References
- Ahmed R, Ahmed Q A, Adhami N A, Memish Z A. Varicella pneumonia: another “steroid responsive” pneumonia?. J Chemother 2002; 14: 220–222, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters J R, Hilgenfeld R. Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science 2003; 300: 1763–1767, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Arbour N, Cote G, Lachance C, Tardieu M, Cashman N R, Talbot P J. Acute and persistent infection of human neural cell lines by human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 1999a; 73: 3338–3350, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Arbour N, Ekande S, Cote G, Lachance C, Chagnon F, Tardieu M, Cashman N R, Talbot P J. Persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229E. J Virol 1999b; 73: 3326–3337, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ahmed R, Ahmed Q A, Adhami N A, Memish Z A. Varicella pneumonia: another “steroid responsive” pneumonia?. J Chemother 2002; 14: 220–222, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Anand K, Ziebuhr J, Wadhwani P, Mesters J R, Hilgenfeld R. Coronavirus main proteinase (3CLpro) structure: basis for design of anti-SARS drugs. Science 2003; 300: 1763–1767, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Arbour N, Cote G, Lachance C, Tardieu M, Cashman N R, Talbot P J. Acute and persistent infection of human neural cell lines by human coronavirus OC43. J Virol 1999a; 73: 3338–3350, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Arbour N, Ekande S, Cote G, Lachance C, Chagnon F, Tardieu M, Cashman N R, Talbot P J. Persistent infection of human oligodendrocytic and neuroglial cell lines by human coronavirus 229E. J Virol 1999b; 73: 3326–3337, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Arbour N, Talbot P J. Persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440: 575–581, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Arbour N, Talbot P J. Persistent infection of neural cell lines by human coronaviruses. Adv Exp Med Biol 1998; 440: 575–581, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Auyeung T W, Lee J S, Lai W K, Choi C H, Lee H K, Lee J S, Li P C, Lok K H, Ng Y Y, Wong W M, Yeung Y M. The use of corticosteroid as treatment in SARS was associated with adverse outcomes: a retrospective cohort study. J Infect 2005; 51: 98–102, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Babcock G J, Esshaki D J, Thomas W D, Jr, Ambrosino D M. Amino acids 270 to 510 of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein are required for interaction with receptor. J Virol 2004; 78: 4552–4560, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Bisht H, Roberts A, Vogel L, Bukreyev A, Collins P L, Murphy B R, Subbarao K, Moss B. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein expressed by attenuated vaccinia virus protectively immunizes mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 6641–6646, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Campanacci V, Egloff M P, Longhi S, Ferron F, Rancurel C, Salomoni A, Durousseau C, Tocque F, Bremond N, Dobbe J C, Snijder E J, Canard B, Cambillau C. Structural genomics of the SARS coronavirus: cloning, expression, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of the Nsp9 protein. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr 2003; 59: 1628–1631, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chan K C, Tang N L, Hui D S, Chung G T, Wu A K, Chim S S, Chiu R W, Lee N, Choi K W, Sung Y M, Chan P K, Tong Y K, Lai S T, Yu W C, Tsang O, Lo Y M. Absence of association between angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism and development of adult respiratory distress syndrome in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a case control study. BMC Infect Dis 2005; 5: 26–31, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chan K S, Zheng J P, Mok Y W, Li Y M, Liu Y N, Chu C M, Ip M S. SARS: prognosis, outcome and sequelae. Respirology 2003; 8: S36–S40, Suppl[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chau T N, Lee K C, Yao H, Tsang T Y, Chow T C, Yeung Y C, Choi K W, Tso Y K, Lau T, Lai S T, Lai C L. SARS-associated viral hepatitis caused by a novel coronavirus: report of three cases. Hepatology 2004; 39: 302–310, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Cheng V C, Hung I F, Tang B S, Chu C M, Wong M M, Chan K H, Wu A K, Tse D M, Chan K S, Zheng B J, Peiris J S, Sung J J, Yuen K Y. Viral replication in the nasopharynx is associated with diarrhea in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2004; 38: 467–475, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- The Chinese SARS Molecular Epidemiology Consortium. Molecular evolution of the SARS coronavirus during the course of the SARS epidemic in China. Science 2004; 303: 1666–1669, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chou K C, Wei D Q, Zhong W Z. Binding mechanism of coronavirus main proteinase with ligands and its implication to drug design against SARS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 308: 148–151, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Chow K Y, Lee C E, Ling M L, Heng D M, Yap S G. Outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in a tertiary hospital in Singapore, linked to an index patient with atypical presentation: epidemiological study. BMJ 2004; 328: 195, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Christian M D, Loufty M, McDonald L C, Martinez K F, Ofner M, Wong T, Wallington T, Gold W L, Mederski B, Green K, Low D E. SARS Investigation Team Possible SARS coronavirus transmission during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 287–293, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Chu C M, Cheng V C, Hung I F, Wong M M, Chan K H, Chan K S, Kao F LY, Poon L L, Wong C L, Guan Y, Peiris J S, Yuen K Y, HKU/UCH SARS Study Group. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax 2004; 59: 252–256, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr H W. Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. Lancet 2003a; 361: 2045–2046, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr H W. Treatment of SARS with human interferons. Lancet 2003b; 362: 293–294, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Cook J K, Darbyshire J H, Peters R W. The use of chicken tracheal organ cultures for the isolation and assay of avian infectious bronchitis virus. Arch Virol 1976; 50: 109–118, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Cui W, Fan Y, Wu W, Zhang F, Wang J Y, Ni A P. Expression of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 37: 857–859, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ding Y, Wang H, Shen H, Li Z, Geng J, Han H, Cai J, Li X, Kang W, Weng D, Lu Y, Wu D, He L, Yao K. The clinical pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a report from China. J Pathol 2003; 200: 282–289, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Drosten C, Gunther S, Preiser W, van der Werf S, Brodt H R, Becker S, Rabenau H, Panning M, Kolesnikova L, Fouchier R A, Berger A, Burguiere A M, Cinatl J, Eickmann M, Escriou N, Grywna K, Kramme S, Manuguerra J C, Muller S, Rickerts V, Sturmer M, Vieth S, Klenk H D, Osterhaus A D, Schmitz H, Doerr H W. Identification of a novel coronavirus in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1967–1976, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Duan S M, Zhao X S, Wen R F, Huang J J, Pi G H, Zhang S X, Han J, Bi S L, Ruan L, Dong X P. SARS Research Team Stability of SARS coronavirus in human specimens and environment and its sensitivity to heating and UV irradiation. Biomed Environ Sci 2003; 16: 246–255, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Egloff M P, Ferron F, Campanacci V, Longhi S, Rancurel C, Dutartre H, Snijder E J, Gorbalenya A E, Cambillau C, Canard B. The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus replicative protein nsp9 is a single-stranded RNA-binding subunit unique in the RNA virus world. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 3792–3796, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Eickmann M, Becker S, Klenk H D, Doerr H W, Stadler K, Censini S, Guidotti S, Masignani V, Scarselli M, Mora M, Donati C, Han J H, Song H C, Abrignani S, Covacci A, Rappuoli R. Phylogeny of the SARS coronavirus. Science 2003; 302: 1504–1505, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Fouchier R A, Hartwig N G, Bestebroer T M, Niemeyer B, De Jong J C, Simon J H, Osterhaus A D. A previously undescribed coronavirus associated with respiratory disease in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 6212–6216, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Franks T J, Chong P Y, Chui P, Galvin J R, Lourens R M, Reid A H, Selbs E, McEvoy C P, Hay den C D, Fukuoka J, Taubenberger J K, Travis W D. Lung pathology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS): a study of 8 autopsy cases from Singapore. Hum Pathol 2003; 34: 743–748, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gillim-Ross L, Taylor J, Scholl D R, Ridenour J, Masters P S, Wentworth D E. Discovery of novel human and animal cells infected by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus by replication-specific multiplex reverse transcription-PCR. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 3196–3206, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Gramberg T, Hofmann H, Moller P, Lalor P F, Marzi A, Geier M, Krumbiegel M, Winkler T, Kirchhoff F, Adams D H, Becker S, Munch J, Pohlmann S. LSECtin interacts with filovirus glycoproteins and the spike protein of SARS coronavirus. Virology 2005, In press[CSA]
- Greaves I A, Colebatch H J, Torda T A. A possible role for corticosteroids in the treatment of influenzal pneumonia. Aust NZJ Med 1981; 11: 271–276, [CSA]
- Greenough T C, Carville A, Coderre J, Somasundaran M, Sullivan J L, Luzuriaga K, Mansfield K. Pneumonitis and multi-organ system disease in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) infected with the severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus. Am J Pathol 2005; 167: 455–463, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Guan Y, Peiris J S, Zheng B, Poon L L, Chan K H, Zeng F Y, Chan C W, Chan M N, Chen J D, Chow K Y, Hon C C, Hui K H, Li J, Li V Y, Wang Y, Leung S W, Yuen K Y, Leung F C. Molecular epidemiology of the novel coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2004; 363: 99–104, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Guan Y, Zheng B J, He Y Q, Liu X L, Zhuang Z X, Cheung C L, Luo S W, Li P H, Zhang L J, Guan Y J, Butt K M, Wong K L, Chan K W, Lim W, Shortridge K F, Yuen K Y, Peiris J S, Poon L L. Isolation and characterization of viruses related to the SARS coronavirus from animals in southern China. Science 2003; 302: 276–278, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Haagmans B L, Kuiken T, Martina B E, Fouchier R A, Rimmelzwaan G F, van Amerongen G, van Riel D, de Jong T, Itamura S, Chan K H, Tashiro M, Osterhaus A D. Pegylated interferon-alpha protects type 1 pneumocytes against SARS coronavirus infection in macaques. Nat Med 2004; 10: 290–293, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hamano E, Hijikata M, Itoyama S, Quy T, Phi N C, Long H T, Ha le D, Ban V V, Matsushita I, Yanai H, Kirikae F, Kirikae T, Kuratsuji T, Sasazuki T, Keicho N. Polymorphisms of interferon-inducible genes OAS-1 and MxA associated with SARS in the Vietnamese population. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 329: 1234–1239, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis M L, Lely A T, Navis G J, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Pathol 2004; 203: 631–637, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- He M L, Zheng B, Peng Y, Peiris J S, Poon L L, Yuen K Y, Lin M C, Kung H F, Guan Y. Inhibition of SARS-associated coronavirus infection and replication by RNA interference. JAMA 2003; 290: 2665–2666, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Hensley L E, Fritz L E, Jahrling P B, Karp C L, Huggins J W, Geisbert T W. Interferon-beta 1 a and SARS coronavirus replication. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 317–319, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ho P L, Tang X P, Seto W H. SARS: hospital infection control and admission strategies. Respirology 2003; 8: S41–S45, Suppl[PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Holmes K V. Coronaviruses. Fields virology, D M Knipe, P M Howley. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2001; 1187–1203
- Hung I FN, Cheng V CC, Wu A KL, Tang B SF, Chan K H, Chu C M, Wong M ML, Hui W T, Poon L LM, Tse D MW, Chan K S, Woo P CY, Lau S KP, Peiris J SM, Yuen K Y. Viral loads in clinical specimens and SARS manifestations. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1550–1557, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, Huan Y, Guo F, Guan B, Yang P, Sarao R, Wada T, Leong-Poi H, Crackower M A, Fukamizu A, Hui C C, Hein L, Uhlig S, Slutsky A S, Jiang C, Penninger J M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature 2005; 436: 112–116, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Itoyama S, Keicho N, Quy T, Phi N C, Long H T, Ha le D, Ban V V, Ohashi J, Hijikata M, Matsushita I, Kawana A, Yanai H, Kirikae T, Kuratsuji T, Sasazuki T. ACE1 polymorphism and progression of SARS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 323: 1124–1129, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Itoyama S, Keicho N, Hijikata M, Quy T, Phi N C, Long H T, Ha le D, Ban V V, Matsushita I, Yanai H, Kirikae F, Kirikae T, Kuratsuji T, Sasazuki T. Identification of an alternative 5′-untranslated exon and new polymorphisms of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 gene: lack of association with SARS in the Vietnamese population. Am J Med Genet 2005; 136A: 52–57, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Jackwood M W, Hilt D A, Callison S A, Lee C W, Plaza H, Wade E. Spike glycoprotein cleavage recognition site analysis of infectious bronchitis virus. Avian Dis 2001; 45: 366–372, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jeffers S A, Tusell S M, Gillim-Ross L, Hemmila E M, Achenbach J E, Babcock G J, Thomas W D, Jr, Thackray L B, Young M D, Mason R J, Ambrosino D M, Wentworth D E, Demartini J C, Holmes K V. CD209L (L-SIGN) is a receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 15748–15753, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Jones B M, Ma E S, Peiris J S, Wong P C, Ho J C, Lam B, Lai K N, Tsang K W. Prolonged disturbances of in vitro cytokine production in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) treated with ribavirin and steroids. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 135: 467–473, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kim T W, Lee J H, Hung C F, Peng S, Roden R, Wang M C, Viscidi R, Tsai Y C, He L, Chen P J, Boyd D A, Wu T C. Generation and characterization of DNA vaccines targeting the nucleocapsid protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. J Virol 2004; 78: 4638–4645, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kliger Y, Levanon E Y. Cloaked similarity between HIV-1 and SARS-CoV suggests an anti-SARS strategy. BMC Microbiol 2003; 3: 20, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Krempl C, Schultze B, Herrler G. Analysis of cellular receptors for human coronavirus OC43. Adv Exp Med Biol 1995; 380: 371–374, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ksiazek T G, Erdman D, Goldsmith C S, Zaki S R, Peret T, Emery S, Tong S, Urbani C, Comer J A, Lim W, Rollin P E, Dowell S F, Ling A E, Humphrey C D, Shieh W J, Guarner J, Paddock C D, Rota P, Fields B, De Risi J, Yang J Y, Cox N, Hughes J M, Le Duc J W, Bellini W J, Anderson L J, SARS Working Group. A novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1953–1966, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, Gao H, Guo F, Guan B, Huan Y, Yang P, Zhang Y, Deng W, Bao L, Zhang B, Liu G, Wang Z, Chappell M, Liu Y, Zheng D, Leibbrandt A, Wada T, Slutsky A S, Liu D, Qin C, Jiang C, Penninger J M. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med 2005; 11: 875–879, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kuiken T, Fouchier R A, Schutten M, Rimmelzwaan G F, van Amerongen G, van Riel D, Laman J D, de Jong T, van Doornum G, Lim W, Ling A E, Chan P K, Tarn J S, Zambon M C, Gopal R, Drosten C, van der Werf S, Escriou N, Manuguerra J C, Stohr K, Peiris J S, Osterhaus A D. Newly discovered coronavirus as the primary cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003; 362: 263–270, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Kunkel F, Herrler G. Structural and functional analysis of the surface protein of human coronavirus OC43. Virology 1993; 195: 195–202, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lau K K, Yu W C, Chu C M, Lau S T, Sheng B, Yuen K Y. Possible central nervous system infection by SARS coronavirus. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 342–344, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lau S K, Che X Y, Woo P C, Wong B H, Cheng V C, Woo G K, Hung I F, Poon R W, Chan K H, Peiris J S, Yuen K Y. SARS coronavirus detection methods. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1108–1111, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lee H K, Tso E Y, Chau T N, Tsang O T, Choi K W, Lai T S. Asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Emerg Infect Dis 2003a; 9: 1491–1492, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt G M, Ahuja A, Yung M Y, Leung C B, To K F, Lui S F, Szeto C C, Chung S, Sung J J. A major outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003b; 348: 1986–1994, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Leung W K, To K F, Chan P K, Chan H L, Wu A K, Lee N, Yuen K Y, Sung J J. Enteric involvement of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus infection. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 1011–1017, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Li L, Wo J, Shao J, Zhu H, Wu N, Li M, Yao H, Hu M, Dennin R H. SARS-coronavirus replicates in mononuclear cells of peripheral blood (PBMCs) from SARS patients. J Clin Virol 2003a; 28: 239–244, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Li S S, Cheng C W, Fu C L, Chan Y H, Lee M P, Chan J W, Yiu S F. Left ventricular performance in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome: a 30-day echocardiographic follow-up study. Circulation 2003b; 108: 1798–1803, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Li T, Qiu Z, Zhang L, Han Y, He W, Liu Z, Ma X, Fan H, Lu W, Xie J, Wang H, Deng G, Wang A. Significant changes of peripheral T lymphocyte subsets in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 648–651, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Li W, Moore M J, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong S K, Berne M A, Somasundaran M, Sullivan J L, Luzuriaga K, Greenough T C, Choe H, Farzan M. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003c; 426: 450–454, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lim P L, Kurup A, Gopalakrishna G, Chan K P, Wong C W, Ng L C, Se-Thoe S Y, Oon L, Bai X, Stanton L W, Ruan Y, Miller L D, Vega V B, James L, Ooi P L, Kai C S, Olsen S J, Ang B, Leo Y S. Laboratory-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1740–1745, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lin M, Tseng H K, Trejaut J A, Lee H L, Loo J H, Chu C C, Chen P J, Su Y W, Lim K H, Tsai Z U, Lin R Y, Lin R S, Huang C H. Association of HLA class I with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. BMC Med Genet 2003; 4: 9, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Lin Y S, Lin C F, Fang Y T, Kuo Y M, Liao P C, Yeh T M, Hwa K Y, Shieh C C, Yen J H, Wang H J, Su I J, Lei H Y. Antibody to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus spike protein domain 2 cross-reacts with lung epithelial cells and causes cytotoxicity. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141: 500–508, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Liu S, Xiao G, Chen Y, He Y, Niu J, Escalante C R, Xiong H, Farmar J, Debnath A K, Tien P, Jiang S. Interaction between heptad repeat 1 and 2 regions in spike protein of SARS-associated coronavirus: implications for virus fusogenic mechanism and identification of fusion inhibitors. Lancet 2004; 363: 938–947, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Loutfy M R, Blatt L M, Siminovitch K A, Ward S, Wolff B, Lho H, Pham D H, Deif H, La Mere E A, Chang M, Kain K C, Farcas G A, Ferguson P, Latchford M, Levy G, Dennis J W, Lai E K, Fish E N. Interferon alfacon-1 plus corticosteroids in severe acute respiratory syndrome: a preliminary study. JAMA 2003; 290: 3222–3228, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Martina B E, Haagmans B L, Kuiken T, Fouchier R A, Rimmelzwaan G F, Van Amerongen G, Peiris J S, Lim W, Osterhaus A D. SARS virus infection of cats and ferrets. Nature 2003; 425: 915, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Miguel B, Pharr G T, Wang C. The role of feline aminopeptidase N as a receptor for infectious bronchitis virus. Arch Virol 2002; 147: 2047–2056, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Morgenstern B, Michaelis M, Baer P C, Doerr H W, Cinatl J, Jr. Ribavirin and interferon-beta synergistically inhibit SARS-associated coronavirus replication in animal and human cell lines. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 326: 905–908, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Mounir S, Talbot P J. Molecular characterization of the S protein gene of human coronavirus OC43. J Gen Virol 1993; 74: 1981–1987, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Ng S K. Possible role of an animal vector in the SARS outbreak at Amoy Gardens. Lancet 2003; 362: 570–572, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Ng M H, Lau K M, Li L, Cheng S H, Chan W Y, Hui P K, Zee B, Leung C B, Sung J J. Association of human-leukocyte-antigen class I (B*0703) and class II (DRB1*0301) genotypes with susceptibility and resistance to the development of severe acute respiratory syndrome. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 515–518, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Nicholls J M, Poon L L, Lee K C, Ng W F, Lai S T, Leung C Y, Chu C M, Hui P K, Mak K L, Lim W, Yan K W, Chan K H, Tsang N C, Guan Y, Yuen K Y, Peiris J S. Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003; 361: 1773–1778, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Orellana C. Laboratory-acquired SARS raises worries on biosafety. Lancet Infect Dis 2004; 4: 64, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Otsuki K, Noro K, Yamamoto H, Tsubokura M. Studies on avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). II. Propagation of IBV in several cultured cells. Arch Virol 1979; 60: 115–122, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Peiris J S, Chu C M, Cheng V C, Chan K S, Hung I F, Poon L L, Law K I, Tang B S, Hon T Y, Chan C S, Chan K H, Ng J S, Zheng B J, Ng W L, Lai R W, Guan Y, Yuen K Y, HKU/UCH SARS Study Group. Clinical progression and viral load in a community outbreak of coronavirus-associated SARS pneumonia: a prospective study. Lancet 2003a; 361: 1767–1772, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Peiris J S, Lai S T, Poon L L, Guan Y, Yam L Y, Lim W, Nicholls J, Yee W K, Yan W W, Cheung M T, Cheng V C, Chan K H, Tsang D N, Yung R W, Ng T K, Yuen K Y, SARS study group. Coronavirus as a possible cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome. Lancet 2003b; 361: 1319–1325, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Poon L L, Chan K H, Wong O K, Yam W C, Yuen K Y, Guan Y, Lo Y M, Peiris J S. Early diagnosis of SARS coronavirus infection by real time RT-PCR. J Clin Virol 2003; 28: 233–238, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rabenau H F, Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Preiser W, Doerr H W. Stability and inactivation of SARS coronavirus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2005; 194: 1–6, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rest J S, Mindell D P. SARS associated coronavirus has a recombinant polymerase and coronaviruses have a history of host-shifting. Infect Genet Evol 2003; 3: 219–225, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Roberts A, Vogel L, Guarner J, Hayes N, Murphy B, Zaki S, Subbarao K. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection of golden Syrian hamsters. J Virol 2005; 79: 503–511, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Rota P A, Oberste M S, Monroe S S, Nix W A, Campagnoli R, Icenogle J P, Penaranda S, Bankamp B, Maher K, Chen M H, Tong S, Tamin A, Lowe L, Frace M, De Risi J L, Chen Q, Wang D, Erdman D D, Peret T C, Burns C, Ksiazek T G, Rollin P E, Sanchez A, Liffick S, Holloway B, Limor J, McCaustland K, Olsen-Rasmussen M, Fouchier R, Gunther S, Osterhaus A D, Drosten C, Pallansch M A, Anderson L J, Bellini W J. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 2003; 300: 1394–1399, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Seto W H, Tsang D, Yung R W, Ching T Y, Ng T K, Ho M, Ho L M, Peiris J S. Advisors of Expert SARS group of Hospital Authority Effectiveness of precautions against droplets and contact in prevention of nosocomial transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Lancet 2003; 361: 1519–1520, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Simmons G, Reeves J D, Rennekamp A J, Amberg S M, Piefer A J, Bates P. Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) spike glycoprotein-mediated viral entry. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 4240–4245, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sizun J, Yu M W, Talbot P J. Survival of human coronaviruses 229E and OC43 in suspension and after drying on surfaces: a possible source of hospital-acquired infections. J Hosp Infect 2000; 46: 55–60, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Snijder E J, Bredenbeek P J, Dobbe J C, Thiel V, Ziebuhr J, Poon L L, Guan Y, Rozanov M, Spaan W J, Gorbalenya A E. Unique and conserved features of genome and proteome of SARS-coronavirus, an early split-off from the coronavirus group 2 lineage. J Mol Biol 2003; 331: 991–1004, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Stroher U, Di Caro A, Li Y, Strong J E, Aoki F, Plummer F, Jones S M, Feldmann H. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus is inhibited by interferon-alpha. J Infect Dis 2004; 189: 1164–1167, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Subbarao K, McAuliffe J, Vogel L, Fahle G, Fischer S, Tatti K, Packard M, Shieh W J, Zaki S, Murphy B. Prior infection and passive transfer of neutralizing antibody prevent replication of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus in the respiratory tract of mice. J Virol 2004; 78: 3572–3577, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Sui J, Li W, Murakami A, Tamin A, Matthews L J, Wong S K, Moore M J, Tallarico A S, Olurinde M, Choe H, Anderson L J, Bellini W J, Farzan M, Marasco W A. Potent neutralization of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus by a human mAb to S1 protein that blocks receptor association. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 2536–2541, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Tan E LC, Ooi E E, Lin C Y, Tan H C, Ling A E, Lim B, Stanton L W. Inhibition of SARS coronavirus infection in vitro with clinically approved antiviral drugs. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 581–586, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tanner J A, Watt R M, Chai Y B, Lu L Y, Lin M C, Peiris J S, Poon L L, Kung H F, Huang J D. The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus NTPase/helicase belongs to a distinct class of 5′ to 3′ viral helicases. J Biol Chem 2003; 278: 39578–39582, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- To K F, Tong J H, Chan P K, Au F W, Chim S S, Chan K C, Cheung J L, Liu E Y, Tse G M, Lo A W, Lo Y M, Ng H K. Tissue and cellular tropism of the coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome: an in-situ hybridization study of fatal cases. J Pathol 2004; 202: 157–163, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Towler P, Staker B, Prasad S G, Menon S, Tang J, Parsons T, Ryan D, Fisher M, Williams D, Dales N A, Patane M A, Pantoliano M W. ACE2 X-ray structures reveal a large hinge-bending motion important for inhibitor binding and catalysis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279: 17996–18007, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Tsang K W, Ho P L, Ooi G C, Yee W K, Wang T, Chan-Yeung M, Lam W K, Seto W H, Yam L Y, Cheung T M, Wong P C, Lam B, Ip M S, Chan J, Yuen K Y, Lai K N. A cluster of cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1977–1985, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Tseng C T, Perrone L A, Zhu H, Makino S, Peters C J. Severe acute respiratory syndrome and the innate immune responses: modulation of effector cell function without productive infection. J Immunol 2005; 174: 7977–7985, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- van d er, Hoek L, Pyre K, Jebbink M F, Vermeulen-Oost W, Berkhout P J, Wolthers K C, Wertheim-Van Dillen P M, Kaandorp J, Spaargaren J, Berkhout B. Identification of a new human coronavirus. Nat Med 2004; 10: 368–373, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Varia M, Wilson S, Sarwal S, McGeer A, Gournis E, Galanis E, Henry B. Hospital Outbreak Investigation Team Investigation of a nosocomial outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Toronto, Canada. CMAJ 2003; 19: 285–292, [CSA]
- von Grotthuss M, Wyrwicz L S, Rychlewski L. mRNA cap-1 methyltransferase in the SARS genome. Cell 2003; 113: 701–702, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wang H, Ding Y, Li X, Yang L, Zhang W, Kang W. Fatal aspergillosis in a patient with SARS who was treated with corticosteroids. N Engl J Med 2003a; 349: 507–508, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wang J L, Wang J T, Yu C J, Chen Y C, Hsueh P R, Hsiao C H, Kao C L, Chang S C, Yang P C. Rhabdomyolysis associated with probable SARS. Am J Med 2003b; 15: 421–422, [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wang P, Chen J, Zheng A, Nie Y, Shi X, Wang W, Wang G, Luo M, Liu H, Tan L, Song X, Wang Z, Yin X, Qu X, Wang X, Qing T, Ding M, Deng H. Expression cloning of functional receptor used by SARS coronavirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004a; 315: 439–444, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Weingartl H, Czub M, Czub S, Neufeld J, Marszal P, Gren J, Smith G, Jones S, Proulx R, Deschambault Y, Grudeski E, Andonov A, He R, Li Y, Copps J, Grolla A, Dick D, Berry J, Ganske S, Manning L, Cao J. Immunization with modified vaccinia virus Ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets. J Virol 2004; 78: 12672–12676, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wong C K, Lam C W, Wu A K, Ip W K, Lee N L, Chan I H, Lit L C, Hui D S, Chan M H, Chung S S, Sung J J. Plasma inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in severe acute respiratory syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 136: 95–103, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Wong K C, Leung K S, Hui M. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in a geriatric patient with a hip fracture. A case report. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003; 85-A: 1339–1342, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Woo P C, Lau S K, Chu C M, Chan K H, Tsoi H W, Huang Y, Wong B H, Poon R W, Cai J J, Luk W K, Poon L L, Wong S S, Guan Y, Peiris J S, Yuen K Y. Characterization and complete genome sequence of a novel coronavirus, coronavirus HKU1, from patients with pneumonia. J Virol 2005; 79: 884–895, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Woo P C, Lau S K, Tsoi H W, Chan K H, Wong B H, Che X Y, Tam V K, Tam S C, Cheng V C, Hung I F, Wong S S, Zheng B J, Guan Y, Yuen K Y. Relative rates of non-pneumonic SARS coronavirus infection and SARS coronavirus pneumonia. Lancet 2004; 363: 841–845, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- World Health Organization Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. 2003a, http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/
- World Health Organization Consensus document on the epidemiology of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). 2003b
- World Health Organization First data on stability and resistance of SARS coronavirus compiled by members of WHO laboratory network. 2003c, http://www.who.int/csr/sars/survival_2003_05_04/en/
- World Health Organization. SARS situation update 5. 2004, httptp://www.who.int/csr/don/2004_04_30/en/
