Gender and Ethnic Differences in the Co-occurrence of Adolescent Risk Behaviors

References

• Alexander , C. S. , Kim , Y. J. , Ensminger , M. E. , Johnson , K. E. , Smith , B. J. and Dolan , L. J. 1990 . ‘A measure of risk taking for young adolescents: reliability and validity of assessments’ . Journal of Youth & Adolescence , 19 ( 6 ) : 559 – 569 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachman , J. G. , Wadsworth , K. N. , O'Malley , P. M. , Johston , L. D. and Schulenberg , J. 1997 . Smoking, Drinking and Drug Use in Young Adulthood: The Impacts of New Freedoms and New Responsibilities , Mahwah, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates .
   Google Scholar
• Brenner , N. D. and Collins , J. L. 1998 . ‘Co-occurrence of health-risk behaviors among adolescents in the United States’ . Journal of Adolescent Health , 22 ( 3 ) : 209 – 213 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brody , G. H. , Murry , V. M. , Gerrard , M. , Gibbons , F. X. , Molgaard , V. , McNair , L. , Brown , A. C. , Wills , T. A. , Spoth , R. L. , Luo , Z. P. , Chen , Y. F. and Neubaum-Carlan , E. 2004 . ‘The strong African American families program: translating research into prevention programming’ . Child Development , 75 ( 3 ) : 900 – 917 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brofenbrenner , U. 1979 . The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design , Cambridge, MA : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bucholz , K. K. , Heath , A. C. , Reich , T. , Hesselbrock , V. M. , Kramer , J. R. , Nurnberger , J. I. and Schuckit , M. A. 1996 . ‘Can we subtype alcoholism? A latent class analysis of data from relatives of alcoholics in a multicenter family study of alcoholism’ . Alcoholism—Clinical & Experimental Research , 20 ( 8 ) : 1462 – 1471 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CDC . 1991 . ‘Premarital sexual experience among adolescent women—United States, 1970–1988’ . Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report , 39 ( 51/52 ) : 929 – 932 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• CDC . 2002 . ‘Trends in sexual risk behaviors among high school students—United States, 1991–2001’ . Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report , 51 ( 38 ) : 856 – 859 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Costa , F. M. , Jessor , R. , Donovan , J. E. and Fortenberry , J. D. 1995 . ‘Early initiation of sexual intercourse—the influence of psychosocial unconventionality’ . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 5 ( 1 ) : 93 – 121 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , J. E. and Jessor , R. 1985 . ‘Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood’ . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 53 ( 6 ) : 890 – 904 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donovan , J. E. , Jessor , R. and Costa , F. M. 1988 . ‘Syndrome of problem behavior in adolescence: a replication’ . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 56 ( 762 ) : 765
   Google Scholar
• Dornbusch , S. M. 1989 . ‘The sociology of adolescence’ . Annual Review of Sociology , 15 : 233 – 259 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dryfoos , J. G. 1990 . “ ‘The overlap of high-risk behaviors’ ” . In Adolescents at Risk: Prevalence & Prevention , Edited by: Dryfoos , Joy G. 94 – 114 . New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Elliott , D. S. and Morse , B. J. 1989 . ‘Delinquency and drug-use as risk-factors in teenage sexual-activity’ . Youth & Society , 21 ( 1 ) : 32 – 60 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ensminger , M. E. 1990 . ‘Sexual-activity and problem behaviors among black, urban adolescents’ . Child Development , 61 ( 6 ) : 2032 – 2046 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrell , A. D. , Danish , S. J. and Howard , C. W. 1992 . ‘Relationship between drug-use and other problem behaviors in urban adolescents’ . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 60 ( 5 ) : 705 – 712 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson , D. M. , Horwood , L. J. and Lynskey , M. T. 1994 . ‘The comorbidities of adolescent problem behaviors—a latent class model’ . Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology , 22 ( 3 ) : 339 – 354 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flint , A. J. and Novotny , T. E. 1998 . ‘Trends in black/white differences in current smoking among 18- to 24-year-olds in the United States, 1983–1993’ . American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 14 ( 1 ) : 19 – 24 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortenberry , J. D. , Costa , F. M. , Jessor , R. and Donovan , J. E. 1997 . ‘Contraceptive behavior and adolescent lifestyles: a structural modeling approach’ . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 7 ( 3 ) : 307 – 329 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillmore , M. R. , Hawkins , J. D. and Catalano , R. F. 1991 . ‘Structure of problem behaviors in preadolescence’ . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 59 ( 4 ) : 499 – 506 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillmore , M. R. , Butler , S. S. , Lohr , M. J. and Gilchrist , L. D. 1992 . ‘Substance use and other factors associated with risky sexual behavior among pregnant adolescents’ . Family Planning Perspectives , 24 ( 6 ) : 255 – 268 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hagenaars , J. A. (1990) ‘Latent class analysis and log-linear models with latent variables’ , in Categorical Longitudinal Data: Log-linear Panel, Trend, and Cohort Analysis , Sage , Newbury Park, CA , pp. 93 – 143 .
