A “justice” reading of the trans-national struggle of the people displaced by the Merowe Dam

References

• ACHPR, 2013. 35th activity report of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights. AU – African Commission on Human and People’s Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Abdul Majid, Y., 2014. Interview with Yehya Abdul Majid, former Minister of Water (Sudan). Khartoum, 2 Mar.
   Google Scholar
• AI, 2007a. Further information on UA 91/07 (AFR 54/014/2007, 17 May 2007) June 18. Fear of torture or ill-treatment/Incommunicado detention. AI Index: AFR 54/031/2007 Amnesty International.
   Google Scholar
• AI, 2007b. Fear of torture or ill-treatment/ Incommunicado detention. AFR 54/014/2007. UA 91/07 Amnesty International Index.
   Google Scholar
• Aljazeera Arabic, 2008. Water inundates the Manasir area in North Sudan (in Arabic). August 15.
   Google Scholar
• Al Maqdoum, Osman Ahmed Hussein, 2014. Public statement at Merowe Dam environmental justice workshop at Museum of Natural History, by religious leader of the Manasir communities, former leader of the Manasir Executive Committee of the Affected People. Khartoum, 5 March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Al Multaga group interview, 2014. Interview with residents of Al Moultaga, one of the new villages grouped under the name ‘New Hamdab’. Birti, 23–26 February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Amiraley, Omar, 2003. A Flood in Ba’ath Country. Video documentary.
   Google Scholar
• Amri Committee. 2006. Forced eviction due to flooding, Merowe Dam, Sudan: complaint to UN special rapporteur on adequate housing. Khartoum: The Amri Committee.
   Google Scholar
• Anon, 2014. Interview with senior water manager involved in national and international projects. Khartoum, 2 Mar.
   Google Scholar
• Askouri, Ali, 2014. Merowe Dam: a case for resistance to displacement. A paper presented to the Seventh International Workshop on Hydro Hegemony. London, 10–11 May 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bell, Herman, 2009. Paradise lost: Nubia before the 1964 Hijra. Khartoum: DAL Group.
   Google Scholar
• Birti group interview, 2014. Interview with residents of Birti, a ‘local option’ village situated on the Merowe reservoir shore. Birti, 23–26 February 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Bosshard, Peter, 2010a. German company brought to justice over abuses in Sudan Dam? International Rivers Network
   Google Scholar
• Bosshard, Peter, 2010b. Thousands flooded out by Merowe Dam in Sudan. International Rivers Network.
   Google Scholar
• Bosshard, Peter and Hildyard, Nicholas, 2005. A critical juncture for peace, democracy, and the environment: Sudan and the Merowe/Hamdab Dam project. International Rivers Network and The Cornerhouse.
   Google Scholar
• Bratman, Eve Z., 2014. Contradictions of green development: human rights and environmental norms in light of Belo Monte Dam activism. Journal of Latin American Studies, 46, 261–289. doi: 10.1017/S0022216X14000042
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cauchon, Steven P., in preparation. Waste management, transnational coalitions and justice as capabilities. Submitted for Special Issue on Environmental justice and epistemic violence, in Local Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Clayton, Susan and Opotow, Susan, 2003. Justice and identity: changing perspectives on what is fair. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 7 (4), 298–310. doi: 10.1207/S15327957PSPR0704_03
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CMDAP, 2003. Al-matālib al-‛ādila fī al-ta‛wd wa i‛ādat al-tawtīn [ The just demands in compensation and resettlement]. Khartoum: Council of the Merowe Dam Affected People.
   Google Scholar
• Dirar, Azza, et al., 2015. Displacement and resistance induced by the Merowe Dam: the influence of international norms and justice. School of International Development Reports and Policy Papers series. Norwich: University of East Anglia.