- Wu E B, Sung J J. Haemorrhagic-fever-like changes and normal chest radiograph in a doctor with SARS. Lancet 2003; 361: 1520–1521, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Xiong B, Gui C S, Xu X Y, Luo C, Chen J, Luo H B, Chen L L, Li G W, Sun T, Yu C Y, Yue L D, Duan W H, Shen J K, Qin L, Shi T L, Li Y X, Chen K X, Luo X M, Shen X, Shen J H, Jiang H L. A 3D model of SARS-CoV 3CL proteinase and its inhibitors design by virtual screening. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2003; 24: 497–504, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Xu X, Liu Y, Weiss S, Arnold E, Sarafianos S G, Ding J. Molecular model of SARS coronavirus polymerase: implications for biochemical functions and drug design. Nucleic Acids Res 2003; 31: 7117–7130, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yamashita M, Yamate M, Li G M, Ikuta K. Susceptibility of human and rat neural cell lines to infection by SARS-coronavirus. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334: 79–85, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yang H, Yang M, Ding Y, Liu Y, Lou Z, Zhou Z, Sun L, Mo L, Ye S, Pang H, Gao G F, Anand K, Bartlam M, Hilgenfeld R, Rao Z. The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 13190–13195, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yang Z Y, Huang Y, Ganesh L, Leung K, Kong W P, Schwartz O, Subbarao K, Nabel G J. pH-dependent entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus is mediated by the spike glycoprotein and enhanced by dendritic cell transfer through DC-SIGN. J Virol 2004; 78: 5642–5650, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yao Y X, Ren J, Heinen P, Zambon M, Jones I M. Cleavage and serum reactivity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein. J Infect Dis 2004; 190: 91–98, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yeager C L, Ashmun R A, Williams R K, Cardellichio C B, Shapiro L H, Look A T, Holmes K V. Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E. Nature 1992; 357: 420–402, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yeh S H, Wang H Y, Tsai C Y, Kao C L, Yang J Y, Liu H W, Su I J, Tsai S F, Chen D S, Chen P J. National Taiwan University SARS Research Team Characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus genomes in Taiwan: molecular epidemiology and genome evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101: 2542–2547, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yount B, Curtis K M, Fritz E A, Hensley L E, Jahrling P B, Prentice E, Denison M R, Geisbert T W, Baric R S. Reverse genetics with a full-length infectious cDNA of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100: 12995–13000, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Yu I T, Li Y, Wong T W, Tarn W, Chan A T, Lee J H, Leung D Y, Ho T. Evidence of airborne transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome virus. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1731–1739, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Zeng F, Chow K Y, Hon C C, Law K M, Yip C W, Chan K H, Peiris J S, Leung F C. Characterization of humoral responses in mice immunized with plasmid DNAs encoding SARS-CoV spike gene fragments. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315: 1134–1139, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Zhang X M, Kousoulas K G, Storz J. The hemagglutinin/esterase gene of human coronavirus strain OC43: phylogenetic relationships to bovine and murine coronaviruses and influenza C virus. Virology 1992; 186: 318–323, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Zhang Y, Li T, Fu L, Yu C, Li Y, Xu X, Wang Y, Ning H, Zhang S, Chen W, Babiuk L A, Chang Z. Silencing SARS-CoV Spike protein expression in cultured cells by RNA interference. FEBS Lett 2004a; 560: 141–146, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]
- Zhang Z, Wang F S, Zhao M, Liu J C, Xu D P, Jin L, Chen J M, Wang M, Chu F L. Characterization of peripheral dendritic cell subsets and its implication in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Zhonghna Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004b; 84: 22–26, [CSA]
- Zheng B J, Wong K H, Zhou J, Wong K L, Young B W, Lu L W, Lee S S. SARS-related virus predating SARS outbreak, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 176–178, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA]
- Zhong N S, Zheng B J, Li Y M, Poon, Xie Z H, Chan K H, Li P H, Tan S Y, Chang Q, Xie J P, Liu X Q, Xu J, Li D X, Yuen K Y, Peiris, Guan Y. Epidemiology and cause of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Guangdong, People's Republic of China, in February, 2003. Lancet 2003; 362: 1353–1358, [PUBMED], [INFOTRIEVE], [CSA], [CROSSREF]