   Google Scholar
• Hagenaars , J. A. 1993 . Loglinear Models with Latent Variables , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , J. B. & Shapiro , S. (1999) Pathways to Adulthood: A Three-Generation Urban Study: 1960–1994 (Baltimore, MD, Computer file) ICPSR version. Baltimore, MD: Janet B. Hardy, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Pediatrics/Baltimore, MD: Sam Shapiro, Johns Hopkins University, Department of Health Policy and Management (producers), 1998. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research (distributor), 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy , J. B. , Shapiro , S. , Mellits , E. D. , Skinner , E. A. , Astone , N. M. , Ensminger , M. , LaVeist , T. , Baumgardner , R. A. and Starfield , B. H. 1997 . ‘Self-sufficiency at ages 27–33 years: Factors present between birth and 18 years that predict educational attainment among children born to inner-city families’ . Pediatrics , 99 ( 1 ) : 80 – 87 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huizinga , D. , Loeber , R. and Thronberry , T. P. 1993 . ‘Longitudinal study of delinquency, drug use, sexual activity, and pregnancy among children and youth in three cities’ . Public Health Reports , 108 ( suppl. 1 ) : 90 – 96 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jessor , R. 1991 . ‘Risk behavior in adolescence: a psychosocial framework for understanding and action’ . Journal of Adolescent Health , 12 ( 4 ) : 597 – 605 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jessor , R. and Jessor , S. L. 1977 . Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth , New York : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Jessor , R. , Van Den Bos , J. , Vanderryn , J. , Costa , F. M. and Turbin , M. S. 1995 . ‘Protective factors in adolescent problem behavior: moderator effects and developmental change’ . Developmental Psychology , 31 ( 6 ) : 923 – 933 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King , G. 1997 . ‘The “race” concept in smoking: a review of the research on African Americans’ . Social Science & Medicine , 45 ( 7 ) : 1075 – 1087 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulbok , P. A. and Cox , C. L. 2002 . ‘Dimensions of adolescent health behavior’ . Journal of Adolescent Health , 31 ( 5 ) : 394 – 400 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCutcheon , A. L. 1987 . Latent Class Analysis , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• McCutcheon , A. L. and Thomas , G. 1995 . ‘Patterns of drug-use among white institutionalized delinquents in Georgia—evidence from a latent class analysis’ . Journal of Drug Education , 25 ( 1 ) : 61 – 71 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McGee , L. and Newcomb , M. D. 1992 . ‘General deviance syndrome: expanded hierarchical evaluations at four ages from early adolescence to adulthood’ . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 60 ( 5 ) : 766 – 776 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mensch , B. and Kandel , D. B. 1992 . ‘Drug-use as a risk factor for premarital teen pregnancy and abortion in a national sample of young white women’ . Demography , 29 ( 3 ) : 409 – 429 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitchell , C. M. and O'Nell , T. D. 1998 . ‘Problem and conventional behaviors among American Indian adolescents: structure and validity’ . Journal of Research on Adolescence , 8 ( 1 ) : 97 – 122 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mott , F. L. and Haurin , R. J. 1988 . ‘Linkages between sexual activity and alcohol and drug use among American adolescents’ . Family Planning Perspectives , 20 ( 3 ) : 128 – 136 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Osgood , D. W. , Johnston , L. D. , O'Malley , P. M. and Bachman , J. G. 1988 . ‘The generality of deviance in late adolescence and early adulthood’ . American Sociological Review , 53 ( Feb ) : 81 – 93 .