   Google Scholar
• DIU, 2007a. Merowe Dam project, funding. Dams Implementation Unit website [Accessed 21 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• DIU, 2007b. Merowe Dam project, testimonial. Dams Implementation Unit website [Accessed 21 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• DIU, 2007c. About the Dam. Dams Implementation Unit website [Accessed 11 December 2013].
   Google Scholar
• DIU, 2007d. Dam’s body and structure. Dams Implementation Unit website [Accessed 20 October 2013].
   Google Scholar
• DIU, 2007e. Merowe Dam project, compensation. Dams Implementation Unit website [Accessed 17 April 2014].
   Google Scholar
• DIU, 2007f. Merowe Dam project. Dams Implementation Unit website. Available from: http://www.merowedam.gov.sd/en/index.php [Accessed 17 April 2014].
   Google Scholar
• ECCHR, 2010. Criminal complaint due to flooding, Coercion, Abandonment, etc. Plaintiff Mr. Ali Askouri, representative of the Office of the Hamadab Affected People (LOHAP) in London European Center for Constitutional and Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• EDLC, 2010. Merowe Dam Refugees in the SudanThe Manasir lose their land. Available from: http://www.edlc.org/cases/corporate-accountability/sudan-dam-refugees/2/.
   Google Scholar
• EIPR, 2013. The other side of the Sudan Dams, complaint before the African commission seeks justice for victims of Sudanese Dams. Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights.
   Google Scholar
• El Wardany, S., 2011. Sudan police fire tear gas, arrest 73 student at anti-government protests. Bloomerg News. 25 Dec.
   Google Scholar
• Ezebilo, E.E., Elsafi, M., and Garkava-Gustavsson, L., 2013. On-farm diversity of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera l) in Sudan: a potential genetic resources conservation strategy sustainability. Sustainability, 5, 338–356. doi: 10.3390/su5010338
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy, 1995. From redistribution to recognition? Dilemmas of justice in a ‘post-socialist’ age. New Left Review, 212, 68–93.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy, 1996. Social justice in the age of identity politics: redistribution, recognition, and participation. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values Stanford University, April 30–May 2.
   Google Scholar
• Fraser, Nancy, 2001. Recognition without ethics? Theory, Culture & Society, 18 (2–3), 21–42. doi: 10.1177/02632760122051760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• General Federation of Al Hamdab Sons, 2009. Statement of the general federation of Al Hamdab sons “Farmers Union: on the status of the new agricultural project in Al Hamdab. [in Arabic]. Sudanese Online.
   Google Scholar
• Haberlah, D., 2011. The culture of the Manasir- Subproject of the Humboldt University Nubian expedition, HUNE. Berlin: Humbodt University Nubian Expedition [Accessed 7 April 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Haberlah, D., 2012. Cultural landscape of Dar al-Manasir. In: C. Klenitz and C. Nässer, eds. Nihna nâs al-bahar–We are the people of the river. Ethnographic Research in the Fourth Nile Cataract Region, Sudan Social Geographical Survey. Weisbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Hashim, Mohammad Jalal, 2009. The Dams of Northern Sudan. Conference Paper, International Sudan Studies Conference in Pretoria.
   Google Scholar
• Hensengerth, Oliver, Dombrowski, Ines, and Scheumann, Waltina, 2012. Benefit-sharing in dam projects on shared rivers. Discussion paper 6/2012. Bonn: Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik/German Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Hildyard, Nicholas, 2008. Neutral? Against what? Bystanders and human rights abuses: the case of Merowe Dam. Sudan Studies, 37, 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• HRW, 2012. Sudan: end violence against peaceful protesters promptly charge or release political detainees. New York: Human Rights Watch.
   Google Scholar
• IHA, 2011. Hydropower sustainability assessment protocol. London: International Hydropower Association.
   Google Scholar
• IIED, 2015. Routing revenue from hydropower dams to deliver local development. Briefing. London: International Institute for Environment and Development.
   Google Scholar
• IRN, 2006. Dams, river and rights: an action guide for communities affected by dams. Berkeley, CA: International Rivers Network.
   Google Scholar
• IRN, 2008. Dam-flooded communities in Sudan appeal for humanitarian assistance. International Rivers Network. Available from: http://www.internationalrivers.org/resources/dam-flooded-communities-in-sudan-appeal-for-humanitarian-assistance-3819 [Accessed 13 February 2014].
   Google Scholar
• Kabna Alfougharah group interview, 2014. Interview with residents of Kabna Alfoughara, a ‘local option’ village situtated on the Merowe reservoir shore. Kabna Alfougharah, Feb 23–26.
   Google Scholar
• Khagram, S., Riker, J.V., and Sikkink, K., 2002. Restructuring world politics: transnational social movemnents, networks and norms. Saint Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
   Google Scholar
• Kleinitz, C. and Näser, C., 2011. The loss of innocence: political and ethical dimensions of the Merowe Dam archaeological salvage project at the Fourth Nile Cataract (Sudan). Conservation and Management of Archaeological Sites, 13 (2–3), 253–280. doi: 10.1179/175355211X13179154166231
   Google Scholar
• Lahmeyer, 2002. Environmental impact assessment report for the Merowe Dam Project, Part 11: resettlement. Lahmeyer International.
   Google Scholar
• Leach, T.A., 1919. Date-trees in Halfa province. Sudan Notes and Records, 2, 8–104.
   Google Scholar
• LOHAP, 2007. Memorandum on the Merowe Dam project, submitted to his excellency Zhang Dong, ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Sudan, at the occasion of the visit of President Hu Jintao to Sudan. The Leadership Office of the Hamadab Affected People (LOHAP), International Rivers and The Corner House.
   Google Scholar
• LOHAP, 2008. More than 6000 families affected by Merowe Dam. London: Statement by the Leadership Office of Hamdab Affected People.
   Google Scholar
• McCully, Patrick, 2001. Silenced rivers: the ecology and politics of large dams: enlarged and updated edition. London: Zed Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mehta, Lyla, 2001. The manufacture of popular perceptions of scarcity: dams and water-related narratives in Gujara, India. World Development, 29 (12), 2025–2041. doi: 10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00087-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta, Lyla, 2013. Water and Ill-being: displaced people and dam-based development in India. In: J.R. Wagner, ed. The social life of water. New York, NY: Berghahn, 61–79.
   Google Scholar
• Mixed group interview, 2014. Interview with participants at Khartoum workshop, comprising activists from Manasir, Hamdab, and Amri communities. Khartoum. Mar 6.
   Google Scholar
• Näser, C. and Lange, M., ed., 2007. Proceedings of the second international conference on the archeology of the Fourth Nile Cataract. Meroitica Series, 4–6 August 2005, Berlin: Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• New Amri group interview, 2014. Interview with residents of several of the villages grouped under the name ‘New Amri’. New Amri. Mar 5.
   Google Scholar
• Newborne, Peter, 2014. Advancing hydropower sustainability. Discussion paper 02. London: Overseas Development Institute.
   Google Scholar
• Oestigaard, Terje, ed., 2009. Water, culture and identity: comparing past and present traditions in the Nile Basin Region. Bergen: University of Bergen, BRIC Press.
   Google Scholar
• Patrick, M.J., Syme, G.I., and Horwitz, P., 2014. How reframing a water management issue across scales and levels impacts on perceptions of justice and injustice. Journal of Hydrology, 519, 2475–2482. doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2014.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Randeria, S., 2003. Glocalization of law: environmental justice, World Bank, NGOs and the Cunning State in India. Current Sociology, 51 (3–4), 305–328. doi: 10.1177/0011392103051003009
   Google Scholar
• Rodriguez, Iokiñe and Mirna Liz Inturias, in preparation. Justice in Latin America with a decolonial turn through conflict transformation. Submitted for Special Issue on Environmental justice and epistemic violence, in Local Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Roy, Arundhati, 2007. The cost of living. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Schlosberg, David, 2004. Reconceiving environmental justice: global movements and political theories. Environmental Politics, 13 (3), 517–540. doi: 10.1080/0964401042000229025
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlosberg, David, 2007. Defining environmental justice: theories, movements, and nature. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Shaddad, Muawia, 2014. Public statement at Merowe Dam environmental justice workshop at Museum of Natural History, by member of SECS. Khartoum, 5 March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Skinner, J. and Haas, L.J., 2014. Watered down? A review of social and environmental safeguards for large dam projects. Natural Resource Issues No. 28. London: IIED.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2005a. Hamdab Dam – row over water wells between Chinese, residents. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 28 November.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2005b. Clashes between police, villagers in Sudan’s Hamdab Dam area. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 30 November.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2006a. Merowe Dam affected areas exploded into violence and burning. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 11 April.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2006b. Sudanese militia kill three people in Merowe Dam area. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 22 April.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2007a. Sudanese police use rubber bullets to break up student protests. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 6 May.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2007b. Merowe Dam affected people sue Sudan security in Constitutional Court. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 25 April.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2009. Sudanese police clash with Hamdab farmers over water shortage. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 22 May.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2011. Sudanese police in second crackdown against Dam protestors. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 22 December.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2012. Human Rights Watch urges Sudan to rein in security forces. Khartoum: Sudan Tribune. 22 June.
   Google Scholar
• Sudan Tribune, 2015. Sudanese displaced by Merowe Dam demand compensation. Dabanga, Sudan. Available from: https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-displaced-by-merowe-dam-demand-compensation.
   Google Scholar
• SWECO, 1983. Pre-feasibility study for Merowe multi-purpose project. Khartoum: SWECO.
   Google Scholar
• Tawfik, Abbas, 2014. Public statement at Merowe Dam environmental justice workshop at Museum of Natural History, by member of the Dal Dam Committee. Khartoum, 5 March 2014.
   Google Scholar
• Teodoru, C., Wüest, A., and Wehrli, B., 2006. Independent review of the environmental impact assessment for the Merowe dam project. Kastanienbaum: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (EAWAG).
   Google Scholar
• Tvedt, 2004. The river Nile in the age of the British: political ecology & the quest for economic power. London: IB Tauris.
   Google Scholar
• UEA-GEJ, 2013. Norwich declaration on environmental justice: money can’t buy environmental justice. Norwich, Several authors coordinated by the Global Environmental Justice Group of the University of East Anglia.
   Google Scholar
• UN-OHCHR, 2002. Basic principles and guidelines on development-based evictions and displacement: annex 1 of the report of the special rapporteur on adequate housing as a component of the right to an adequate standard of living. A/HRC/4/18. Geneva: Office of the High Commission on Human Rights.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoeven, Harry, 2012. Water, civilisation and power: Sudan’s Hydropolitical economy and the Al-Ingaz revolution. Oxford: Department of Politics & International Relations, Oxford University.
   Google Scholar
• Vermeylen, Saskia, in preparation. Environmental justice and epistemic violence. Local Environment.
   Google Scholar
• Vincent, Andrew, 1998. Is environmental justice a misnomer. In: D. Boucher and P. Kelly, eds. Social justice: from Hume to Walzer. London: Routledge, 123–144.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, Gordon, 2009. Beyond distribution and proximity: exploring the multiple spatialities of environmental justice. Antipode, 41 (4), 614–636. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00691.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Women’s Committee of MAP, group interview, 2014. Interview with members of the women’s committee of the Manasir affected people. Khartoum. Mar 12.
   Google Scholar
• World Bank, 2004. Water resources sector strategy: strategic directions for World Bank engagement. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Young, Iris Marion, 1990. Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Zourghani, J., 2014. Interview with Ja’afar Zourghani, Manasir activist, former professor. Khartoum, 1 Mar.
   Google Scholar