Publication Cover
Local Environment
The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability
Latest Articles
12
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Using a smart city framework to advance justice: applying an equity lens to compare air quality in neighbourhoods of different socioeconomic profiles

, , , &
Received 28 Oct 2022, Accepted 15 Apr 2024, Published online: 13 Jun 2024

References

  • Al-hader, M., and A. Rodzi. 2009. “The Smart City Infrastructure Development & Monitoring.” Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management 2 (11): 87–94.
  • Arghavani, S., H. Malakooti, and A. A. Bidokhti. 2019. “Numerical Evaluation of Urban Green Space Scenarios Effects on Gaseous Air Pollutants in Tehran Metropolis Based on WRF-Chem Model.” Atmospheric Environment 214:116832. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2019.116832.
  • Ash, J., R. Kitchin, and A. Leszczynski. 2018. “Digital Turn, Digital Geographies?” Progress in Human Geography 42 (1): 25–43. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309132516664800.
  • Bai, L., L. Jiang, D. Yang Yang, and Y. Bin Liu. 2019. “Quantifying the Spatial Heterogeneity Influences of Natural and Socioeconomic Factors and Their Interactions on Air Pollution Using the Geographical Detector Method: A Case Study of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, China.” Journal of Cleaner Production 232:692–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.342.
  • Baldwin, M. 2012. “Participatory Action Research.” In Sage Handbook of Social Work, edited by M. Gray, J. Midgley, and S. A. Webb, 467–481. London: Sage.
  • Bartram, R. 2022. Stacked Decks: Building Inspectors and the Reproduction of Urban Inequality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Brenner, N., P. Marcuse, and M. Mayer. 2012. Cities for People, Not for Profit: Critical Urban Theory and the Right to the City. City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203802182.
  • Bullard, R. D. 1993. “Race and Environmental Justice in the United States.” Yale Journal of International Law 18:319–335.
  • Cardullo, P., and R. Kitchin. 2019. “Smart Urbanism and Smart Citizenship: The Neoliberal Logic of ‘Citizen-Focused’ Smart Cities in Europe.” Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37: 813–830.
  • Christensen, G. M., Z. Li, J. Pearce, M. Marcus, J. J. Lah, L. A. Waller, S. Ebelt, and A. Hüls. 2022. “The Complex Relationship of Air Pollution and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Their Association with Cognitive Decline.” Environment International 167:107416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107416.
  • City of St. Petersburg. 2015. South St. Petersburg Community Redevelopment Plan. https://www.stpete.org/city_departments/southside_cra.php.
  • City of St. Petersburg. 2022. St. Petersburg Tree Canopy Analysis.
  • City of St. Petersburg Zoning. 2022. GIS Portal. https://egis.stpete.org/portal/apps/webappviewer/index.html19dfa.
  • Colmer, J., I. Hardman, J. Shimshack, and J. Voorheis. 2020. “Disparities in PM2.5 Air Pollution in the United States.” Science 369 (6503): 575–578. https://doi.org/10.1126/SCIENCE.AAZ9353.
  • Cugurullo, F. 2018. “Exposing Smart Cities and eco-Cities: Frankenstein Urbanism and the Sustainability Challenges of the Experimental City.” Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50 (1): 73–92. http://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X17738535.
  • Cutter, S. L. 1995. “Race, Class and Environmental Justice.” Progress in Human Geography 19 (1): 111–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/030913259501900111.
  • Di Fonzo, D., A. Fabri, and R. Pasetto. 2022. “Distributive Justice in Environmental Health Hazards from Industrial Contamination: A Systematic Review of National and Near-National Assessments of Social Inequalities.” Social Science and Medicine 297:114834. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114834.
  • Dixon, B., and R. Johns. 2019. “Vision for a Holistic Smart City-HSC: Integrating Resiliency Framework via Crowdsourced Community Resiliency Information System (CRIS).” In Proceedings of the 2nd ACM SIGSPATIAL International Workshop on Advances in Resilient and Intelligent Cities, ARIC 2019, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1145/3356395.3365541.
  • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). 2021. Enhanced Air Quality Monitoring Funding under the ARP. https://www.epa.gov/arp/enhanced-air-quality-monitoring-funding-under-arp.
  • Gardner-Frolick, R., D. Boyd, and A. Giang. 2022. “Selecting Data Analytic and Modeling Methods to Support Air Pollution and Environmental Justice Investigations: A Critical Review and Guidance Framework.” Environmental Science and Technology 56 (5): 2843–2860. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.1c01739.
  • Gauderman, W. J., R. Urman, E. Avol, K. Berhane, R. McConnell, E. Rappaport, R. Chang, F. Lurmann, and F. Gilliland. 2015. “Association of Improved Air Quality with Lung Development in Children.” New England Journal of Medicine 372 (10): 905–913. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1414123.
  • Gilderbloom, J. H., W. L. Meares, and G. D. Squires. 2020. “Pollution, Place, and Premature Death: Evidence from a Mid-Sized City.” Local Environment 25 (6): 419–432. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2020.1754776.
  • Greenfield, A. 2013. Against the Smart City. This is Part I of The City is Here for You to Use. New York City: Do Projects.
  • Gunier, R. B., A. Hertz, J. Von Behren, and P. Reynolds. 2003. “Traffic Density in California: Socioeconomic and Ethnic Differences among Potentially Exposed Children.” Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology 13 (3): 240–246. https://doi.org/10.1038/SJ.JEA.7500276.
  • Harvey, D. 1973. Social Justice and the City. Oxford: Blackwell.
  • Hollands, R. G. 2008. “Will the Real Smart City Please Stand Up? Intelligent, Progressive or Entrepreneurial?” City 12 (3): 303–320.
  • Hollands, R. G. 2015. “Critical Interventions into the Corporate Smart City.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 8 (1): 61–77. https://doi.org/10.1093/CJRES/RSU011.
  • Howard, C. 2020. A State Sponsored System of Segregation: Examining the Contemporary Impact of Redlining.
  • Johns, R. A., M. Viera, and B. Dixon. 2023. “Police Violence as Containment of Black Bodies During Urban Renewal: A Spatial Analysis of Civilian Deaths by Police in Florida.” Southeastern Geographer 63 (4): 386–417. https://doi.org/10.1353/sgo.2023.a912267.
  • Johnson, L. 2016. Community-Based Participatory Research: Approaches for the Social Sciences and Education. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
  • Jones, M. R., A. V. Diez-Roux, A. Hajat, K. N. Kershaw, M. S. O’Neill, E. Guallar, W. S. Post, J. D. Kaufman, and A. Navas-Acien. 2014. “Race/Ethnicity, Residential Segregation, and Exposure to Ambient Air Pollution: The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).” American Journal of Public Health 104 (11): 2130–2137. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2014.302135.
  • Kitchin, R. 2015. “Making Sense of Smart Cities: Addressing Present Shortcomings.” Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society 8 (1): 131–136.
  • Kitchin, R. 2022. “Conceptualising Smart Cities.” Urban Research & Practice 15 (1): 155–159. http://doi.org/10.1080/17535069.2022.2031143.
  • Kitchin, R., P. Cardullo, and C. Di Feliciantonio. 2019. “Citizenship, Justice, and the Right to the Smart City.” In The Right to the Smart City, 1–24. Leeds: Emerald Group Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78769-139-120191001.
  • Kravitz-Wirtz, N., K. Crowder, A. Hajat, and V. Sass. 2016. “The Long-Term Dynamics of Racial/Ethnic Inequality in Neighborhood Air Pollution Exposure, 1990–2009.” Du Bois Review 13 (2): 237–259. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1742058X16000205.
  • Lane, H. M., R. Morello-Frosch, J. D. Marshall, and J. S. Apte. 2022. “Historical Redlining Is Associated with Present-Day Air Pollution Disparities in U.S. Cities.” Environmental Science and Technology Letters 9 (4): 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c01012.
  • Leszczynski, A. 2016. “Speculative Futures: Cities, Data, and Governance Beyond Smart Urbanism.” Environment and Planning A 48 (9): 1691–1708. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X16651445.
  • Li, V. O., Y. Han, J. C. Lam, Y. Zhu, and J. Bacon-Shone. 2018. “Air Pollution and Environmental Injustice: Are the Socially Deprived Exposed to More PM2.5 Pollution in Hong Kong?” Environmental Science & Policy 80:53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2017.10.014.
  • Liu, J., L. P. Clark, M. J. Bechle, A. Hajat, S. Y. Kim, A. L. Robinson, L. Sheppard, A. A. Szpiro, and J. D. Marshall. 2021. “Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure in the United States by Race/Ethnicity and Income, 1990–2010.” Environmental Health Perspectives 129 (12): 127005. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8584.
  • Maantay, J. 2002. “Zoning law, Health, and Environmental Justice: What’s the Connection?” Journal of Law, Medicine and Ethics 30 (4): 572–593. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1748-720X.2002.TB00427.X.
  • Manczak, E. M., J. G. Miller, and I. H. Gotlib. 2022. “Census Tract Ambient Ozone Predicts Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents.” Developmental Psychology 58 (3): 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1037/DEV0001310.
  • Manisalidis, I., E. Stavropoulou, A. Stavropoulos, and E. Bezirtzoglou. 2020. “Environmental and Health Impacts of Air Pollution: A Review.” Frontiers in Public Health 8: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00014.
  • Marcuse, P., J. Connolly, J. Novy, I. Olivo, C. Potter, and J. Steil. 2009. Searching for the Just City: Debates in Urban Theory and Practice. London: Routledge.
  • Masucci, M., H. Pearsall, and A. Wiig. 2020. “The Smart City Conundrum for Social Justice: Youth Perspectives on Digital Technologies and Urban Transformations.” Annals of the American Association of Geographer 110 (2): 476–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/24694452.2019.1617101.
  • Miranda, M. L., S. E. Edwards, M. H. Keating, and C. J. Paul. 2011. “Making the Environmental Justice Grade: The Relative Burden of Air Pollution Exposure in the United States.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 (6): 1755–1771. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061755.
  • Mohai, P., D. Pellow, and J. T. Roberts. 2009. “Environmental Justice.” Annual Review of Environment and Resources 34 (1): 405–430. https://doi.org/10.1146/ANNUREV-ENVIRON-082508-094348.
  • Morello-Frosch, R., and B. M. Jesdale. 2006. “Separate and Unequal: Residential Segregation and Estimated Cancer Risks Associated with Ambient Air Toxins in U.S. Metropolitan Areas.” Environmental Health Perspectives 114 (3): 386–393. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP.8500.
  • Morello-Frosch, R., M. Pastor, C. Porras, and J. Sadd. 2017. “Environmental Justice and Regional Inequality in Southern California: Implications for Future Research.” In Community Research in Environmental Health: Studies in Science, Advocacy and Ethics, edited by Doug Brugge and Patricia Hynes, 205–218. London: Taylor and Francis.
  • Morello-Frosch, R., M. Pastor, and J. Sadd. 2001. “Environmental Justice and Southern California’s ‘Riskscape’ : The Distribution of Air Toxics Exposures and Health Risks among Diverse Communities.” Urban Affairs Review 36 (4): 551–578. https://doi.org/10.1177/10780870122184993.
  • Mullen, C., A. Flores, S. Grineski, and T. Collins. 2022. “Exploring the Distributional Environmental Justice Implications of an Air Quality Monitoring Network in Los Angeles County.” Environmental Research 206:112612. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2021.112612.
  • Muller, N. Z., and P. A. Ruud. 2018. “What Forces Dictate the Design of Pollution Monitoring Networks?” Environmental Modeling and Assessment 23 (1): 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10666-017-9553-7.
  • Munir, S., M. Mayfield, D. Coca, and S. A. Jubb. 2019. “Structuring an Integrated Air Quality Monitoring Network in Large Urban Areas – Discussing the Purpose, Criteria and Deployment Strategy.” Atmospheric Environment: X 2:100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AEAOA.2019.100027.
  • Muresan, A. N., A. Sebastiani, M. Gaglio, E. A. Fano, and F. Manes. 2022. “Assessment of Air Pollutants Removal by Green Infrastructure and Urban and Peri-Urban Forests Management for a Greening Plan in the Municipality of Ferrara (Po River Plain, Italy).” Ecological Indicators 135:108554. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2022.108554.
  • Neuroni, A., S. Haller, W. van Winden, V. Carabias-Hutter, and O. Yildrim. 2019. “Cities Chapter Public Value Creation in a Smart City Context: An Analysis Framework.” In Setting Foundations for the Creation of Public Value in Smart Cities, edited by M. P. Rodriguez Bolivar, 49–76. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98953-2_3.
  • O’Leary, B. F., A. B. Hill, K. G. Akers, H. J. Esparra-Escalera, A. Lucas, G. Raoufi, Y. Huang, et al. 2022. “Air Quality Monitoring and Measurement in an Urban Airshed: Contextualizing Datasets from the Detroit Michigan Area from 1952 to 2020.” Science of the Total Environment 809:152120. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2021.152120.
  • Paolella, D. A., C. W. Tessum, P. J. Adams, J. S. Apte, S. Chambliss, J. Hill, N. Z. Muller, and J. D. Marshall. 2018. “Effect of Model Spatial Resolution on Estimates of Fine Particulate Matter Exposure and Exposure Disparities in the United States.” Environmental Science and Technology Letters 5 (7): 436–441. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ESTLETT.8B00279.
  • Pope, C. A., N. Coleman, Z. A. Pond, and R. T. Burnett. 2020. “Fine Particulate Air Pollution and Human Mortality: 25+ Years of Cohort Studies.” Environmental Research 183:108924. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2019.108924.
  • Requia, W. J., C. D. Higgins, M. D. Adams, M. Mohamed, and P. Koutrakis. 2018. “The Health Impacts of Weekday Traffic: A Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5 Emissions During Congested Periods.” Environment International 111:164–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVINT.2017.11.025.
  • Rickenbacker, H., F. Brown, and M. Bilec. 2019. “Creating Environmental Consciousness in Underserved Communities: Implementation and Outcomes of Community-Based Environmental Justice and Air Pollution Research.” Sustainable Cities and Society 47:101473. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCS.2019.101473.
  • Rose, G. 2020. “Actually-Existing Sociality in a Smart City.” City 24 (3-4): 512–529. http://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2020.1781412.
  • Rosol, M., and G. Blue. 2022. “From the Smart City to Urban Justice in a Digital Age.” City 26 (4): 684–705. https://doi.org/10.1080/13604813.2022.2079881.
  • Snyder, E. G., T. H. Watkins, P. A. Solomon, E. D. Thoma, R. W. Williams, G. S. W. Hagler, D. Shelow, D. A. Hindin, V. J. Kilaru, and P. W. Preuss. 2013. “The Changing Paradigm of Air Pollution Monitoring.” Environmental Science and Technology 47 (20): 11369–11377. https://doi.org/10.1021/ES4022602.
  • Söderström, O., T. Paasche, and F. Klauser. 2014. “Smart Cities as Corporate Storytelling.” City 18 (3): 307–320.
  • Stuart, A. L., S. Mudhasakul, and W. Sriwatanapongse. 2009. “The Social Distribution of Neighborhood-Scale Air Pollution and Monitoring Protection.” Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association 59 (5): 591–602. https://doi.org/10.3155/1047-3289.59.5.591.
  • Tessum, C. W., J. S. Apte, A. L. Goodkind, N. Z. Muller, K. A. Mullins, D. A. Paolella, S. Polasky, et al. 2019. “Inequity in Consumption of Goods and Services Adds to Racial-Ethnic Disparities in Air Pollution Exposure.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 116 (13): 6001–6006. https://doi.org/10.1073/PNAS.1818859116.
  • Tubridy, F., A. Mölter, M. Lennon, and F. Pilla. 2022. “Citizen Science and Environmental Justice: Exploring Contradictory Outcomes Through a Case Study of Air Quality Monitoring in Dublin.” Local Environment 27 (5): 622–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2022.2068143.
  • Valotto, G., and C. Varin. 2016. “Characterization of Hourly NOx Atmospheric Concentrations Near the Venice International Airport with Additive Semi-Parametric Statistical Models.” Atmospheric Research 167: 216–223. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2015.07.023.
  • Vanolo, A. 2016. “Is There Anybody Out There? The Place and Role of Citizens in Tomorrow’s Smart Cities.” Futures 82:26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUTURES.2016.05.010.
  • Vicente, A. M. P., S. Rocha, M. Duarte, R. Moreira, T. Nunes, and C. A. Alves. 2021. “Fingerprinting and Emission Rates of Particulate Organic Compounds from Typical Restaurants in Portugal.” Science of The Total Environment 778: 146090. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146090.
  • Walletzky, L., B. Buhnova, and L. Carrubbo. 2018. “Value-Driven Conceptualization of Services in the Smart City: A Layered Approach.” In Social Dynamics in a Systems Perspective, edited by S. Barile, M. Pellicano, and F. Polese, 85–98. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61967-5_5.
  • Wang, Y., I. Kloog, B. A. Coull, A. Kosheleva, A. Zanobetti, and J. D. Schwartz. 2016. “Estimating Causal Effects of Long-Term PM2. 5 Exposure on Mortality in New Jersey.” Environmental Health Perspectives 124 (8): 1182–1188.
  • White House. 2024. Justice40. https://www.whitehouse.gov/environmentaljustice/justice40/.
  • Wiig, A., and E. Wyly. 2015. “Introduction: Thinking Through the Politics of the Smart City.” Urban Geography 37 (4): 485–493. http://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2016.1178479.
  • Wilson, S., M. Hutson, and M. Mujahid. 2008. “How Planning and Zoning Contribute to Inequitable Development, Neighborhood Health, and Environmental Injustice.” Environmental Justice 1 (4): 211–216. https://doi.org/10.1089/ENV.2008.0506.
  • Zhu, S., D. Li, H. Feng, T. Gu, K. Hewage, and R. Sadiq. 2020. “Smart City and Resilient City: Differences and Connections.” Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery 10 (6): e1388. https://doi.org/10.1002/WIDM.1388.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.