Publication Cover
Neurocase
Behavior, Cognition and Neuroscience
Volume 15, 2009 - Issue 4
216
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

The emergence of cognitive discrepancies in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A six-year case study

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 278-293 | Received 20 Aug 2008, Accepted 19 Dec 2008, Published online: 30 Jun 2009

REFERENCES

  • Ahmed , S. , Arnold , R. , Thompson , S. A. , Graham , K. S. and Hodges , J. R. 2008 . Naming of objects, faces and buildings in mild cognitive impairment . Cortex , 44 ( 6 ) : 746 – 752 .
  • Akaike , A. 2006 . Preclinical evidence of neuroprotection by cholinesterase inhibitors . Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders , 20 ( 2 Suppl. 1 ) : S8 – 11 .
  • Albert , M. S. , Duffy , F. H. and McAnulty , G. B. 1990 . Electrophysiologic comparisons between two groups of patients with Alzheimer's disease . Archives of Neurology , 47 ( 8 ) : 857 – 863 .
  • Albert , M. , Blacker , D. , Moss , M. B. , Tanzi , R. and McArdle , J. J. 2007 . Longitudinal change in cognitive performance among individuals with mild cognitive impairment . Neuropsychology , 21 ( 2 ) : 158 – 169 .
  • Allain , H. , Bentue-Ferrer , D. , Gandon , J.-M. , Le Doze , F. and Belliard , S. 1997 . Drugs used in Alzheimer's disease and neuroplasticity . Clinical Therapeutics: The International Peer-Reviewed Journal of Drug Therapy , 19 ( 1 ) : 4 – 15 .
  • Andrews-Hanna , J. R. , Snyder , A. Z. , Vincent , J. L. , Lustig , C. , Head , D. , Raichle , M. E. and Buckner , R. L. 2007 . Disruption of large-scale brain systems in advanced aging . Neuron , 56 ( 5 ) : 924 – 935 .
  • Backman , L. , Jones , S. , Berger , A. K. , Laukka , E. J. and Small , B. J. 2004 . Multiple cognitive deficits during the transition to Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Internal Medicine , 256 ( 3 ) : 195 – 204 .
  • Bigler , E. D. , Tate , D. F. , Miller , M. J. , Rice , S. A. , Hessel , C. D. Earl , H. D. 2002 . Dementia, asymmetry of temporal lobe structures, and Apolipoprotein E genotype: Relationships to cerebral atrophy and neuropsychological impairment . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 8 ( 7 ) : 925 – 933 .
  • Bisiacchi , P. S. , Borella , E. , Bergamaschi , S. , Carretti , B. and Mondini , S. 2008 . Interplay between memory and executive functions in normal and pathological aging . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 30 ( 6 ) : 723 – 733 .
  • Bondi , M. W. , Jak , A. J. , Delano-Wood , L. , Jacobson , M. W. , Delis , D. C. and Salmon , D. P. 2008 . Neuropsychological contributions to the early identification of Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychology Review , 18 ( 1 ) : 73 – 90 .
  • Chelune , G. J. , Holdnack , J. and Levy , J. 2006 . Education effects and base-rate information for the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (DKEFS) fluency measures . Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , 21 : B45
  • Chen , P. , Ratcliff , G. , Belle , S. H. , Cauley , J. A. , DeKosky , S. T. and Ganguli , M. 2000 . Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain nondemented . Neurology , 55 ( 12 ) : 1847 – 1853 .
  • Chen , P. , Ratcliff , G. , Belle , S. H. , Cauley , J. A. , DeKosky , S. T. and Ganguli , M. 2001 . Patterns of cognitive decline in presymptomatic Alzheimer disease: A prospective community study . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 ( 9 ) : 853 – 858 .
  • Cherry , B. J. , Buckwalter , J. G. and Henderson , V. W. 2002 . Better preservation of memory span relative to supraspan immediate recall in Alzheimer's disease . Neuropsychologia , 40 ( 7 ) : 846 – 852 .
  • Corder , E. H. , Saunders , A. M. , Strittmatter , W. J. , Schmechel , D. E. , Gaskell , P. C. Small , G. W. 1993 . Gene dose of apolipoprotein E type 4 allele and the risk of Alzheimer's disease in late onset families . Science , 261 ( 5123 ) : 921 – 923 .
  • Crawford , J. R. and Garthwaite , P. H. 2005 . Testing for suspected impairments and dissociations in single-case studies in neuropsychology: Evaluation of alternatives using Monte Carlo simulations and revised tests for dissociations . Neuropsychology , 19 ( 3 ) : 318 – 331 .
  • Crawford , J. R. , Garthwaite , P. H. and Gault , C. B. 2007 . Estimating the percentage of the population with abnormally low scores (or abnormally large score differences) on standardized neuropsychological test batteries: A generic method with applications . Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 419 – 430 .
  • Crawford , J. R. , Sutherland , D. and Garthwaite , P. H. 2008 . On the reliability and standard errors of measurement of contrast measures from the D-KEFS . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 14 ( 6 ) : 1069 – 1073 .
  • Delis , D. and Kaplan , E. 2001 . Manual for the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System , San Antonio, TX : Psychological Corporation .
  • Delis , D. C. , Massman , P. J. , Butters , N. Salmon , D. P. 1992 . Spatial cognition in Alzheimer's disease: Subtypes of global-local impairment . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 14 ( 4 ) : 463 – 477 .
  • Demadura , T. , Delis , D. C. , Jacobson , M. and Salmon , D. 2001 . Do subgroups of patients with Alzheimer's disease exhibit asymmetric deficits on memory tests? . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 23 ( 2 ) : 164 – 171 .
  • Donders , J. 2006 . Performance discrepancies on the California Verbal Learning Test – Second Edition (CVLT-II) in the standardization sample . Psychological Assessment , 18 ( 4 ) : 458 – 463 .
  • Dori , G. A. and Chelune , G. J. 2004 . Education-stratified base-rate information on discrepancy scores within and between the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Third Edition and the Wechsler Memory Scale – Third Edition . Psychological Assessment , 16 ( 2 ) : 146 – 154 .
  • Dubois , B. , Feldman , H. H. , Jacova , C. , Dekosky , S. T. , Barberger-Gateau , P. Cummings , J. 2007 . Research criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Revising the NINCDS-ADRDA criteria . Lancet Neurology , 6 ( 8 ) : 734 – 746 .
  • Finton , M. J. , Lucas , J. A. , Rippeth , J. D. , Bohac , D. L. , Smith , G. E. , Ivnik , R. J. , Petersen , R. C. and Graff-Radford , N. R. 2003 . Cognitive asymmetries associated with apolipoprotein E genotype in patients with Alzheimer's disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 9 ( 5 ) : 751 – 759 .
  • Franceschi , M. , Alberoni , M. , Bressi , S. , Canal , N. , Comi , G. , Fazio , F. , Grassi , F. , Perani , D. and Volonte , M. A. 1995 . Correlations between cognitive impairment, middle cerebral artery flow velocity and cortical glucose metabolism in the early phase of Alzheimer's disease . Dementia , 6 ( 1 ) : 32 – 38 .
  • Giovannetti , T. , Bettcher , B. M. , Libon , D. J. , Brennan , L. , Sestito , N. and Kessler , R. K. 2007 . Environmental adaptations improve everyday action performance in Alzheimer's disease: Empirical support from performance-based assessment . Neuropsychology , 21 ( 4 ) : 448 – 457 .
  • Godbolt , A. K. , Cipolotti , L. , Anderson , V. M. , Archer , H. , Janssen , J. C. Price , S. 2005 . A decade of pre-diagnostic assessment in a case of familial Alzheimer's disease: Tracking progression from asymptomatic to MCI and dementia . Neurocase , 11 ( 1 ) : 56 – 64 .
  • Goldman , W. P. , Price , J. L. , Storandt , M. , Grant , E. A. , McKeel , D. W. Jr , Rubin , E. H. and Morris , J. C. 2001 . Absence of cognitive impairment or decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease . Neurology , 56 ( 3 ) : 361 – 367 .
  • Greenwood , P. M. , Sunderland , T. , Friz , J. L. and Parasuraman , R. 2000 . Genetics and visual attention: Selective deficits in healthy adult carriers of the epsilon 4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 97 ( 21 ) : 11661 – 11666 .
  • Hawkins , K. A. and Tulsky , D. S. 2001 . The influence of IQ stratification on WAIS-III/WMS-III FSIQ-general memory index discrepancy base-rates in the standardization sample . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 ( 7 ) : 875 – 880 .
  • Haxby , J. V. , Grady , C. L. , Koss , E. , Horwitz , B. , Heston , L. Schapiro , M. 1990 . Longitudinal study of cerebral metabolic asymmetries and associated neuropsychological patterns in early dementia of the Alzheimer type . Archives of Neurology , 47 ( 7 ) : 753 – 760 .
  • Hickman , S. E. , Howieson , D. B. , Dame , A. , Sexton , G. and Kaye , J. 2000 . Longitudinal analysis of the effects of the aging process on neuropsychological test performance in the healthy young-old and oldest-old . Developmental Neuropsychology , 17 ( 3 ) : 323 – 337 .
  • Houston , W. S. , Delis , D. C. , Lansing , A. , Jacobson , M. W. , Cobell , K. R. , Salmon , D. P. and Bondi , M. W. 2005 . Executive function asymmetry in older adults genetically at-risk for Alzheimer's disease: Verbal versus design fluency . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 11 ( 7 ) : 863 – 870 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Lucas , J. A. , Petersen , R. C. , Boeve , B. F. , Kokmen , E. and Tangalos , E. G. 1999 . Testing normal older people three or four times at 1- to 2-year intervals: Defining normal variance . Neuropsychology , 13 ( 1 ) : 121 – 127 .
  • Ivnik , R. J. , Smith , G. E. , Petersen , R. C. , Boeve , B. F. , Kokmen , E. and Tangalos , E. G. 2000 . Diagnostic accuracy of four approaches to interpreting neuropsychological test data . Neuropsychology , 14 ( 2 ) : 163 – 177 .
  • Jacobson , M. W. , Delis , D. C. , Bondi , M. W. and Salmon , D. P. 2002 . Do neuropsychological tests detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Individual-test versus cognitive-discrepancy score analyses . Neuropsychology , 16 ( 2 ) : 132 – 139 .
  • Jacobson , M. W. , Delis , D. C. , Bondi , M. W. and Salmon , D. P . 2005a . Asymmetry in auditory and spatial attention span in normal elderly genetically at risk for Alzheimer's disease . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 2 ) : 240 – 253 .
  • Jacobson , M. W. , Delis , D. C. , Lansing , A. , Houston , W. , Olsen , R. Wetter , S. 2005b . Asymmetries in global-local processing ability in elderly people with the apolipoprotein e-epsilon4 allele . Neuropsychology , 19 ( 6 ) : 822 – 829 .
  • Kaplan , E. , Goodglass , H. and Weintraub , S. 1983 . The Boston Naming Test , Philadelphia, PA : Lea and Febiger .
  • Kramer , J. H. , Nelson , A. , Johnson , J. K. , Yaffe , K. , Glenn , S. , Rosen , H. J. and Miller , B. L. 2006 . Multiple cognitive deficits in amnestic mild cognitive impairment . Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders , 22 ( 4 ) : 306 – 311 .
  • Lange , R. T. and Chelune , G. J. 2006 . Application of new WAIS-III/WMS-III discrepancy scores for evaluating memory functioning: Relationship between intellectual and memory ability . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 28 ( 4 ) : 592 – 604 .
  • Lange , R. T. , Chelune , G. J. and Tulsky , D. S. 2006 . Development of WAIS-III General Ability Index Minus WMS-III memory discrepancy scores . Clinical Neuropsychology , 20 ( 3 ) : 382 – 395 .
  • Lopez , O. L. , Becker , J. T. , Jagust , W. J. , Fitzpatrick , A. , Carlson , M. C. DeKosky , S. T. 2006 . Neuropsychological characteristics of mild cognitive impairment subgroups . Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry , 77 ( 2 ) : 159 – 165 .
  • Mariani , E. , Monastero , R. and Mecocci , P. 2007 . Mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review . Journal of Alzheimer's Disease , 12 ( 1 ) : 23 – 35 .
  • Martin , A. 1990 . “ Neuropsychology of Alzheimer's disease: The case for subgroups ” . In Modular deficits in Alzheimer-type dementia. Issues in the biology of language and cognition , Edited by: Schwartz , M. F. 143 – 175 . Cambridge, MA : The MIT Press .
  • Massman , P. J. and Doody , R. S. 1996 . Hemispheric asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease is apparent in motor functioning . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 18 ( 1 ) : 110 – 121 .
  • Miguel-Hidalgo , J. J. , Alvarez , X. A. , Cacabelos , R. and Quack , G. 2002 . Neuroprotection by memantine against neurodegeneration induced by beta-amyloid(1–40) . Brain Research , 958 ( 1 ) : 210 – 221 .
  • Mitrushina , M. and Satz , P. 1991 . Effect of repeated administration of a neuropsychological battery in the elderly . Journal of Clinical Psychology , 47 ( 6 ) : 790 – 801 .
  • Morrison , R. S. , Chichin , E. , Carter , J. , Burack , O. , Lantz , M. and Meier , D. E. 2005 . The effect of a social work intervention to enhance advance care planning documentation in the nursing home . Journal of American Geriatric Society , 53 ( 2 ) : 290 – 294 .
  • Orsini , A. , Trojano , L. , Chiacchio , L. and Grossi , D. 1988 . Immediate memory spans in dementia . Perceptual & Motor Skills , 67 ( 1 ) : 267 – 272 .
  • Paolo , A. M. , Troester , A. I. and Ryan , J. J. 1997 . California Verbal Learning Test: Normative data for the elderly . Journal of Clinical & Experimental Neuropsychology , 19 ( 2 ) : 220 – 234 .
  • Parasuraman , R. and Martin , A. 1994 . Cognition in Alzheimer's disease: Disorders of attention and semantic knowledge . Current Opinion in Neurobiology , 4 ( 2 ) : 237 – 244 .
  • Petersen , R. C. 2004 . Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity . Journal of Internal Medicine , 256 ( 3 ) : 183 – 194 .
  • Potter , G. G. and Steffens , D. C. 2007 . Contribution of depression to cognitive impairment and dementia in older adults . Neurologist , 13 ( 3 ) : 105 – 117 .
  • Riis , J. L. , Chong , H. , Ryan , K. K. , Wolk , D. A. , Rentz , D. M. , Holcomb , P. J. and Daffner , K. R. 2008 . Compensatory neural activity distinguishes different patterns of normal cognitive aging . Neuroimage , 39 ( 1 ) : 441 – 454 .
  • Russell , E. W . 1975 . A multiple scoring method for the assessment of complex memory functions . Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology , 43 : 800 – 809 .
  • Salmon , D. P. , Thomas , R. G. , Pay , M. M. , Booth , A. , Hofstetter , C. R. Thal , L. J. 2002 . Alzheimer's Disease can be accurately diagnosed in very mildly impaired individuals . Neurology , 59 ( 7 ) : 1022 – 1028 .
  • Schultz , M. R. , Lyons , M. J. , Franz , C. E. , Grant , M. D. , Boake , C. Jacobson , K. C. 2008 . Apolipoprotein E genotype and memory in the sixth decade of life . Neurology , 70 ( 19 Pt 2 ) : 1771 – 1777 .
  • Small , B. J. and Backman , L. 2007 . Longitudinal trajectories of cognitive change in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: A growth mixture modeling analysis . Cortex , 43 ( 7 ) : 826 – 834 .
  • Small , B. J. , Fratiglioni , L. and Backman , L. 2001 . Canaries in a coal mine: Cognitive markers of preclinical Alzheimer disease . Archives of General Psychiatry , 58 ( 9 ) : 859 – 860 .
  • Smith , G. E. , Pankratz , V. S. , Negash , S. , Machulda , M. M. , Petersen , R. C. Boeve , B. F. 2007 . A plateau in pre-Alzheimer memory decline: Evidence for compensatory mechanisms? . Neurology , 69 ( 2 ) : 133 – 139 .
  • Soininen , H. S. , Partanen , K. , Pitkaenen , A. Vainio , P. 1994 . Volumetric MRI analysis of the amygdala and the hippocampus in subjects with age-associated memory impairment: Correlation to visual and verbal memory . Neurology , 44 ( 9 ) : 1660 – 1668 .
  • Storandt , M. , Grant , E. A. , Miller , J. P. and Morris , J. C. 2006 . Longitudinal course and neuropathologic outcomes in original vs revised MCI and in pre-MCI . Neurology , 67 ( 3 ) : 467 – 473 .
  • Strite , D. , Massman , P. J. , Cooke , N. and Doody , R. S. 1997 . Neuropsychological asymmetry in Alzheimer's disease: Verbal versus visuoconstructional deficits across stages of dementia . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 3 ( 5 ) : 420 – 427 .
  • Theisen , M. E. , Rapport , L. J. , Axelrod , B. N. and Brines , D. B. 1998 . Effects of practice in repeated administrations of the Wechsler Memory Scale Revised in normal adults . Assessment , 5 ( 1 ) : 85 – 92 .
  • Troster , A. I. 2008 . Neuropsychological characteristics of dementia with Lewy bodies and Parkinson's disease with dementia: Differentiation, early detection, and implications for ‘mild cognitive impairment’ and biomarkers . Neuropsychology Review , 18 ( 1 ) : 103 – 119 .
  • Tuokko , H. , Garrett , D. D. , McDowell , I. , Silverberg , N. and Kristjansson , B. 2003 . Cognitive decline in high-functioning older adults: Reserve or ascertainment bias? . Aging and Mental Health , 7 ( 4 ) : 259 – 270 .
  • Twamley , E. W. , Ropacki , S. A. and Bondi , M. W. 2006 . Neuropsychological and neuroimaging changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 12 ( 5 ) : 707 – 735 .
  • Vajda , F. J. 2002 . Neuroprotection and neurodegenerative disease . Journal of Clinical Neurosciences , 9 ( 1 ) : 4 – 8 .
  • van Norden , A. G. , Fick , W. F. , de Laat , K. F. , van Uden , I. W. , van Oudheusden , L. J. Tendolkar , I. 2008 . Subjective cognitive failures and hippocampal volume in elderly with white matter lesions . Neurology , 71 ( 15 ) : 1152 – 1159 .
  • Wechsler , D. 1981 . Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised , San Antonio, TX : The Psychological Corporation .
  • Wetter , S. R. , Delis , D. C. , Houston , W. S. , Jacobson , M. W. , Lansing , A. Cobell , K. 2005 . Deficits in inhibition and flexibility are associated with the APOE-E4 allele in nondemented older adults . Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , 27 ( 8 ) : 943 – 952 .
  • Wetter , S. R. , Delis , D. C. , Houston , W. S. , Jacobson , M. W. , Lansing , A. Cobell , K. 2006 . Heterogeneity in verbal memory: A marker of preclinical Alzheimer's disease? . Neuropsychology, Development and Cognition. Section B, Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition , 13 ( 3–4 ) : 503 – 515 .
  • Wilde , N. , Strauss , E. , Chelune , G. J. , Loring , D. W. , Martin , R. C. Hermann , B. P. 2001 . WMS-III performance in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy: Group differences and individual classification . Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society , 7 ( 7 ) : 881 – 891 .
  • Woods , S. P. , Scott , J. C. , Conover , E. , Marcotte , T. D. , Heaton , R. K. and Grant , I. 2005 . Test-retest reliability of component process variables within the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised . Assessment , 12 ( 1 ) : 96 – 100 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.