24
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Virus Demyelination

&
Pages 148-164 | Published online: 10 Jul 2009

References

  • Adami C, Pooley J, Glomb J, Stecker E, Fazal F, Fleming JO, Baker SC (1995). Evolution of mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) during chronic infection: quasispecies nature of the persisting MHV RNA. Virology 209: 337–346.
  • Agostini HT, Ryschkewitsch CF, Mory R, Singer EJ, Stoner GL (1997). JC virus (JCV) genotypes in brain tissue from patients with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopa-thy (PML) and in urine from controls without PML: in-creased frequency of JCV type 2 in PML. J Infect Dis 176: 1–8.
  • Allsopp TE, Fazakerley JK (2000). Altruistic cell suicide and the specialized case of the virus-infected nervous system. Trends Neurosci 23: 284–290.
  • Altintas A, Cai ZL, Pease LR, Rodriguez M (1993). Differen-tial expression of H-2K and H-2D in the central-nervous-system of mice infected with Theilers virus. J Immunol 151: 2803–2812.
  • Amor S, Scallan MF, Morris MM, Dyson H, Fazakerley JK (1996). Role of immune responses in protection andpathogenesis during Semliki Forest virus encephalitis. J Gen Virol 77: 281–291.
  • Ascherio A, Munger KL, Lennette ET, Spiegelman D, Heman MA, Olek MJ, Hankinson SE, Hunter DJ (2001). Epstein-Barr virus antibodies and risk of mul-tiple sclerosis: a prospective study. JAMA 286: 3083–3088.
  • Astrom KE, Mancall EL, Richardson EP Jr (1958). Progres-sive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Brain 81: 93–111.
  • Aubert C, Chamorro M, Brahic M (1987). Identification of Theiler's virus infected cells in the central nervous sys-tem of the mouse during demyelinating disease. Microb Pathog 3: 319–326.
  • Azoulay-Cayla A, Syan S, Brahic M, Bureau JF (2001). Roles of the H-2D(b) and H-K(b) genes in resistance to persis-tent Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection of the central nervous system. J Gen Virol 82: 1043–1047.
  • Babbe H, Roers A, Waisman A, Lassmann H, Goebels N, Hohlfeld R, Friese M, Schroder R, Deckert M, Schmidt S, Ravid R, Rajewsky K (2000). Clonal expansions of CD8(±) T cells dominate the T cell infiltrate in active multiple sclerosis lesions as shown by micromanipu-lation and single cell polymerase chain reaction. I Exp Med 192: 393–404.
  • Baczko K, Liebert UG, Billeter M, Cattaneo R, Budka H, ter Meulen V (1986). Expression of defective measles virus genes in brain tissues of patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. J Virol 59: 472–478.
  • Balluz IM, Glasgow GM, Killen HM, Mabruk MJ, Sheahan BJ, Atkins GJ (1993). Virulent and avirulent strains of Semliki Forest virus show similar cell tropism for the murine central nervous system but differ in the severity and rate of induction of cytolytic damage. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 19: 233–239.
  • Barac-Latas V, Suchanek G, Breitschopf H, Stuehler A, Wege H, Lassmann H (1997). Patterns of oligodendrocyte pathology in coronavirus-induced subacute demyelinat-ing encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat. Glia 19: 1–12.
  • Barrett PN, Koschel K, Carter M, ter Meulen V (1985). Ef-fect of measles virus antibodies on a measles SSPE virus persistently infected C6 rat glioma cell line. J Gen Virol 66: 1411–1421.
  • Barrett PN, Sheahan BJ, Atkins GJ (1980). Isolation and pre-liminary characterization of Semliki Forest virus mu-tants with altered virulence. J Gen Virol 49: 141–147.
  • Begolka WS, Haynes LM, Olson JK, Padilla J, Neville KL, Dal Canto M, Palma J, Kim BS, Miller SD (2001). CD8-deficient SJL mice display enhanced susceptibility to Theiler's virus infection and increased demyelinating pathology. J Neuro Virol 7: 409–420.