   Google Scholar
• Potthoff , S. J. , Bearinger , L. H. , Skay , C. L. , Cassuto , N. , Blum , R. W. and Resnick , M. D. 1998 . ‘Dimensions of risk behaviors among American Indian youth’ . Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine , 152 ( 2 ) : 157 – 163 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Quinton , D. , Pickles , A. , Maughan , B. and Rutter , M. 1993 . ‘Partners, peers, and pathways—assortative pairing and continuities in conduct disorder’ . Development & Psychopathology , 5 ( 4 ) : 763 – 783 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reboussin , B. A. and Anthony , J. C. 2001 . ‘Latent class marginal regression models for modelling youthful drug involvement and its suspected influences’ . Statistics in Medicine , 20 ( 4 ) : 623 – 639 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Resnicow , K. , Ross-Gaddy , D. and Vaughan , R. D. 1995 . ‘Structure of problem and positive behaviors in African American youths’ . Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology , 63 ( 4 ) : 594 – 603 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenbaum , E. and Kandel , D. B. 1990 . ‘Early onset of adolescent sexual-behavior and drug involvement’ . Journal of Marriage & the Family , 52 ( 3 ) : 783 – 798 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sneed , C. D. , Morisky , D. E. , Rotheram-Borus , M. J. , Lee , S. J. and Ebin , V. J. 2004 . ‘Indices of lifetime polydrug use among adolescents’ . Journal of Adolescence , 27 ( 3 ) : 239 – 249 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanton , B. , Romer , D. , Ricardo , I. , Black , M. , Feigelman , S. and Galbraith , J. 1993 . ‘Early initiations of sex and its lack of association with risk behaviours among adolescent African-Americans’ . Pediatrics , 92 ( 1 ) : 13 – 19 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinberg , L. and Morris , A. S. 2001 . ‘Adolescent development’ . Annual Review of Psychology , 52 : 83 – 110 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tildesley , E. A. , Hops , H. , Ary , D. and Andrews , J. A. 1995 . ‘Multitrait-multimethod model of adolescent deviance, drug use, academic and sexual behaviors’ . Journal of Psychopathology & Behavioral Assessment , 17 ( 2 ) : 185 – 215 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermunt , J. K. 1997a . lEM: A General Program for the Analysis of Categorical Data , Tilburg, , the Netherlands : Tilburg University .
   Google Scholar
• Vermunt , J. K. 1997b . lEM: Log-Linear and Event History Analysis with Missing Data Using the Expectation Maximization (EM) Algorithm , Tilburg, , the Netherlands : Tilburg University .
   Google Scholar
• Vermunt , J. K. and Magidson , J. 2003 . “ ‘Latent class analysis’ ” . In Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Wallace , J. M. , Bachman , J. G. , O'Malley , P. M. , Johnston , L. D. , Schulenberg , J. E. and Cooper , S. M. 2002 . ‘Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use: racial and ethnic differences among US high school seniors, 1976–2000’ . Public Health Reports , 117 ( 3 ) : S67 – S75 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallace , O. M. 1999 . ‘The social ecology of addiction: race, risk, and resilience’ . Pediatrics , 103 ( 5 ) : 1122 – 1127 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1987 . The Truly Disadvantaged , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zabin , L. S. , Hardy , J. B. , Hirsch , M. B. and Hirsch , M. B. 1986 . ‘Substance use and its relation to sexual-activity among inner-city adolescents’ . Journal of Adolescent Health , 7 ( 5 ) : 320 – 331 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig , J. M. , Duberstein Lindberg , L. and McGinley , K. A. 2001 . ‘Adolescent health risk profiles: the co-occurrence of health risks among females and males’ . Journal of Youth & Adolescence , 30 ( 6 ) : 707 – 728 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zweig , J. M. , Phillips , S. D. and Lindberg , L. D. 2002 . ‘Predicting adolescent profiles of risk: Looking beyond demographics’ . Journal of Adolescent Health , 31 ( 4 ) : 343 – 353 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar