Herder-farmer conflict in sub-Saharan Africa and corporate social responsibility in Nigeria’s oil host communities

References

• Abdulkabir, O. S. 2017. “Causes and Incisive Solutions to the Widespread of Kidnapping in Nigeria Current Administration: Under Scholastic Scrutiny.” Journal of Political Science and Public Affairs 5 (10): 258–269.
   Google Scholar
• ACCORD. 2018. “Understanding the Herder-Farmer Conflict in Nigeria.” Conflict & Resilience Monitor 2018/3.
   Google Scholar
• Adeoye, N. O. 2017. “Land Use Conflict Between Farmers and Herdsmen in Parts of Kano, Yobe and Borno States in Nigeria: Nomads’ Viewpoints.” Ghana Journal of Geography 9 (91): 127–151.
   Google Scholar
• Adibe, J. 2020. “Farmers’-Herders’ Violent Conflicts and the Politicization of Transhumant Pastoralism in Nigeria.” African Renaissance 17 (1): 121–141. https://doi.org/10.31920/2516-5305/2020/17n1a6.
   Google Scholar
• Ajala, O. 2020. “New Drivers of Conflict in Nigeria: An Analysis of the Clashes Between Farmers and Pastoralists.” Third World Quarterly 41 (12): 2048–2066. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2020.1811662.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ajl, M. 2023. “Theories of Political Ecology: Monopoly Capital Against People and the Planet.” Agragrian South: Journal of Political Economy 12 (1): 12–50. https://doi.org/10.1177/22779760221145232.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akov, E. T. 2017. “The Resource-Conflict Debate Revisited: Untangling the Case of Farmer-Herdsmen Clashes in the North Central Region of Nigeria.” African Security Review 26 (3): 288–307. https://doi.org/10.1080/10246029.2017.1294088.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Apeh, A. A., C. C. Opata, C. M. Amaechi, and O. N. Njoku. 2021. “Cattle Rights Versus Human Rights: Herdsmen-Farmer Clashes in Nigeria.” Rural History 32 (2): 197–216. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0956793321000029.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asgil, S. 2012. “The Nigerian Extractive Industries Transparency Initiatives (NEITI): Tool for Conflict Resolution in the Niger Delta or Arena of Contested Politics.” Critical African Studies 7 (7): 4–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681392.2012.10597798
   Google Scholar
• Asongu, S. A., J. I. Uduji, and E. N. Okolo-Obasi. 2019. “Transfer Pricing and Corporate Social Responsibility: Arguments, Views and Agenda.” Mineral Economics 32 (3): 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13563-019-00195-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T. A., and B. Ba. 2021. “Fulani-Dogon Killings in Mali: Farmer-Herder Conflicts as Insurgency and Counterinsurgency.” African Security 14 (1): 4–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2021.1925035.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjaminsen, T., and B. Boubacar. 2019. “Why Do Pastoralists in Mali Join Jihadist Groups? A Political Ecological Explanation.” Journal of Peasant Studies 46 (1): 15–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2018.1474457
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breuer, J., and M. Elson. 2017. “Frustration-Aggression Theory.” In The Wiley Handbook of Violence and Aggression, edited by P. Sturmey, 1–12. Chichester: Wiley Blackwell.
   Google Scholar
• Brottem, L. 2021. “The Growing Complexity of Farmer-Herder Conflict in West and Central Africa.” Africa Security Brief: A Publication of the Africa Center for Strategic Studies, No. 39, July, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Bukari, K. N., P. Sow, and J. Scheffran. 2018. “Cooperation and Co-Existence Between Farmers and Herders in the Midst of Violent Farmer-Herder Conflict in Ghana.” African Studies Review 61 (2): 78–102. https://doi.org/10.1017/asr.2017.124.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carroll, A. B. 1991. “The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Towards the Moral Management of Organizational Stake-Holders.” Business Horizons 34 (4): 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/0007-6813(91)90005-G
   Google Scholar
• Chevron. 2014. Corporate Social Responsibility Report of Chevron in Nigeria. Policy, Government & Public Affairs (PGPA) Department of Chevron in Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Chevron. 2017. Roots of Change: Chevron’s Model Community Empowerment Programme in the Niger Delta. Policy, Government & Public Affairs (PGPA) Department of Chevron in Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Chukwuma, K. H. 2020. “Constructing the Herder-Farmer Conflict as (in) Security in Nigeria.” African Security 13 (1): 54–76. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2020.1732703.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dmitrieva, I. A., L. P. Mileshko, E. V. Proko’eva, N. A. Ivanova, M. S. Rakitina, and S. E. Rudina. 2022. “General Theory of Ensuring Environmental Safety: State and Directions for Improvement.” IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981 (4): 042015. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/4/042015.
   Google Scholar
• FGN. 2017. Economic Recovery and Growth Plan: 2017–2020. Abuja: Federal Government of Nigeria, Ministry of budget and national planning.
   Google Scholar
• Francis, P., D. Lapin, and P. Rossiasco. 2011. Securing Development and Peace in the Niger Delta: A Social and Conflict Analysis for Change. Washington, DC: Woodraw Wilso-International Center for Scholars.
   Google Scholar
• Frynas, J. 2009. Beyond Corporate Social Responsibility: Oil Multinationals and Challenges. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gursoy, G. 2019. Farmer-Herder Conflict in Nigeria: An Analysis of the Root Causes and the Effects of the Conflicts. Peace and Conflict Studies MA, 2019 Summer Semester, Marbug, Germany.
   Google Scholar
• ICG. 2020. “Violence in Nigeria’s North-West: Rolling back the Mayhem.” International Crisis Group, Report No.288, May 18, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Idemudia, U. 2014. “Corporate-community Engagement Strategies in the Niger Delta: Some Critical Reflections.” The Extractive Industries and Society 1 (2): 154–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2014.07.005
   Google Scholar
• Kalama, J., and D. H. Asanebi. 2019. “United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Assessment Report and the Question of Environmental Justice in Nigeria: The Ogoni Community Experience.” Education & Science Journal of Policy Review and Curriculum Development 9 (2): 207–221.
   Google Scholar
• Lompo, K., and J. F. Trani. 2013. “Does Corporate Social Responsibility Contribute to Human Development in Developing Countries? Evidence from Nigeria.” Journal of Human Development and Capabilities 14 (2): 241–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/19452829.2013.784727
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luizza, M. 2019. “Urban Elites’ Livestock Exacerbate Herder-Farmer Tensions in Africa’s Sudano-Sahel.” New Security Beat, The Wilson Center, June 1, 2019.
   Google Scholar
• Mai-Bornu, Z. 2019. “Oil, Conflict, and the Dynamics of Resource Struggle in the Niger Delta: A Comparison of the Ogoni and Ijaw Movements.” The Extractive Industries and Society 6 (4): 1282–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2019.10.002.
   Google Scholar
• Mbih, R. A. 2020. “The Politics of Farmer-Herder Conflicts and Alternative Conflict Management in Northwest Cameroon.” African Geographical Review 39 (4): 324–344. https://doi.org/10.1080/19376812.2020.1720755.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Modibo, G. C. 2020. “Understanding Fulani Perspective on the Sahel Crisis.” Spotlight, Africa Center for Strategic Studies, April 22, 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Moritz, M. 2006. “The Politics of Permanent Conflict: Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Northern Cameroon.” Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue canadienne des études africaines 40 (1): 101–126. https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.2006.10751337.
   Google Scholar
• NDDC. 2004. Niger Delta Regional Development Plan: Draft 3. Port-Harcourt: Niger Delta Development Commission.
   Google Scholar
• Nwankwo, C. F. 2021. “Discursive Construction of the Farmer-Pastoralist Conflict in Nigeria.” Open Political Science 4 (1): 136–146. https://doi.org/10.1515/openps-2021-0014.
   Google Scholar
• Nwozor, A., J. S. Olanrewaju, S. Oshewolo, A. M. Oladoyin, S. Adedire, and O. Okidu. 2021. “Herder-Farmer Conflicts: The Politicization of Violence and Evolving Security Measures in Nigeria.” African Security 14 (1): 25–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2021.1901181.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nzeadibe, T. C., C. K. Ajaero, and M. B. Nwoke. 2015. “Rethinking Corporate-Community Engagement in the Petro-Economy of the Niger Delta.” Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography 36 (3): 376–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjtg.12127
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogbette, A. S., A. O. Attama, and J. O. Okoh. 2018. “Fulani-herders and Farmers Crises Under Buhari’s Administration – Causes, Effects and its Management.” International Journal of Peace and Conflict Studies 5 (2): 44–53.
   Google Scholar
• Ogebe, F. O., D. Abah, and L. S. Ligom. 2019. “Land Use Conflict Between Farmers and Herdsmen in Gwer West Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria.” IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science 12 (1): 23–31. https://doi.org/10.9790/2380-1201032331.
   Google Scholar
• Ojemire, B. D. 2021. “Climate Change and Farmers-Herders Conflict in Nigeria.” New security beat: the blog of the Environmental Change and Security Programme, November 15, 2021.
   Google Scholar
• Okibe, H. B. 2022. “Herder-Farmer Conflicts in South-East Nigeria: Assessing the Dangers.” Southern Voices Network for Peacebuilding Scholar, September 2022.
