Burns, L. G., & Whitaker, B. N. (2013). Reliability and validity of the SE-HEPA: Examining physical activity–and healthy eating–specific self-efficacy among a sample of preadolescents. Health Education & Behavior, 40(3), 355–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198112459190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Treves-Kagan, S., Steward, W. T., Ntswane, L., Haller, R., Gilvydis, J. M., Gulati, H., Barnhart, S., & Lippman, S. A. (2015). Why increasing availability of ART is not enough: A rapid, community-based study on how HIV-related stigma impacts engagement to care in rural South Africa. BMC Public Health, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2753-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Bangsberg, D. R., Bwana, M., Haberer, J. E., Frongillo, E. A., Muzoora, C., Kumbakumba, E., Hunt, P. W., Martin, J. N., & Weiser, S. D. (2013). How does antiretroviral treatment attenuate the stigma of HIV? Evidence from a cohort study in rural Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 17(8), 2725–2731. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-013-0503-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Kakuhikire, B., Mushavi, R., Vořechovská, D., Perkins, J. M., McDonough, A. Q., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2016). Population-based study of intra-household gender differences in water insecurity: Reliability and validity of a survey instrument for use in rural Uganda. Journal of Water and Health, 14(2), 280–292. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2015.165
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, A. C., Weiser, S. D., Steward, W. T., Mukiibi, N. F., Kawuma, A., Kembabazi, A., Muzoora, C., Hunt, P. W., Martin, J. N., & Bangsberg, D. R. (2013). Evidence for the reliability and validity of the internalized AIDS-related stigma scale in rural Uganda. AIDS and Behavior, 17(1), 427–433. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0281-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turan, B., Hatcher, A. M., Weiser, S. D., Johnson, M. O., Rice, W. S., & Turan, J. M. (2017). Framing mechanisms linking HIV-related stigma, adherence to treatment, and health outcomes. American Journal of Public Health, 107(6), 863–869. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303744
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2014). The population of the regions of the Republic of Uganda and all cities and towns of more than 15,000 inhabitants. https://www.citypopulation.de/en/uganda/cities/
   Google Scholar
• Uganda Bureau of Statistics. (2021). The statistical summary of socio-economic indicators for Uganda.
   Google Scholar
• Uganda National Council for Science and Technology. (2007). National guidelines for research involving humans as research participants. UNCST. https://www.healthresearchweb.org
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS. (2018). Global AIDS update 2018: State of the epidemic (pp. 376). Geneva: Joint United Nations Programe on HIV/AIDS.
   Google Scholar
• Vreeman, R. C., Nyandiko, W. M., Ayaya, S. O., Walumbe, E. G., Marrero, D. G., & Inui, T. S. (2009). Factors sustaining pediatric adherence to antiretroviral therapy in western Kenya. Qualitative Health Research, 19(12), 1716–1729. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732309353047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagnild, G. M., & Young, H. (1993). Development and psychometric. Journal of Nursing Measurement, 1(2), 165–17847.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallston, K. A. (2005). The validity of the multidimensional health locus of control scales. Journal of Health Psychology, 10(5), 623–631. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105305055304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolf, H. T., Halpern-Felsher, B. L., Bukusi, E. A., Agot, K. E., Cohen, C. R., & Auerswald, C. L. (2014). “It is all about the fear of being discriminated [against] … the person suffering from HIV will not be accepted”: A qualitative study exploring the reasons for loss to follow-up among HIV-positive youth in Kisumu, Kenya. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-14-1154
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zanoni, B. C., Archary, M., Buchan, S., Katz, I. T., & Haberer, J. E. (2016). Systematic review and meta-analysis of the adolescent HIV continuum of care in South Africa: The Cresting Wave. BMJ Global Health, 1(3), e000004. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2015-000004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanoni, B. C., Sibaya, T., Cairns, C., & Haberer, J. E. (2019). Barriers to retention in care are overcome by adolescent-friendly services for adolescents living with HIV in South Africa: A qualitative analysis. AIDS and Behavior, 23(4), 957–965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-018-2352-6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimmerman, M. A. (2013). Resiliency theory: A strengths-based approach to research and practice for adolescent health. Sage Publications Sage CA.
   Google Scholar