  • Berger JR, Concha M (1995). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: the evolution of a disease once considered rare. J NeuroVirol 1: 5–18.
  • Bihl F, Penarossi C, Guenet JL, Brahic M, Bureau JF (1997). The shiverer mutation affects the persistence of Theiler's virus in the central nervous system. J Virol 71: 5025–5030.
  • Borrow P, Tonks P, Welsh CJR, Nash AA (1992). The role of CD8+ T cells in the acute and chronic phases of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced dis-ease in mice. J Gen Virol 73: 1861–1865.
  • Bouteille M, Fontaine C, Vedrenne CL, Delarue J (1965). Sur un cas d'encephalite subaigue a inclusions. Etude anato-moclinique et ultrastructurale. Rev Neurol 118: 454–458.
  • Brahic M, Stoop WG, Baringer JR (1981). Theiler's virus persists in glial cells during demyelinating disease. Cell 26: 123–128.
  • Brahic M, Bureau JK (1998). Genetics of susceptibil-ity to Theiler's virus infection. Bioessays 20: 627–633.
  • Buchmeier MJ, Lewicki HA, Talbot PJ, Knobler RL (1984). Murine hepatitis virus-4 (strain JHM)-induced neuro-logic disease is modulated in vivo by monoclonal an-tibody. Virology 132: 261–270.
  • Bureau JF, Montagutelli X, Bihl F, Lefebvre S, Guenet JL, Brahic M (1993). Mapping loci influencing the persis-tence of theilers virus in the murine central-nervous-system. Nat Genet 5: 87–91.
  • Cattaneo R, Rebmann G, Baczko K, ter Meulen V, Billeter MA (1987). Altered ratios of measles virus transcripts in diseased human brains. Virology 160: 523–526.
  • Cattaneo R, Schmid A, Eschle D, Baczko K, ter Meulen V, Billeter M (1988). Biased hypermutation and other genetic changes in defective measles viruses in human brain infections. Cell 55: 255–265.
  • Challoner PB, Smith KT, Parker JD, MacLeod DL, Coulter SN, Rose TM, Schultz ER, Bennett JL, Garber RL, Chang M (1995). Plaque-associated expression of human her-pesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 7440–7444.
  • Chen DS, Asanaka M, Yokomori K, Wang F, Hwang SB, Li HP, Lai MM (1995). A pregnancy-specific glycopro-tein is expressed in the brain and serves as a receptor for mouse hepatitis virus. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 92: 12095–12099.
  • Clatch RJ, Lipton HL, Miller SD (1987). Class II-restricted T cell responses in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease. II. Survey of host immune responses and central nervous system virus titers in inbred mouse strains. Microb Pathog 3: 327–337 .
  • Clatch RJ, Melvold RW, Miller SD, Lipton HL (1985). Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease in mice is influenced by the H-2D region: correlation with TEMV-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity. J Immunol 135: 1408–1414.
  • Compston A, Coles A (2002). Multiple sclerosis. Lancet 359: 1221–1231.
  • Connolly JH, Allen IV, Hurwitz LJ, Millar JHD (1967). Measles virus antibody and antigen in subacute scle-rosing panencephalitis. Lancet 1: 542–544.
  • Cook SD, Dowling PC (1977). A possible association be-tween house pets and multiple sclerosis. Lancet 1: 980–982.
  • DeLaTorre JC, Rall G, Oldstone C (1993). Replication of lym-phocytic choriomeningitis virus is restricted in termi-nally differentiated neurons. J Virol 67: 7350–7359.
  • Detels R, Brody JA, McNew J, Edgar AH (1973). Further epidemiological studies of subacute sclerosing panen-cephalitis. Lancet 2: 11–14.
  • Dethlefs S, Brahic M, Larsson-Sciard EL (1997). An early, abundant cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte response against Theiler's virus is critical for preventing viral persistence. J Virol 71: 8875–8878.
  • Donnelly SM, Sheahan BJ, Atkins GJ (1997). Long-term ef-fects of Semliki Forest virus infection in the mouse cen-tral nervous system. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 23: 235–241.
  • Liebert UG, Schneider-Schaulies S, Baczko K, ter Meulen V (1990). Antibody-induced restriction of viral gene ex-pression in measles encephalitis in rats. J Virol 64: 706–713.
  • Lin MT, Hinton DR, Parra B, Stohlman SA, Van Der Veen RC (1998a). The role of IL-10 in mouse hep-atitis virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Virology 245: 270–280.
  • Lin MT, Hinton DR, Stohlman SA (1998b). Mechanisms of viral clearance in perforin-deficient mice. Adv Exp Med Biol 440: 431–436.
  • Lin MT, Stohlman SA, Hinton DR (1997). Mouse hepaitis virus is cleared from the central nervous systems of mice lacking perforin-mediated cytolysis. J Virol 71: 383–391.
  • Lipton HL (1975). Theiler's virus infection in mice. An unusual biphasic disease process leading to demyeli-nation. Infect Immun 11: 1147–1155.
  • Lipton HL, Twaddle G, Jelachich ML (1995). The predom-inant virus-antigen burden is present in macrophages in theilers murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced de-myelinating disease. J Virol 69: 2525–2533.
  • Liu MT, Chen BP, Oertel P, Buchmeier MJ, Armstrong D, Hamilton TA, Lane TE (2000). The T cell chemoat-tractant IFN-inducible protein 10 is essential in host defense against viral-induced neurologic disease. J Immuno1165: 2327–2330.
  • Liu MT, Keirstead HS, Lane TE (2001). Neutralization of the chemokine CXCL10 reduces inflammatory cell invasion and demyelination and improves neurological function in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Immunol 167: 4091–4097.
  • Lucchinetti C, Bruck W, Parisi J, Scheithauer B, Rodriguez M, Lassmann H (2000). Heterogeneity of multiple scle-rosis lesions: implications for the pathogenesis of de-myelination. Ann Neurol 47: 707–717.
  • Manchester M, Rall GF (2001). Model Systems: transgenic mouse models for measles pathogenesis. Trends Micro-biol 9: 19–23.
  • Matthews AE, Lavi E, Weiss SR, Paterson Y (2002). Neither B cells nor T cells are required for CNS demyelination in mice persistently infected with MHV-A59. J NeuroVirol 8: 257–264 .
  • McQuaid S, Allen IV, McMahon J, Kirk J (1994). Associ-ation of measles virus with neurofibrillary tangles in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: a combined in situ hybridization and i=unocytochemical investigation. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 20: 103–110.
  • McQuaid S, McMahon J, Herron B, Cosby SL (1997). Apop-tosis in measles virus-infected human central nervous system tissues. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 23: 218–224.
  • Mehta PD, Thormar H, Kulczycki J, Wisniewski HM (1994). Immune response in subacute sclerosing panencephali-tis. Ann NY Acad Sci 724: 378–384.
  • Melvold RW, Jokinen DM, Knobler RL, Lipton HL (1987). Variations in genetic control of susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-induced demyelinating disease. J Immunol 138: 1429–1433.
  • Melvold RW, Jokinen DM, Miller SD, Dal Canto MC, Lipton HL (1990). Identification of a locus on mouse chromo-some 3 involved in differential susceptibility to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelinating disease. J Virol 64: 686–690.
  • Miller CA, Carrigan DR (1982). Reversible repression and activation of measles virus infection in neural cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1629–1633.
  • Miller SD, Vanderlugt CL, Begolka WS, Pao W, Yauch RL, Neville KL, KatzLevy Y, Carrizosa A, Kim BS (1997). Persistent infection with Theiler's virus leads to CNS autoi=unity via epitope spreading. Nat Med 3: 1133–1136.
  • Modlin JF, Jabbour JT, Witte JJ, Halsey NA (1977). Epidemi-ologic studies of measles, measles vaccine, and sub-acute sclerosing panencephalitis. Pediatrics 59: 505–512.
  • Morris MM, Dyson H, Baker D, Harbige LS, Fazakerley JK, Amor S (1997). Characterization of the cellular and cy-tokine response in the central nervous system following Semliki Forest virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 74: 185–197.
  • Murphy FA (1977). Rabies pathogenesis. Arch Virol 54: 279–297.
  • Murray PD, McGavern DB, Lin X, Njenga MK, Leibowitz J, Pease LR, Rodriguez M (1998). Perforin-dependent neurologic injury in a viral model of multiple sclerosis. J Neurosci 18: 7306–7314.
  • Murray RS, Brown B, Brian D, Cabirac GF (1992a). Detec-tion of coronavirus RNA and antigen in multiple sclero-sis brain. Ann Neurol 31: 525–533.
  • Murray RS, Cai GY, Hoel K, Zhang JY, Soike KF, Cabirac GF (1992b). Coronavirus infects and causes demyelination in primate central nervous system. Virology 188: 274–284.
  • Nagano I, Nakamura S, Yoshioka M, Kogure K (1991). Im-munocytochemical analysis of the cellular infiltrate in brain lesions in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Neurology 41: 1639–1642.
  • Naniche D, Varior-Krishnan G, Cervoni F, Wild TF, Rossi B, Rabourdin-Combe C, Gerlier D (1993). Human mem-brane cofactor protein (CD46) acts as a cellular receptor for measles virus. J Virol 67: 6025–6032.
  • Neville KL, Padilla J, Miller SD (2002). Myelin-specific tol-erance attenuates the progression of a virus-induced de-myelinating disease: implications for the treatment of MS. J Neuroimmunol 123: 18–29.
  • Ogura H, Baczko K, Rima BK, ter Meulen V (1987). Selective inhibition of translation of the mRNA coding for measles virus membrane protein at elevated temperatures. J Virol 61: 472–479.
  • Ogura H, Rima BK, Tas P, Baczko K, ter Meulen V (1988). Re-stricted synthesis of the fusion protein of measles virus at elevated temperatures. J Gen Virol 69: 925–929.
  • Oksenberg JR, Baranzini SE, Barcellos LF, Hauser SL (2001). Multiple sclerosis: genomic rewards. J Neuroimmunol 113: 171–184.
  • Oldstone MB (1987). Molecular mimicry and autoimmune disease. Cell 50: 819–820.
  • Oldstone MB, Buchmeier MJ (1982). Restricted expression of viral glycoprotein in cells of persistently infected mice. Nature 300: 360–362.
  • Oldstone MB, Lewicki H, Thomas D, Tishon A, Dales S, Patterson J, Manchester M, Homann D, Naniche D, Holz A (1999). Measles virus infection in a transgenic model: virus-induced immunosuppression and central nervous system disease. Cell 98: 629–640.
  • Olerup O, Hillert J (1991). HLA class II-associated genetic susceptibility in multiple sclerosis: a critical evaluation. Tissue Antigens 38: 1–15.
  • Palma JP, Lee HG, Mohindru M, Kang BS, Dal Canto M, Miller SD, Kim BS (2001). Enhanced susceptibil-ity to Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease in perforin-deficient mice. J Neuroimmunol 116: 125–135.
  • Panitch HS, Hirsch RL, Haley AS, Johnson KP (1987). Ex-acerbations of multiple sclerosis in patients treated with gamma interferon. Lancet 1: 893–895.
  • Parra B, Hinton DR, Marten NW, Bergmann CC, Lin MT, Yang CS, Stohlman SA (1999). IFN-gamma is required for viral clearance from central nervous system oligo-dendroglia. J Immunol 162: 1641–1647.
  • Parra B, Lin MT, Stohlman SA, Bergmann CC, Atkinson R, Hinton DR (2000). Contributions of Fas-Fas ligand interactions to the pathogenesis of mouse hepatitis virus in the central nervous system. J Virol 74: 2447–2450.
  • Parsons LM, Webb HE (1982). Blood brain barrier distur-bance and immunoglobulin G levels in the cerebrospinal fluid of the mouse following peripheral infection with the demyelinating strain of Semliki Forest virus. J Neurol Sci 57: 307–318.
  • Parsons LM, Webb HE (1984). Specific immunoglobulin G in serum and cerebrospinal fluid of mice infected with the demyelinating strain of Semliki Forest virus. Microbios Lett 25: 135–140.
  • Parsons LM, Webb HE (1989). Identification of immunoglobulin-containing cells in the central nerv-ous system of the mouse following infection with the demyelinating strain of Semliki Forest virus. Br J Exp Pathol 70: 247–255.
  • Patterson JB, Manchester M, Oldstone MB (2001). Disease model: dissecting the pathogenesis of the measles virus. Trends Mol Med 7: 85–88.
  • Paula-Barbosa MM, Cruz C (1981). Nerve cell fusion in a case of subacute sclerosing panencephalitis. Ann Neurol 9: 400–403.
  • Pearce BD, Hobbs MV, McGraw TS, Buchmeier MJ (1994). Cytoking induction during T-cell-mediated clearance of mouse hepatitis from neurons in vivo. J Virol 68: 5483–5495.
  • Perlman S, Jacobsen G, Afifi A (1989). Spread of a neu-rotropic murine coronavirus into the CNS via the trigem-inal and olfactory nerves. Virology 170: 556–560.
  • Perlman S, Ries D (1987). The astrocyte is a target cell in mice persistently infected with mouse hepatitis virus, strain JHM. Microb Patho 3: 309–314.
  • Perron H, Garson A, Bedin F, Beseme F, Paranhos-Baccala G, Komurian-Pradel F, Mallet F, Tuke PW, Voisset C, Blond JL, Lalande B, Seigneurin JM, Mandrand B, and the Collaborative Research Group on Multiple Sclerosis (1997). Molecular identification of a novel retrovirus re-peatedly isolated from patients with multiple sclerosis. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA 94: 7583–7588.
  • Pewe L, Wu GF, Barnett EM, Castro RF, Perlman S (1996). Cytotoxic T cell-resistant variants are selected in a virus-induced demyelinating disease. Immunity 5: 253–262.
  • Pope JG, Karpus WJ, Vanderlugt C, Miller SD (1996). Flow cytometric and functional analyses of central ner-vous system-infiltrating cells in SJL/J mice with Theil-ers virus-induced demyelinating disease-evidence for a CD4(±) T-cell-mediated pathology. J Immunol 156: 4050–4058.
  • Power C, Gladden JG, Halliday W, Del Bigio MR, Nath A, Ni W, Major EO, Blanchard J, Mowat M (2000). AIDS-and non-AIDS-related PML association with distinct p53 polymorphism. Neurology 54: 743–746.
  • Pullen LC, Miller SD, Dalcanto MC, Kim BS (1993). Class-I-deficient resistant mice intracerebrally inoculated with theiler virus show an increased T-cell response to viral-antigens and susceptibility to demyelination. Eur J Immunol 23: 2287–2293.
  • Pusztai R, Gould E, Smith H (1971). Infection pattern in mice of an avirulent and virulent strain of Semliki Forest virus. Br J Exp Pathol 52: 669–677.
  • Rall GF, Manchester M, Daniels LR, Callahan EM, Belman AR, Oldstone MB (1997). A transgenic mouse model for measles virus infection of the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 94: 4659–4663.
  • Ramakrishna C, Stohlman SA, Atkinson RD, Shlomchik MJ, Bergmann CC (2002). Mechanisms of central ner-vous system viral persistence: the critical role of anti-body and B cells. J Immunol 168: 1204–1211.
  • Redwine JM, Buchmeier MJ, Evans CF (2001). In vivo ex-pression of major histocompatibility complex molecules on oligodendrocytes and neurons during viral infection. Am J Pathol 159: 1219–1224.
  • Rivera-Quinones C, McGavem D, Schmelzer JD, Hunter SF, Low PA, Rodriguez M (1998). Absence of neurological deficits following extensive demyelination in a class I-deficient murine model of multiple sclerosis. Nat Med 4: 187–193.
  • Rodriguez M, David CS (1985). Demyelination induced by Theilers virus-influence of the H-2 haplotype. J Immunol 135: 2145–2148.
  • Rodriguez M, Dunkel AJ, Thiemann RL, Leibowitz J, Zijlstra M, Jaenisch R (1993). Abrogation of resistance to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination in H-2b mice deficient in beta 2-microglobulin. J Immunol 151: 266–276.
  • Rodriguez M, Leibowitz JL, Lampert PW (1983). Persistent infection of oligodendrocytes in Theiler's virus induced encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 13: 426–433.
  • Rossi CP, McAllister A, Tanguy M, Kagi D, Brahic M (1998). Theiler's virus infection of perforin-deficient mice. J Virol 72: 4515–4519.
  • Schmidbauer M, Budka H, Shah KV (1990). Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in AIDS and in the pre-AIDS era. A neuropathological comparison us-ing immunocytochemistry and in situ DNA hybridiza-tion for virus detection. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 80: 375–380.
  • Schneider-Schaulies J, Niewiesk S, Schneider-Schaulies S, ter Meulen V (1999). Measles virus in the CNS: the role of viral and host factors for the establishment and mainte-nance of a persistent infection. J NeuroVirol 5: 613–622.
  • Schneider-Schaulies S, Liebert UG, Baczko K, Cattaneo R, Billeter M, ter Meulen V (1989). Restriction of measles virus gene expression in acute and subacute encephalitis of Lewis rats. Virology 171: 525–534.
  • Schneider-Schaulies S, Liebert UG, Segev Y, Rager-Zisman B, Wolfson M, ter Meulen V (1992). Antibody-dependent transcriptional regulation of measles virus in persis-tently infected neural cells. J Virol 66: 5534–5541.
  • Schneider-Schaulies S, Schneider-Schaulies J, Dunster LM, ter Meulen V (1995). Measles virus gene expression in neural cells. Curr Top Microbic)] Immunol 191: 101–116.
  • Schneider-Schaulies S, Schneider-Schaulies J, Schuster A, Bayer M, Pavlovic J, ter Meulen V (1994). Celltype-specific MxA-mediated inhibition of measles virus transcription in human brain cells. J Virol 68: 6910–6917.
  • Simas JP, Fazakerley JK (1996). The course of disease and persistence of virus in the central nervous system varies between individual CBA mice infected with the BeAn strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. J Gen Virol 77: 2701–2711.
  • SoiluHanninen M, Eralinna JP, Hukkanen V, Roytta M, Salmi AA, Salonen R (1994). Semliki-Forest virus in-fects mouse-brain endothelial-cells and causes blood-brain-barrier damage. J Virol 68: 6291–6298.
  • SoiluHanninen M, Roytta M, Salmi AA, Salonen R (1997). Semliki Forest virus infection leads to increased expres-sion of adhesion molecules on splenic T-cells and on brain vascular endothelium. J NeuroVirol 3: 350–360.
  • Sriram S, Stratton CW, Yao S, Tharp A, Ding L, Barman JD, Mitchell WM (1999). Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 46: 6–14.
  • Stewart JN, Mounir S, Talbot PJ (1992). Human coron-avirus gene expression in the brains of multiple sclerosis patients. Virology 191: 502–505.
  • Stohlman SA, Bergmann CC, Van Der Veen RC, Hinton DR (1995a). Mouse hepatitis virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes protect from lethal infection without elim-inating virus from the central nervous system. J Virol 69: 684–694.
  • Stohlman SA, Hinton DR, Cua D, Dimacali E, Sensintaffar J, Hofrnan FM, Tahara SM, Yao Q (1995b). Tumor necrosis factor expression during mouse hepatitis virus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis. J Virol 69: 5898–5903.
  • Stohlman SA, Matsushima GK, Casteel N, Weiner LP (1986). In vivo effects of coronavirus-specific T cell clones: DTH inducer cells prevent a lethal infection but do not inhibit virus replication. J Immunol 136: 3052–3056.
  • Stohlman SA, Weiner LP (1981). Chronic central nervous system demyelination in mice after JHM virus infection. Neurology 31: 38–44.
  • Subak-Sharpe I, Dyson H, Fazakerley JK (1993). In vivo de-pletion of CD8+ T cells prevents lesions of demyelina-tion in Semliki Forest virus infection. J Virol 67: 7629–7633.
  • Suckling AJ, Pathak S, Jagelman S, Webb HE (1978). Virus associated demyelination: a model using avirulent Semliki Forest virus infection of mice. J Neurol Sci 36: 147–154.
  • Sun N, Perlman S (1995). Spread of a neurotropic coron-avirus to spinal cord white matter via neurons and as-trocytes. J Virol 69: 633–641.
  • Tada H, Rappaport J, Lashgari M, Amini S, Wong-Staal F, Khalili K (1990). Trans-activation of the JC virus late promoter by the tat protein of type 1 human immunode-ficiency virus in glial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3479–3483.
  • Takahashi K, Goto N, Matsubara Y, Fujiwara K (1987). Postinfla=atory remyelination in the spinal cord of mice infected with mouse hepatitis virus, JHM strain. Jpn J Exp Med 57: 145–151.
  • Talbot PJ, Paquette JS, Ciurli C, Antel JP, Ouellet F (1996). Myelin basic protein and human coronavirus 229E cross-reactive T cells in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 39: 233–240.
  • Tatsuo H, Ono N, Tanaka K, Yanagi Y (2000). SLAM (CDw150) is a cellular receptor for measles virus. Nature 406: 893–897.
  • ter Meulen V, Koprowski H, Iwasaki Y, Kackell YM, Muller D (1972). Fusion of cultured multiple-sclerosis brain cells with indicator cells: Presence of nucleocapsids and virions and isolation of parainfluenza-type virus. Lancet 2: 1–15.
  • Theiler M (1934). Spontaneous encephalomyelitis of mice-a new virus disease. Science 80: 122–123.
  • Tomatore C, Berger JR, Houff SA, Curfrnan B, Meyers K, Winfield D, Major EO (1992). Detection of JC virus DNA in peripheral lymphocytes from patients with and with-out progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Ann Neurol 31: 454–462.
  • Tourtellotte WW, Parker JA, Herndon RM, Cuadros CV (1968). Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: brain i=unoglobulin-G, measles antibody and albumin. Neurology 18: 117–121.
  • Tremain KE, Ikeda H (1983). Physiological deficits in the visual system of mice infected with Semliki Forest virus and their correlation with those seen in patients with demyelinating disease. Brain 106: 879–895.
  • Trottier M, Schlitt BP, Lipton HL (2002). Enhanced de-tection of Theiler's virus RNA copy equivalents in the mouse central nervous system by real-time RT-PCR. J Virol Methods 103: 89–99.
  • Tuittila MT, Santagati MG, Roytta M, Maatta JA, Hinkkanen AE (2000). Replicase complex genes of Semliki Forest virus confer lethal neurovirulence. J Virol 74: 4579–4589.
  • Urbanska EM, Chambers BJ, Ljunggren HG, Norrby E, Kristensson K (1997). Spread of measles virus through axonal pathways into limbic structures in the brain of TAP1 -/- mice. J Med Virol 52: 362–369.
  • van Oosten BW, Barkhof F, Truyen L, Boringa JB, Bertelsmann FW, von Blomberg BM, Woody JN, Hartung HP, Polman CH (1996). Increased MRI activity and immune activation in two multiple sclerosis patients treated with the monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody cA2. Neurology 47: 1531–1534.
  • van Oosten BW, Lai M, Hodgkinson S, Barkhof F, Miller DH, Moseley IF, Thompson AJ, Rudge P, McDougall A, McLeod JG, Ader HJ, Polman CH (1997). Treatment of multiple sclerosis with the monoclonal anti-CD4 antibody cM-T412: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, MR-monitored phase II trial. Neurology 49: 351–357.
  • Walker DL (1978). Progressive multifocal leukoen-cephalopathy: An opportunistic viral infection of the central nervous system. In Handbook of Clinical Neu-rology. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 307–329.
  • Wang Fl, Hinton DR, Gilmore W, Trousdale MD, Fleming JO (1992). Sequential infection of glial cells by the murine hepatitis virus JHM strain (MHV-4) leads to a characteristic distribution of demyelination. Lab Invest 66: 744–754.
  • Watanabe R, Wege H, ter Meulen V (1983). Adoptive trans-fer of EAE-like lesions from rats with coronavirus-induced demyelinating encephalomyelitis. Nature 305: 150–153.
  • Watanabe R, Wege H, ter Meulen V (1987). Comparative analysis of coronavirus JHM-induced demyelinating en-cephalomyelitis in Lewis and Brown Norway rats. Lab Invest 57: 375–384.
  • Weber T, Trebst C, Frye S, Cinque P, Vago L, Sindic CJ, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Kretzschmar HA, Enzensberger W, Hunsmann G, Luke W (1997). Analysis of the systemic and intrathecal humoral immune response in progres-sive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. J Infect Dis 176: 250–254.
  • Weber T, Weber F, Petry H, Luke W (2001). Immune re-sponse in progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: an overview. J NeuroVirol 7: 311–317.
  • White FA, Ishaq M, Stoner GL, Frisque RJ (1992). JC virus DNA is present in many human brain samples from patients without progressive multifocal leukoen-cephalopathy. J Virol 66: 5726–5734.
  • Williams RK, Jiang GS, Holmes KV (1991). Purifica-tion of the 110-kilodalton glycoprotein receptor for mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)-A59 from mouse liver and identification of a nonfunctional homologous pro-tein in MHV-resistant SJL/J mice. J Virol 64: 3817–3823.
  • Woyciechowska JL, Trapp BD, Patrick DH, Shekarchi IC, Leinikki PO, Sever JL, Holmes KV (1984). Acute and subacute demyelination induced by mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 in C3H mice. J Exp Pathol 1: 295–306.
  • Wu GF, Dandekar AA, Pewe L, Perlman S (2000). CD4 and CD8 T cells have redundant but not identical roles in virus-induced demyelination. J Immunol 165: 2278–2286.
  • Wu GF, Perlman S (1999). Macrophage infiltration, but not apoptosis, is correlated with immune-mediated de-myelination following murine infection with a neu-rotropic coronavirus. J Virol 73: 8771–8780.
  • Wucherpfennig KW, Strominger JL (1995). Molecular mimicry in T cell-mediated autoi=unity: viral pep-tides activate human T cell clones specific for myelin basic protein. Cell 80: 695–705.
  • Xue S, Sun N, van Rooijen N, Perlman S (1999). Depletion of blood-borne macrophages does not reduce demyeli-nation in mice infected with a neurotropic coronavirus. J Virol 73: 6327–6334.
  • Yamaguchi K, Goto N, Kyuwa S, Hayami M, Toyoda Y (1991). Protection of mice from a lethal coronavirus in-fection in the central nervous system by adoptive trans-fer of virus-specific T cell clones. J Neuroimmunol 32: 1–9.
  • Yoshikawa Y, Yamanouchi K (1984). Effect of papaverine treatment on replication of measles virus in human neu-ral and nonneural cells. J Virol 50: 489–496.
  • Zheng L, Calenoff MA, Dal Canto MC (2001). Astrocytes, not microglia, are the main cells responsible for viral persistence in Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection leading to demyelination. J Neuroimmunol 118: 256–267.
  • ZuRhein GM, Chou SM (1965). Particles resembling pa-povaviruses in human cerebral demyelinating disease. Science 148: 1477–1479.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.