   Google Scholar
• Okolo-Obasi, E. N., J. I. Uduji, and S. A. Asongu. 2021. “Strengthening Women’s Participation in the Traditional Enterprises of Sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives in Niger Delta, Nigeria.” African Development Review 32 (S1): 578–590.
   Google Scholar
• Olumba, E. E., B. U. Nwosu, F. N. Okpalaeke, and R. C. Okoli. 2022. “Conceptualizing Eco-Violence: Moving Beyond the Multiple Labelling of Water and Agricultural Resource Conflicts in the Sahel.” Third World Quarterly 43 (9): 2075–2090. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436597.2022.2083601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Onyima, B. N., and V. C. Iwuoha. 2015. “New Dimensions to Pastoralists – Farmer Conflicts and Sustainable Agricultural Development in New Dimensions to Pastoralists – Farmer Conflicts and Sustainable Agricultural Development in Agadama and Uwheru Communities, Niger Delta.” African Security 8 (3): 166–184. https://doi.org/10.1080/19392206.2015.1069119.
   Google Scholar
• PIND. 2022. “Spotlighting Killing of Women and Girls for Ritual in the Niger Delta.” Partnership Initiative in the Niger Delta/Niger Delta Weekly, February, 2022.
   Google Scholar
• PIND. 2023. “Mitigating the Herder-Farmer Conflict in the Niger Delta.” Partnership Initiative in the Niger Delta/Niger Delta Weekly, March 26 – April 1, 2023.
   Google Scholar
• Renouard, C., and H. Lado. 2012. “CSR and Inequality in the Niger Delta (Nigeria).” Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society 12 (4): 472–484. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701211267810
   Google Scholar
• Slack, K. 2012. “Mission Impossible? Adopting a CSR-Based Business Model for Extractive Industries in Developing Countries.” Resource Policy 37 (2): 179–184. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2011.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPDC. 2013. Shell in Nigeria: Global Memorandum of Understanding: Shell Petroleum Development Corporation of Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• SPDC. 2018. Ogoni Issue. Shell Petroleum Development Corporation in Nigeria.
   Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo-Obasi, D. U. Ajah, D. C. Otei, H. O. Obi-Anike, S. C. Ezuka, E. E. Nwanmuoh, and S. E. Emengini. 2024b. “Community-Based Vigilante Violence and Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria’s Oil Producing Region.” Security Journal ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41284-024-00424-6.
   Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo-Obasi, and S. A. Asongu. 2019a. “Multinational Oil Companies in Nigeria and Corporate Social Responsibility in the HIV/AIDS Response in Host Communities.” Local Environment 24 (5): 393–416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo- Obasi, and S. A. Asongu. 2019b. “Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria and Multinationals in the Fight Against Human Trafficking in Oil-Producing Communities.” Local Environment 24 (12): 1097–1118. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1677583.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo-Obasi, and S. A. Asongu. 2021. “Oil Extraction in Nigeria’s Ogoniland: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Averting a Resurgence of Violence.” Resource Policy 70 (March): 101927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2020.101927.
   Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo-Obasi, and S. A. Asongu. 2022. “Cult Violence in Nigeria and Corporate Social Responsibility in Oil Producing Communities.” Local Environment 28 (5): 619–644. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2023.2169911.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo-Obasi, and S. A. Asongu. 2023. “Oil Extraction and Gender Equality for Social Equity: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria’s Coastal Communities.” Resources Policy 81 (March): 103346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2023.103346.
   Google Scholar
• Uduji, J. I., E. N. Okolo-Obasi, J. O. Nnabuko, G. E. Ugwuonah, and J. U. Onwumere. 2024a. “Inter-Communal Violence in sub-Saharan Africa: The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria’s oil Producing Region.” Resources Policy 91 (April): 104882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.104882.
   Google Scholar
• Visser, W. 2006. “Revisiting Carroll’s CSR Pyramid. An African Perspectives.” In Corporate Citizenship in Developing Countries, edited by E. R. Pederson, and M. Huniche, 29–56. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Business School Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, I., and T. F. Pettigrew. 1984. “Relative Deprivation Theory: An Overview and Conceptual Critique.” British Journal of Social Psychology 23 (4): 301–310. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1984.tb00645.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walter, L., and J. S. Smith. 2001. Relative Deprivation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Walwa, W. J. 2017a. “Growing Farmer-Herder Conflicts in Tanzania: The Licenced Exclusions of Pastoral Communities Interests Over Access to Resources.” The Journal of Peasant Studies 47 (35): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2019.1602523.
   Google Scholar
• Walwa, W. J. 2017b. “Land Use Plans in Tanzania: Repertoires of Domination or Solutions to Rising Farmer-Herder Conflicts?” Journal of Eastern African Studies 11 (3): 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/17531055.2017.1359878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar